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Show "Clemenceau" at Seventy-Seven Hailed as "Deliverer of trance" Cory rich t. 1918. by PufcUc Leieor Co. " " I By Irving K. Bacon "CVJCII was the mighty arm which timnto the Germanr. and forced them to sue for peace; but the head which energized that arm and pave (t power to strike was the astonishing astonish-ing Clemenceau, the prime minister and war lord of France. For fort -seven years had Georges Benjamin Clemenceau nursed the naered flame of protest against the German domination of Alsace and Lorraine, the provinces whl"h Germany Ger-many wre.'ited from France. And . durln.tr all that Ion? period his one dream and hope had been that he ni lf?ht live to see them restored to their rightful country. He was thirty when, In 1871, as the leader of the Radicals In the National Assembly, he oppoped trn peace which Kave to Germany bo large and beautiful beau-tiful a part of France. Mo was seventy-seven when, in 1918, us Prime Minister, Minis-ter, he dedicated the peace which reincorporated re-incorporated with the French soil the provinces that had been torn away. On March 8, 1918, before the Germans Ger-mans had begun their second big drive, but when many In France were clamoring for peace, he said In the Chamber of Deputies: "I have but one ambition, and that, is to serve my country. My whole policy Is to preserve the country '8 morale. In all wars ho is the conqueror con-queror who, for a quarter of an hour longer than his adversary, can believe he is not beaten. Everybody desires peace myself like everybody else but it Is not by bleating about peace that we shall destroy the Prussian militarism." "Americans Are Coming" And again addressing the Chamber of Deputies on June 5, 1913, when the Germans' new big drive toward Paris was under way and the Socialists Social-ists In the chamber were denouncing Clemenoeau for the disaster which appeared to be inevitable, he said calmly: "The moment Is perilous; but the courage of our soldiers Is equal to the situation, and they have good chiefs. Our duty is very simple. Our resolve must be to carry on the fight to the end. The Americans are arriving. We are staking the game upon the help of the Americans. "Our effectives and those of England Eng-land are being exhausted, as are those of the Germans. The struggle now turns upon America's participation. Have you not the patience to wait? "If I have not done my duty, turn me out. If I have you r co n rl den co, let me complete the work which our dead have begun." And then, on October 18, 1918, when he had "completed the work" and the victory was won, he once more addressed ad-dressed the Chamber, which this time, hailed him as "the "Deliverer of France." "Our victory Is not a victory of rel venge," h& said; "our victory and the victory of our allies means the liberation libera-tion of civilization and the emancipation emancipa-tion of human conscience." Never since the time of Richelieu has France been so loved by any of her sons with a love eo romantic as by Clemenceau, is the testimony of those who admire him. An American writer, who appears not to have liked him, writing of him on March 20, 1916, when Clemenceau was chairman of the French Senate's War and Foreign Affairs Committees, said "At twenty-five he (Clemenceau) had the appearance of a man of fifty. At eeventy-flve, his haggard face and bald head sometimes look as if suddenly revealed from the shroudings of the grave. The cynical smile on his lips, speaking of disillusionment, complete and irrevocable, is the farewell of an old. old man to his youthful dreams. "But the mention of France transforms trans-forms the face. The black eyes become be-come Inflamed, alive with passion and fanatical devotion, as he says: " 'No sight of countries and of, men; no grace of earth; no splendor of the heavens could wear away from my heart the love of my native soil. By its charm I was possessed, Us charm still holds me. This is our land; here our fathers -sleep in peace and here, too, we shall eleep when our day's work Is done.' " Romance and Ambition Unite America has a particular incentive to regard this man with a more than common interest. He lived in this country several years; practiced medicine medi-cine for a while in New York; taught school in Stamford, Conn., and married mar-ried an American girl. Romance, poverty, r.mbitiun, love of country, fearless venturcsomeness, genius and boundless enthusiasm are the elements of which his life-work has been compounded. No novel has anything more stirring, more startling, more inspiring than this great Frenchman's French-man's career, whose exploits have won him the sobriquets ot "the Tiger," "Destroyer of Ministries," "Kingmaker," "King-maker," "Father Victory" and "Deliverer "De-liverer of France." He was born September 28. 