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Show 'Wl 1T 1 A mm s am tTijeir Wkisf Mloter r 4a ' 11 " ' 1 1 . . i , li . . i. , , Cj-jW' VJf s fl.J ' A ,f t' 1 11' i -fftzfr : I ! ' 1 1-JJ ' . Immigration and Sociological ' - f - f- "They are lonely; no one sees theni. men and women were owned and exploited E fcv.tyai -s . . : -v . s -.- fe.- They desire Companionship and when op- we find household lnhor performed hy VhAff AnallT70(i -Vka rllfOP HPL 1. A M miSAxi S; .-,.'!: : fe:1' poi-tunlty cornea for recreation they take men; and m those oriental nations where ji C I-lliXiy .CJ VUUdCO 1 liai rC I ,! 8 Jry""-sS r what offers without being held baclr by the slaveij ret exists we find man service 1 ja w kSHS:r4:; : - "1- 5; criticism of their friends as they would be common in the home. Also in nations still NnriiriCy f InrO rflrl'nNOe IBfSiSS, ' -- jnJw -k."?.l3K6' If they moved in certain Intimate circles of influenced hy feudalism where service once JCIlUIOg VJHib IIllU 1 dLlOOeS . v f )JLf' -t Uh the soil l,Ple the I01.I is sua 1 Ol i f flkS' T"! np K )s k-" J y "Being entirely withdrawn fiom the nttended b whit was orieinally his con anCl iDflOPS tOr JLCSS lVlOneV ilian I hQV I I ?r ) 1 Tlew of lr,ster thev come to th.nU tmgent of flKl,an? men but which Ins J J Mfs'- ixiii .:?i-r.:.;v-?,!'::.v:--:.Vi''.v' - ' : that their indiscretions will never be dis- gradually dwindled to an array of foot- (f1. E.- . Uw.n ! 11 1 V.-.---7-- : -.l -.lis?; . ;i : " ? covered, and so fall. men and hntlers, there we find men still Lan Harn in Homes. Loneliness and r iPhatMofMrlp blem tented or PBrtiaii contented to d0 L ' o oa o em. house service. But it ranks last and low- rmfT Hmife fhf fhlf RaR-tS-Sf TL J-.: "In th.s frame of mind thev are all too est in man s mind and lustlv 4s fast as OOg OOlirS Uie mer JeaSOnS4 ifie I ofteQ the ea P" of the wo.kingmen liulustiialevolut.onp.omesscsv.efindmen E. , -7 r& .11 r, . . The maid is lonelv with ymmmmmm whose activities bring them to the back less and less content to do this work in lorht-Hour Dav is a 'Possible Sohifmn' T ! t':; v- door- Dn men are p" the tw. wy: or that matter m lIllliUUl lSO.y it UOdlWiC iJIUlUllOn'. . no mtimateswithin her J , : iy.- 5 only people of the-housemaid's class with either. ... employer's home. ' whom she can talk. , . ,. . . . . ,, , , iriC-:SXix'Wi:iM.'i!i . "If the mistress sees, that the girl is be- Chaninff From Slavprv f S-wW.lXE hears on every hand living and a bank account for the sake of . Jr ft i . , ... . ,, , ? ,. . -"aS'nS rrom oiavery. TV V , , t v , , , A l coming careless with her ideals of morality Vr he fear expressed that a tew hours independence. ' X iWPti , . . , . . . . . . "Men servants whpn nhttnoi If . "if , .,, 1 ,, , t . ., ... , , A y,. , W , vsscmsifis.x.jsa she may undertake to advise and correct, u teriams nnen obtained aie gen- V X V" it will eventually be- Men as a rule put down the complaints If t, i S iSSRiWiSEi1! . . ' ., ,, , .. ' erallv satisfactorv nn tmhllo nM i. VI H XL . ,, , , . , . -i e t 5 f -r. -fS but again the peculiar relationship he- "H"i mumjcioij , no puouc outciy is (L I i S come impossible to pro- of wives to feminine nature and refuse to Z A 1 Jt Wifyi:m-:i:Mm&M , . . . , . . ,, made over them It is IIib w oh-i' TV V Z . ,, . , ., . , K f ,, ,.,. Vk, V Sji M ft'S-srwim.mmm tween mistress and maid Interjects Itself ue " el mem. ic is ine servant girl IV cure servants for the take their worries seriously, but the sen- - ' f jiff . tostffc'WK-iiSttWWi , , ., . , 1T. ,, , . that constitutes the ptemrnit- nf Hintmiir.- Ml f . .,, . ,, . . . ,',,. i, K - wfflta? jgHff i t and Immediately the maid flies into a rage coustiiutes uie element; or ctitnculty, A IJL middle class home. Ench ant problem is serious. It threatens to he- .A- "". jr-T " VWsa.Ksti . v i. ,., , , ., . and it Is she that we must r-nnsldor 'n' . . T -.:t?S'!5s?, at what she terms the "butting in" of the u-is se rnac we muse consider. 02In24 yeaV situation De- rsetf . ' !'-M'0MxA mistress and resents any interference. "Let it be clearly held In mind that the comes more scnons. Be- ' 4 1 N ,r '. very first economic relation was that of fore the war began it caused much con- V j 1? v! y mS Need Corps of Specialists ( . sex, based on the natural tendency of the ceru ; since then the practical suspension of rpS i 111 When we have a corps of specialists male to work-sex-labor. The second immigration has Increased the tension. . ' , , .. , . ' iMMWMMS4 performing the housework and living en- stage of economic relalion i that of force I he last year of unrestricted immigration -l 4 J ' iMmmMM. lirely out of the home In which they work , -slave labor. The next is that of pav- saw approximately 120,000 foreign-born - VU ' ; , tMM:m'0SMi then we will see a lessening of immorality ment-what we call the contract system women between (he ages of 14 and 44 enter J?V. ' I Cb-n:?j in the situation. wage labor. America; 1015 saw only 50,000. It is upon ' - v5w . ,A 4, 4 1 y-TI ? : ; ;i ": ' Wvi:. :iiis. :S .; Tf K. ,fc - . , , . ,, - ? ' X ' 5 ? r ' MKyj&lLlZ t r It may be that the return of the negro these women that the American housewife t WsMZpf IrmiSiimB maid to popularity will help solve the - Training Is Needed. " must depend for her . servants, because s i , llftKftr T aS3lP :fcrsWS;j!f't4!i5&i.;5 i .m. . . , ,.u v , American-born girls will not go Into domes- . ' , f '.' I Ja B PMMW "The contract status of labor is incom- tic service. : ,k'Xf V - Pi ,h niaterb,!: In ,he recent patible with home Industry. Xote how the Wealthy-families are not being affected X I f V f v 'fKL 1 STeow bTL ' 0" """"cy Interacts upon the re- so serlouslv because Ihev present more en- H N f f f 1 rr-r, -BIS V"1'' ' J hlte h?P "T b" negr0 n0"""""! lation. We expect of our house servants .icing ffe to the f c, N t oX 1 I " f 1 - -""3 of them A d' r t 7 "T that they he attached,' al. -faithful they offer more money hut they holout , , , T ZZZT. ' an added inducement-sociability -not A Vl C ..2 X Charlotte Perkins Oilman, the noted that.ls out ldea'- with themselves "but with other servants. fS.' A, f The care of her emnl . . writer on feminism, discusses in "The The girl who is hired by a rich mistress A', servL III ' ' f ' 'h,Wren. 3 "ome." one of her books of essays, the "So far our sufferings under the pres- knows hat she is going Into a household f . , ' ' servant g.rl away from domestic service. . difficulties In which housewives and house- eut rapid elimination of the housemaid Immigration and Sociological Expert Analyzes the Causes That Sending Girls Into Factories and Shops for Less Money Than Can Earn in Homes. Loneliness ; Long Hours the Chief Reasons, Eight-Hour Day Is a Possible Solui hears on every hand NTfr' Sif "1B f,'ar expressed that Jf f it will eventually be- tv m S come impossible to pro- V -. gl cure servants for the A tfL middle class home. Each fp year the situation becomes be-comes more serious. Before Be-fore the war began it caused much concern con-cern ; since thou the practical suspension of immigration has increased the tension. The last year of unrestricted immigration saw approximately 10,000 foreign-born women between the ages of 14 and 44 enter America; 1015 saw. only 50,000. It is upon these women that the American housewife must depend for her . servants, because American-born girls will not go Into domestic domes-tic service. ' Wcalthy'fnniilles are not being affected so seriously because they. present more enticing en-ticing offers to theif "help." Not only do they offer more money but they hold out an added inducement sociability not with themselves "but with other servants. The girl who Is hired by a rich mistress knows that she is going Into a household In which there are anywhere from three to ten other servants. Situation Is Delicate. But there are comparatively few places of this sort to which a girl can go. Her greatest field Is that of the small family whose head earns from $2,000 to ?5.O0O a year. In such a place the girl Is the only servant. The loneliness oppresses her. She has no associates of her class. No matter how kind her mistress is. there is always the social barrier between them. The situation situ-ation Is a most delicate one, for if the mistress mis-tress is Inclined toward curiosity in her maid's affairs the muid is offended, and if she is unconcerned and Indifferent the maid has a dreary time of it. American-born girls search for factory, department or odico work before domestic service, oftentimes scorning the better pay which a housemaid earns because of the social incouvenieuces which such a position thrusts upon her. The immigrant girl lias been influenced in the same direction not so much from a matter of pride but from a desire to escape the dreary solitude of kitchen life "slavery," she conies to term It. Serious Problem for Wives. Considering the board and room furnished fur-nished with domestic service, the housemaid house-maid makes far more than her sister who labors In 'the factory. A servant earns from .SO to ss per week. To equal this figure fig-ure when the living is included the shop or factory girl mun. earn $12 or $13 weekly. Kew of them do thi. "We have then the unl'iue fact that thousands of girls are turning down better living and a bank account for the sake of a few hours' independence. Men as a rule put down the complaints' of wives to feminine nature and refuse to take their worries seriously, but the servant serv-ant problem is serious. It threatens to he- f f ' 3 E ' vr xy', i . Aj. v y if 1 ? " K, - t - f ' -' ' i , A I S ' '5 E- , ' "W-y 5 j I - . v " f H ! 1 r - ' - v , "-""9 I j ft V 'A'tt ' ' 11 1W f !( Ilfl u .fad it. , Wit la The maid in her loneliness is likely to pick up masculine friends indiscriminately. indis-criminately. come ' more serious. Consider a frail woman, the wife of a salaried man, with must have help if her health is to be conserved. con-served. 