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Show ' .7... .... SSSJ Sj&jsj l I j " ' . Startling Experiments Thai Seem to JPIH 0 I I sr-;. Prom That by Transplanting a sm H j ll 1' ThLittle r3iack 'Cdo .Sc.ence. fo Entirely a Matter of Secretin "P 1 ' M cording to This Now Theory, Change the Little frofn the Glands Above the Kitosyo . fKMTfNrag . Black Girl Into One a3 Vhite if Transplanted. ; Called the Suprarenals. Look at the . , JffiWiliTO In All Other Respects, of Course, the Photograph Opposite. . . W&T, ' 4?$J$ Negro Child Would Remain a'Heiro. tiH I By Dr. W.H. Ballon. Via TTT17 is a man wkite, blck, brown W or yellow skllln0(1? Tilis age-old K v problem seems to have been set- BAv tied except in certain minor details. AM! Color of the skin is due to substances MHi which exudo from the twin glands or cap- H sules above the kidneys, callod tho supra- U, renals. This announcement is made by HSjfi Professor Arthur Keith, president of the HLj British Association for the Advancement VJn . of Science, one of the most celebrated Vfl'l anthropologists in England. Other scten- HftJ tists have been making researches along fBI the same line. DBH It Was been observed in several cases IIctJ that white persons with disease of the ffijjS suprarenals began to turn black, or, moro PUP " ofeten, yellow; while other colored persons ESSf affected by the enlargement of the supra- ran renals beenn to turn white or other shades BHSb .VV$i" different from the race to which they be-long. be-long. Hundreds of observations led to tho Inevitable conclusion that one of the func- m9Eh tions of these glands was to regulate the UE color of the skin. 9jj At the same time it has been found that Ktfpl the development of the various ductless Vf glands of tho body determines all tho VAk physical characteristics that distinguish H the racial types of mankind from one an IHE'I i other. While the suprarenal glands make HTJrtf the negro, a certain type of thyroid gland Hhi produces the characteristic features of the BHml Mongolian, and the pituitary gland in the Bgg9 brain produces the strong, regular facial IHjpjl features of the European white man es- IHgjjf pecially the prominent nose and brows. In S:jl support of this are cases in which Euro- flSwfik peans without a trace of Mongol ancestry BjpSj . ' have developed perfectly Mongolian fca- HrSjl? ' tures simply because they had thyroid dls- ( t ease, while at least one Chinese is said to HMP havo owed his European features to an B3B J enlarged pituitary. Upon this point Pro- UK! t fessor Keith makes this remarkably inter- iflHf esting observation: ijKj "Some years ago there died in the East HB End of London a Chinese giant the sub- Bft ject, we must suppose, of an excessive ac- SVJtJ tlon of the pituitary gland the gland T MHH regard as playing n predominant part in shaping the face and bodily form of the flHI European. The skeleton of this giant was MVB prepared and placed in the museum of the vAn London Hospital Medical College by Colo- IHl nel H. J. Openshaw. and any one inspect- BKw ing this skeleton can sec that, although BB certain Chinese features are still recog- AVH nizable, the nasal region and the supra- jH orbital ridges of the face have assumed BVH the most prominent European type." Hf Equally remarkable are the many hos- Hl ' pital cases that prove that the supra-s supra-s renals determine the color of the skin. Kj Dr. Thomas Addison, of Guy's Hospital, BL London, found in several cases that a par- Hal destruction of the suprarenals caused WKm i darkening of the patient's skin. This pM f jeems to show that the normally working RAW tt. suprarenals of the white man cause pig- UVH -7 caent cells to be dispersed throughout the n r system Instead of being accumulated un- Hl der the skin, as 'in the negro. KJ Still more remarkable was a case rc- ported from the Free Hospital, Zanzibar, BM East. Africa. Hnrn n fnlnrr1 wnmnii nn. Ipl tient was suffering from a severe kidney li disease. Tho surgeon, in a desperate effort H to relievo the sufferer, transplanted the suprarenals of a white man who had just ' been killed in an accident. I ' The result was not only an improvement in the general condition of the patient, ' but, much moro remarkable, tho negro I gradually became a yellowlsh-white. The eventual outcome of this operation is I awaited with tho kecueBt interest by the I scientific world, I While it is certain that tho color of the 1 skin' can be changed by disease of tho I suprarenal glands after the sufferer has ,L reached maturity, it is believed that to 4 iffect this by transplantation the object f the experiment should bo selected while n babyhood or, at least, early childhood, v be Zanzibar case is not regarded as a precedent. Furthermore the transplantation of the glands is ono of tlic most delicate and1 difficult diffi-cult of operations ffhd the chances at present almost solidly against v recovery. Not until th2 technique of surgery is vastly improved would such an7 operation bo attempted except as a last resort to save life and with no thought of effects upon skin coloring. color-ing. The method by which the