1S41, at MouIUeron-en-Pareds. near Fontenay-le-Comto. in the Vendee, the last stronghold of royalism. But in the stock he sprang frcm royalism had Its stnunchest enemy. His father, a physician, was a republican of revolu-. tionary proclivities and the latter's father, too, had been very much in evidence in effuris to do away with thrones. When Georges Clemenceau was ten years old his father took part In a movement dsignod to thwart th famous fa-mous coup d'etat which scatc-d Louis ',,r.ol.-,.n nr. in tli0 I'trmv-- It nst thp r ..' : I ' ' v . . .. J- , , ' - v. ' K v ' "' ill L 15 V - I UK, " t- - J 4 f I " ?j k 'V iW ' -' Xrt - - j i ' 1 'a v" "l '" " ' - ' . " " t 'x ti : f- - I " J ) (f sv . ?? . ra,i. rUmmmii nersonallv lookcJ after the soldiers' needs at the front y4 rrTi jt- ' r fi 1 t S - As Minister of War in his own Cabinet, Uemenceau personaiiy iuuo.vu ''1 ".-' '--rV Mter h, had served a yea, M eulated to produce the best results for thoush the paper reaptearec 1 at Bon 11 - P eleeted him to the General Assembly, nght comse the "J huld BOr-. lblt of "blocking out "the thofc. ? ' .-V " He had won their affection by hto man- lack efflcen y "" or"atori- est paragraphs moved U,e ImclbU :! o house-cleaning for them, lie move '"f ; ' editor to such wrath that he put all M, T had found their streets poorly paved, cal and Weiao destructl I 5 , the' poncing Who..y inadecuate. the J h.T. ed in gettin, the censorship , - ' '' . hls tirn6. and a vast number of in- in regard to political matters. It wa. r-v VTT dividual ministers have been laid low. not until he became Pr me M,mst i:::::::::;:::::::v;x:x::: f04 1 ' "VU '7 Y politically, by his single-handed efforts. for the second tune that he realW :Z Al -Srr Among the prime ministers whom he how fortunate it would have been hf " " T :. ftL:.f thus unseated were Jules Ferry De him if the censorship had not been r Georges Benjamin Clemenceau, Pr.me Mm- ' , J?'t'iJ Freyclnet, De Broglle. Rouvier . nd Cail- moved from politics. . ter of France ' . J fiV aUx The title of "Kingmaker" came Needless to say he was mad, tl., ' V 3 " K',. ,N to thirtght years ago. when he target of the fiercest kind of attacU elder Clemenceau's liberty, and as he t y ?, , j j forced President IGrevy to retire to France, during the m-st few weeks o! was being led away handcuffed to , j "SJ & make place for Carnot. It has been his incumoency, was either furious, prison, his little son whispered into ,v H 7 ' A 1 o ? hta that without his support tor or against him But wh lb, his ear, "Never mind, papa. I will s - ' tj o t i ' ? t ' , " . ' , . ifl.t kn. ionP main- salutary efiects of his genius for gov-avenge gov-avenge you." i , , " f '2 - ' ! - ? "iVfr n Ca')lnet 01" preSIQenl 1U"B """" ernment began to be felt and Frac "If you wait to avenge me, work!" -'( i t a v (s K If' 51 JS'V'"'' tained supremacy. was seen again to have recovered het was the somewhat cryptic reply. " ' ' " ( f ''t 5'' " ' " f i , " Becomes a Philosopher wonted fervor, the. hostile spirit At that period, except for his revo- H ,s4 ' , T , 5 ' J6 , " .,IMr..i against him died out and he ami lutionary tendency, there was nothing , , i t," ). DunnB Period of h 10 id. a,al more and more t0 be looked upon u in Georges', activities to justify hope - . . . J , fc. ,.v( , from poL Itics he stud.ed a ndwr ote DeUverer of his future greatness. Of all her ' . J i-'A' ' , V k much. He had always been fond of & f children, Georges was accounted, by , " K ' , " J ' A x v the ancient classics and is said to be the t evivi j his mother, the least promising , -5 7 J 4 ifV ' ' , 4 able to recite Homer by the hour maki them beUeve that nothlnJ bnt At sixteen he knew scarcely more ' I h A . ' " , - In the third year of his retirement v was ible. And he was thl than any normal boy of twelve, al- 1. I 'V , , ' l , " he made his debut anew in public, this first t0 bring t0 Parlg from mrf,, though it is said that he made an ef- 4 , ' ' VI , time as a philosopher and litterateur. from Fandera an(J from Belhun, thl fort to master the English language V j; f , f v . He published a book on the philosophy wplcome ni?wg that the Germans wert about that time.' Another boy had, v j, - ' " - , ' of nature' entitled "Great I an a the m told him the story of "Robinson Cru- ts ' ,,55-. 'l , , A novel of social life, and a play. The ish antl the American soe;" and to be able to read it in , V, . , . . Strongest," the scenes of which are Jn devotion t0 hls pubUclll.. its entirety and without the glaring , . j , 4 laid at the Court in :h.na. he was negligent of the duties wMch hiatuses which he felt that his com- , V- J, f I , 4 In October, 10b when he was wouId bave ,nBurea hlm dom-tte panion's narrative contained, he set J t 1 f J sixty-five years old, he was called by jnec.s about to acquire the author's own ft:fl flKU , ' J X President Fallieres to form a cabi- y e B Ia"uage- - S'fe?':-:f''-'- - ' ,..' net He sent for a taxicab and went devoted than 1Ime. clemenceau V hen he attained his seventeenth ' A-.:' :,W:Vt'' " - . ' " from house to house of the men whom andyet th!rtv vears 0; ra year his sudden mental awakening --i. ,x :: -V:" ' s : " !.'iv.vviJii: isi' . ' .. he desired for his colleagues. Within . ; ' .. .. , .klHr v-i-i k- :,w ;i . '-:..;x , a . ried life, and after all their cnllflreo was almost startling in its effect. He : . , - r less than forty-three hours after his .... . . , , . v. , . :1. : - Sfc;i.