1'ei'baps the family iinances will permit the hiring of an SS-a-week girl, perhaps per-haps they will not. " In many cases this makes no dilference the girls of suitable clmracter and experience are not to be hud. Frequently the only help she can get is from some green, foreign-born girl who knows little of the problems of an American Ameri-can household and still less of polite service. serv-ice. In such a case the nervous mother and wife is weighed down witli another burden, since she must teach her maid the rudiments of housework. Can the evils of this problem be removed re-moved in any other way? Can the girls' objections to domestic service be quieted? Loneliness and Long Hours. In the first place, as has been said, there is loneliness. In the second, there are long hours. This complaint is all too justified. The servant girl is put oily duty from early in the morning to late at night. She may not have to work so arduously that physical exhaustion will come upon her, but she must constantly con-stantly be on call, which is fully ns disagreeable dis-agreeable in her mind. She finds that her day is not her own. She must be always groomed to answer the door hell or the telephone, be ready to care for the children, chil-dren, to order groceries, to do a thousand and one things about a busy household. Except for her one afternoon off she cannot can-not call any time her own. Chafing under these restrictions she sees her friends in factory or shop life work certain definite hours and then take their' leisure as they please. She sees her sisters sis-ters devoting their evenings to exactly what they desire unhampered by any commands. com-mands. She sees them flocking together, dancing, going to motion pictures, or at any of the recreations which are before tbem, while she must remain indoors ready to obey orders. Freedom becomes dearer to her than money, so she departs. Miss Grace Abbott, a noted social worker among immigrant girls, says upon this subject: - '"The problem would be less Immediate If It were possible to limit the housemaid's duties, to have i;er work just so many hours and then go free to do what she will. "In the future such an arrangement will probably be made. I can see no other solution solu-tion for the servant question. A definition of servieo will be made and the duties parceled par-celed out among various specialists in certain cer-tain lines of household work. For Instance, one girl wdll come to do the laundry work, another will cook the meals and wash the dishes, still another will clean and scrub. The children will be watched by a fdrl hired especially for that purpose. All Will Live-Outside. "All will live outside with their own friends or social group to which they belong. be-long. The girl who sleeps in the same house with her employers will he a rarity and the possession of only wealthy households. house-holds. We will have more independent workers who go from house to house on certain schedules, doing certain things in each house, completing theni in certain times and then departing. "This arrangement will permit the maids to know when they are through and thus take away one of their chief objections objec-tions to present-day rules. "Removing the housemaid from the house of her employers at night and making mak-ing her less iutimnie with theni will do much to clear up the moral dilhcultles which exist today. Statistics of the government gov-ernment and of all private investigators disclose the indisputable fact that housemaids house-maids go into a life of immorality in great-- great-- or proportion than do girls of any other class. This is because they are reimivofl from the control of the group with which they would naturally associate. "They are lonelv; no one sees them. They desire Companionship and when opportunity op-portunity cornea for recreation they take what offers without being held back- by the criticism of their friends as they would be if they moved in certain intimate circles of their equals. y "Being entirely withdrawn -from the view of thelrusters. they come to think that their indiscretions will never be discovered, dis-covered, and so fall- Phases of Moral Problem. "In this frame of mind thev are all too often the easy prey of the workiugmen whose activities bring them to the back door. Delivery men are practically the only people of the housemaid's class with whom she can talk. "If the mistress sees, that the girl is be-, coming careless with her ideals of morality she may undertake to advise and correct, but again the peculiar relationship between be-tween mistress and maid Interjects itself and immediately the maid flies into a rage at what she terms the "butting in" of the mistress and resents any interference. Need Corps of Specialists When we have a corps of specialists performing the housework and living entirely en-tirely out of the home in which they work, then w'e will see a lessening of immorality in the situation. It may be that the return of the negro maid to popularity will help solve the problem in a minor way, although it will never affect it materially. In the recent past there grew up a fashion of having all white help. Now the negro housemaids are coming back, but there are not enough of them.. A different scheme and method must he worked out