suprarenal and Mme. Karsavina, the Russian Dancer and Beauty, Whose IP A Wonderful Whiteness of Skin Could Easily Be Turned fl ll JTAuA W I' work l0 to as Yellow a Tint as That of the Asiatic Woman 'hormones" Beside Her by Changes in the Secretions of Diagram Showing: tho Location of 5?.M: H- Suprarenal Glands. HXZ other ductless glands work io through the mysterious "hormones" or blood messengers. The ductless gland3 pour various kinds of hormones hor-mones Into the blood, and these hormones havo an affinity for some .particular .par-ticular part of the body, which they stimulate stimu-late to gather up cerliir. colls of the body as, for instance, the sh in to gather color fella, the bone to collect bone cells, and so forth. In the present state of research wc must assume that the hormones of tho vhHo man distributo pigmentary matter throughout tho body, while those of tho colored man direct it to remain under the skin. "The problem how mankind has been demarcated Into types so diverse as the negro, tho Mongol, the Indian, the ncgrilo and tho Caucasian or European has engaged en-gaged thoughtful minds from the most r.a-ciont r.a-ciont times." writes Professor Keith. "We are near its solution. There was the Tower of Babel theory of dispersal, for which wo have adopted a different expla nation. Noah has disappeared from theory and has -been replaced by fossil ancestral stock. Our problem, from tho viewpoint of i modern research, begins, not at tho clOE.i of tho historical flood, but at the ond of a geological epoch of tho dim past. "Shem, Ham and Japhoth, the reputed ancestors of the three groat racial stocks, . white, black and yellow, arc likewise burlod under ' intonslvo research. All of (ho oldor theories have given way beforo tho evolutionary machine, yot wo are all conscious of tho limitations of that machine. ma-chine. We recognize tho negro at a glance by his black, shining, hairless skin; his crisp hair, his flattened nose, his widely-opened widely-opened dark oyos, his heavlly-moldod lips, his gleaming teoth and strong jawa. Ho has a carriage and proportion of body of bis own, his peculiar quality of voice and (C) JOUO. International Fcaturo Service Inc. action of brain. He, to oven tho unpractised unprac-tised eye, Is clearly Diagram Showing tho Location of the Suprarenal Glands (A) Above tho Kidnoys (B). It Is These Glands, Science Has Juat Diccovercd, Which Malco White, Black, Red, Brovn and Yellow Skins. different from tho Mongolian native of northeastern Asia. "So, too, tho skin, hair, eyes, quality of brain and voice, the carriage of body and proportion of limb to body pick out tho Mongol as a sharply differentiated human typo. Still different to negro and Mongol is tlio nativo of Central Europe, the Aryan or Caucasian typo of man, whom auo know by tho paleness of his akin, by his facial foaturD8, and particularly by his narrow, prominent nose and thin lips. Nono of tho previous explanations, cither by imaginn-tivo imaginn-tivo Idealists or men of science, in any Avay account for theso and other racial differences, Not even Darwin was on tho right track. It Is but now Hint tho secret C.Ttni TtHlnln TCIr-lilo T! nani-vrtl processes of nature aro being ferreted out. "The study of tho suprarenal glands has brought to light a wonderful won-derful mechanism of hormones," continues Profossor Keith. "When we are about to make a severe bodily effort it is necessary to flood our muscles with blood, so that they may have at their disposal the material necessary for work oxygen and blood-sugar, the fuel. "At the beginning of muscular effort the suprarenal glands are set going by messages from tho central nervous ner-vous system. They throw a hormone, adrenalin, adre-nalin, into the circulating circulat-ing blood, which lias a double effect. Adrenalin Adre-nalin acts on the floodgates flood-gates of the circulation, so that the major supply sup-ply of blood passes to tho muscles. At the same time its acts on tho liver, so that the blood passing through that groat organ is laden with blood-sugar. We hero obtain a glimpse of the neat and effective manner in which hormones ara utilized in the economy of the living body. Also we get tho clue to acromegaly acro-megaly that remarkable remark-able disorder of growth. Wo see how hormones co-ordinnto furthpr in. all bodily activities; how our bodies respond to the burdens they aro mado to bear; how our musclos increase in size tho more we use them a useless increase unless un-less tho bones are strengthened in a corresponding cor-responding degree; how a greater blood supply ensues to feed the heart; how more oxygon increases the lung capacity; how more fuel Is applied by tho digestivo, assimilative assimila-tive and mastication apparatus, etc. "Wo are bore , ,, dealing with a su- i -nronal gland V mechanism of hor-M hor-M moncs, in which iho pituitary gland KgX is also concerned. A 1 1 pathological 3at disorders follow v$g when this mechan-tfjE mechan-tfjE Hm or any part of KB!) It becomes disordered. disor-dered. Disrupt a , single ono of tho hormones and Inoys some type of nb-. nb-. Juat normality ensues. It is obvious