- ... , ... woro .towt. up, she obtained a d!v.-:i began to read omnivorously and, a; V' :' -1::; appointment as Prime Minister his e ,. ...... . " - - ' , v u ,j . , n a a'lcl returned to America. Monsiea ne naa aevetopea an amazingly reten- . - , . cabinet had held its first council and mence- u mai-ri d ain- this tiiw tive memory, he remembered nearly r!o .,1 F;bl IMarshjl Hiiir welcomed bv the parish priest of Cambrai after German evacuation been presented to the President. emenceau mai e ag n. Georges Benjamin Clemenceau, Prime Minister Min-ister of France elder Clemenceau's liberty, and as he was being: led away handcuffed to prison, his little son whispered into his ear, "Never mind, papa, I will avenge you." "If you wait to avenge me, work!" was the somewhat cryptic reply. ; At that period, except for his revo- lutionary tendency, there was nothing f . in George3's activities to Justify hope of his future greatness. Of all her children, Georges was accounted, by his mother, the least promising At sixteen he knew scarcely more than any normal boy of twelve, al- l though It is said that he made an ef- fort to master the English language about that time.' Another boy haJ told him the story of "Robinson Cru- soe ; " and to be able to read it in its entirety and without the glaring hiatuses which ho felt that his companion's com-panion's narrative contained, he set about to acquire the author's own language. When he attained his seventeenth ; year his sudden mental awakening was almost startling in Its effect. He began to read omnivorously and, a; ne naa developed an amazingly retentive reten-tive memory, he remembered nearly all he read. At nineteen ho went to Paris to study medicine. He lived Ir the Quar-tier Quar-tier Latin, and his room was the rendezvous ren-dezvous for kindred-spirited revolutionaries. revolu-tionaries. Hidden there, too, was a small printing press, from which a constant stream of anti-kingcraft pamphlets was poured forth. Collaborating Collab-orating with Emile Zola and Jules Maline, he published a small newspaper, newspa-per, "Travail" ("Work"), which landed all three into the Mazas Prison. Seeks Fortune in America Some weeks later, when they were released, young Clemenceau's high spirit vented itself in a shout of "Vive la Republique," in one of the busy streets of Paris. An unequivocal hint was thereupon dropped from oflicial sources that, perhaps, the air of America might suit his health better than that of France. He had already obtained his degree of M. D,, and so, without further delay and equipped with no assets beyond sufficient money to pay for his way across, and a boundless ambition, he sot sail for America. He lived for a while in West Twelfth street, New York city, eking out a precarious existence by practicing medicine. He had plenty of spare time and a" great deal of this he spent at the Astor Library, storing his mind with literary and philosophical treasures treas-ures of antiquity and the scientific discoveries of modern times. And, in return, he bestowed upon the great library, which has since become merged with the Tildon and the Lenox Libraries Into the great Public Library of New Tork, a small volume entitled, "De la Generation des Elements Anatomiques," and bearing the following follow-ing inscription: "Presented to the Astor Library, by the author. New York, October 12, 1S157. G. Clemenceau." It was the thesis with which he had won his doctor's diploma in 1S63. Recognition of his ability as a physician phy-sician was too slow for so ardent and impatient a nature, which craved for quick results. Accordingly, having heard that a young ladles' academy in Stamford, Conn., was looking for a com ue Lent teacher of the French language and literature, he applied, was accepted and without the least recrets closed up hi New York office to enter upon the new career. It was a fateful step. Among the pupils was Mary Plummer, a New York heiress, fr whom the eloquent a peculiar fascination. His words sank deep into her heart as well as her mind, and before long she found herself her-self desperately in love with him. She was an exceptionally keen-witted girl, . and pre-eminent among her classmates for beauty and gracefulness. Small wonder that the impecunious Profesor Georges Clemenceau should have ex perienced a reciprocal fiame for so prepossessing a pupil. But her relatives, rela-tives, it is said, were not at all pleased with the prospect of a union with the French preceptor and signified to her that if she defied their wishes she would be disinherited. In this Instance love laughed no less at money than It has been laughing at the proverbial locksmiths. 