somehow. . Charlotte Perkins Oilman, the noted writer on feminism, discusses in "The Home." one of her books of essays, the difficulties In which housewives and house maids find themselves. She says: "What is the . status of household industry as practiced by servants? It is this: The housewife, having become the lady of the house, and the work still having to be done In the house, others must be induced to do it. In the period from which this custom cus-tom dates It was a simple matter of elevating ele-vating the wife or chief wife to a position of dominance and leaving the work to he clone by the rest of the women. Domestic service as an industrial status dates from the period of the polygamous group; the household with the male bead and the group of serving women ; from the time when wives were slaves and slaves were wives indiscriminately. (See the dom'es-tic dom'es-tic relations of Jacob.) Descends From Slave-Wife. "The genesis of the relation being Lhus established it is easy to account for Its present peculiar nnd dominating condition celibacy. The housemaid is the modem derivative from the slave-wife. She may no longer be the subwife of the master--. but neither may she be another man's wife. "No married man wishes his wife to serve another man. This household service being esteemed as a distinctly feminine function closely involved with' maternity or at least with marriage, or if not with marriage at the very least with woman's devotion and quite inconsistent with any other marriage, therefore we find the labors of the household performed hy cell-bate cell-bate women of a lower class. Our modern household Is hut a variation of the primitive primi-tive . group the man and his serving women still. "In the period of slave labor where both men and women were owned and exploited we find household labor performed by men, and 111 those oriental nations where slavery yet exists we find man service common in the home. Also in nations still influenced by feudalism where service once went with the soil, where the lord is still nttended by what was originally his contingent con-tingent of fighting men. but which' has gradually dwindled to an array of footmen foot-men and hntlers. there we find men still contented or partially contented to do house service. But It ranks last and lowest low-est in mans mind, and bistlv. As fast as industrial evolution progresses we' find men less and less content to do this work in this w-ay; or for that matter women either. Changing From Slavery. "Men servants when obtained are generally gen-erally satisfactory; no public outcry is made over them. It is the 'servant girl' that constitutes the element of difficulty, and it Is she that we must consider. "Let it be clearly held in mind that the f very first economic relation was that of sex, based on the natural tendency of the female to work sex-labor. The second stagf of economic relation i that of force , slave labor. The next is that of payment pay-ment what we call the contract system wage labor. Training Is Needed. "The contract status of labor is incompatible incom-patible with home industry. Note how the condition of celibacy interacts upon the relation. re-lation. We expect of our house servants that they be 'attached,' 'loyal,1 'faithful,' etc; we do not say they always are, but that is our ideal. ....... "So far our sufferings under the pres-eut pres-eut rapid elimination of the housemaid have taught us little. Our principal idea of bettering the condition is by training servants. We seriously propose to establish estab-lish schools to train these! reluctant women, to our service, even in some cases to paj them for going there. This is indeed nec- j essary; for why should they pay for tuition or even waste time gratuitously studying when they can get. wages without? To Free Home From Drudgery. "We do not and cannot offer such graded grad-ed and such progressive salaries as shall tempt really high-class labor Into this field. Skilled labor and domestic service are incompatible. The degree . of intelligence, intelli-gence, talent, learning and trained skill which should be devoted to feeding and cleaning the human race will never consent con-sent to domestic service. It is the grade of work which forever limits its development, the place aud the form of service. So long as the home Is the workshop the housewife cannot and the housemaid will not, even if she could, properly do this work for the neglected world. "Is it not time that the home he freed from these Industries so out of place? That the expense of living lie decreased by two-thirds two-thirds and the productive labor Increased hy nine-twentieths? That our women cease to he an almost universal class of house servants plus a small class of parasitic para-sitic idlers nnd greedy consumers of wealth? That the preparation of food be raised from its present condition of inadequacy, in-adequacy, injury and waste to such a pnv fessional and scientific position that ivi may learn to spare from our street corner! the drug store and the saloon?" Coojrijht, 1J16. by J. Kcclcy.) I |