that herein lies the explanation ex-planation of rncial differences." Profossor Keith proves that racial colors of skin are demarcated types, not evolutionary; evolu-tionary; that is, that there Is a fixed gulf between them. If the types were evolutionary, evolu-tionary, wo would have a brown race evolv ing from tho original black raco; tho brown raco evolving Into tho yollow race, and, finally, tho yollow race evolving into tho white race. That no such evolution took place is shown in the fact that the negro who lias either migrated or been forcibly removed to all other climates outside out-side of Africa remains whorevor placed as black as over. 13 von intermarriage has not taken the black pigment away from him. In spito of frequent intermarriage, he has retained his dark color. The color of the octoroon : is the nearest white he has ever been able IH to attain, the. black strain remaining, al- jH was easily determined by an analysis of iH tho blood corpuscles. The whites who il have long resided in Africa aro still white. Il The Avhites who have occupied America for 500 years are still white, showing no ' H tendency to turn red like tho . native In- ' '1 dians. 'Mongols retain their yellow skin J wherever they go. So we know positively , H that skin color is local, and that the pig ' i mcnts which cause it arc local manifests. j John Hunter, the famous surgeon, argued 150. years ago that the skin of all ' men was originally black dud that tho color gradually cleared away. Professor " Keith considers that this view is supported by recent discoveries. In bis view tho t suprarenals of the white man have de- ' veloped the power to clear away the pig-ment pig-ment from the skin. Many astonishing changes in the human body havo been noted when there was an overgrowth of tho suprarenals. In such . cases thero was no change of color, but there was an abnormal gain in strength, I ;H not a growth of weak, .useless giantism, Ijl as when the thyroid is enlarged, but a de- H velopment that made them real supermen. if Professors Bulloch -and Sequcira noted ' that a boy with overdeveloped suprare-nals suprare-nals became trcmenddusly full chested, muscular, deep voiced, bearded a minia- j ture Hercules, a marvel of power in brain and body. Young girls wKh overdeveloped r.uprarenals had very strong features, pow- J erful bodies' and masculine characteristics. jf Thus wc learn that the suprarenals are concerned in producing the most forceful IH types of mankind, as well as regulating While it may be proved that the supra-renals supra-renals determine skin color, there are still many points about the origin of color tn bo settled, for we have yet to lean why tho IH negro has one kind of suprarenal gland 1 1 JH and the white man a different kind. Sev-eral Sev-eral theories have been advanced as to tho 1 origin of color. Profossor Lull, of Yale, i in his work on "Organic Evolution." says: I ' "Coloration is doubtless dependent upon ) the chemical material of which any organ-ism organ-ism is composed, and the hue is entirely due to the absorptive powers of that sub- : slanco (through the innumerable pores of ) inner and outer skins). Since oxide of iron is red. so is the blood of vertebrates. Since oxide of copper is bluish green, so is the blood of tho octopus, and so on. In many cases the color of internal organs 1 may be due entirely o the nature of the i food consumed. Thus, tho flesh of tho 1 IH brook trout caught in Central Massachu-setts, Massachu-setts, where there arc few crustaceans available for food, is pale. In tho Adiron-dack Adiron-dack lakes, where the crawfish is abund- jH ant. trout which cat it have a deep salmon pink flesh. Thompson states that 'the pig-ment pig-ment substances are primarily waste pro-ducts, pro-ducts, reserve products, or by-products of the animal's metabolism' (chemical com-position). com-position). Pigments may havo protective, warning or other real values. "Definitely localized spots of coloring matter are sometimes associated with end organs of the nervous system. The pig-ment pig-ment absorbs light, indirectly stimulating the nerve, and thus acts as a light pci-clpient pci-clpient organ. All eyes have this for their IH basic principle, but accessory organs also IH havo llght-percoptive value. Other pig- jH meats found in fur or feathers may servo io absorb or reflect heat, adding value to coloration therefrom. Dark pigment has served the negro and other dark races to IJ cut off the ultra-violet rays of light, whicn from their physiological action cause such fl discomfort to humanity," In the tropics pigment is black. As one recedes from tho direct rays of tho sun it becomes brown, then yollow, and, finally, IH white in Central Europe and equivalent .ones, where sun rays aro minimized. Profossor Louis Agassiz maintained that certain areas, widely remote from each other, at differing earlier periods of tho JM earth's history, wero alone able to evolve and support life. On these areas arosi. distinct fauna of animals and flora of plants. On each one of theso areas a type of man gradually evolved, associated with distinct animals and plants. |