'After receiving the alleged parental ultimatum the couple went directly to Oakley Hall, who was then Mayor of New York, and were married by him. The Franco-Prussian War was declared de-clared soon afterward and Clemenceau felt anew the old-time stirrings of patriotism. pa-triotism. He longed to return to France and get into the thick of the fight, not only against Prussia but against Louis Napoleon, for the overthrow over-throw of whose reign as emperor he regarded this an auspicious opportunity. opportu-nity. "Love in a Cottage" But how to get back to France? The impetuosity of their hearts had silenced the dictates of prudence of both Clemenceau and his beloved. By their marriage the young couple had been cast loose from the anchor of financial security, in defiance of that famous caution of the Poet Keats, that "Love in a cottage On water and a crust, ' Is, Love forgive me, Cinders, ashes, dust." Fortunately fri.-nds came to the rescue res-cue and loaned Ciemenceau a sufficient sum to defray the expenses of the voyage voy-age to France for him and his bride of three days. They settied in the Mont-martre Mont-martre district of Paris, and it was not long before the denizens of that tumultuous tumul-tuous district discovered in Clemenceau Clemen-ceau "the man of the hour." They chose him their mayor. The Commune, whk-h came after the eiege 01 Paris, was born in the Mont-martre Mont-martre section. Thither Thiers, who, upon the downfall of Louis Xapolwn. had been elected President, sent troops oi the regular army to take over i.ume cannon which had been left there by t).o Nn Hon;- (VuaM. rj..n.-r:iis Clom- ont-Thomas and Lecompte were in command of these troops. They met with resistance. A riot and fierce light ensued, and the two generals were slain, Clemenceau protested that, as Mayor of the arrondlssement, he had endeavored endeav-ored to quell the riot and protect the generals. An officer of the War Council Coun-cil expressed doubts concerning Clemenceau's Clem-enceau's veracity, whereupon the fiery younsr Mayor challenged him to duel. On the 4Field of Honor" On the "Field of Honor," after the officer had fired his shot and missed. Clemenceau said: "As you are an officer offi-cer of France I will spare your life: I will only break your leg above the knee. You understand, it is less dangerous dan-gerous to be wounded there than below be-low the knee." The bullet struck where he had Indicated. In-dicated. This was the first of some six or seven duels which Clemenceau engaged en-gaged in during his turbulent political career. His duels almost always possessed pos-sessed an element of picturesque "dif-ferentness," "dif-ferentness," which redeemed them somewhat from the stupidity of so antiquated and feudal a method of "proving" one's honor. For instance, a Journalist had deliberately sought to insult him by refusing to bow in acknowledgment ac-knowledgment of Clemenceau's greeting. greet-ing. A challenge was the result, and before the shooting began Clemenceau announced: ''As you appear to find it so irksome irk-some to raise your hat, I will take it off for you.' Clemenceau's bullet went through the man's hat and knocked it off hie head. Another time Paul Deroulede, in a speech in the Chamber of Deputies, accused Clemenceau of corruption in connection with the French Panama Canal scandal. At the conclusion of the accusing speech Clemenceau arose, and after saying "Monsieur Deroulede lies!" sat down. The "Code of Honor" left no choice. Deroulede was com-, pelled to challenge. So dreaded had Clemenceau becoms as a duellf-'t that Deroulede felt death was inevitable. He made his will, bada friends adieu and, on the "field of honor" cut from his own head a lock of hair which he divided between the seconds as souvenirs. So nervous was he that his bullet went wide of the mark and Clemenceau smiled grimly nnd rfnsM o fir in return. sewerage insanitary and nearly everything every-thing wrong that should have been right. His year's incumbency as Mayor was spent in dynamolike efforts ef-forts to reform all this; and there is no doubt that he accomplished raucti. Almost immediately he became a power in the General Assembly. His biting satire and thunderous, crushing dialectic onslaughts, both as orator in the assembly and, as writer in the paper which he had established, made him a factor which the highest and mightiest in the land soon realized they had to reckon with. From 1871 to 1875 he was a member of, the Paris Municipal Council and became its president pres-ident In 1S76 he was elected to the Chamber Cham-ber of Deputies to represent the Mont-martre Mont-martre district. And from that day to the present time, except for a nine-year nine-year withdrawal from politics in the eighties, his voice has been ringing out, loud and clear, a clarion call of opposition to everything that savored of injury to France. Rights Dreyfus Injustice During the celebrated Dreyfus case he risked his career and life in espousing espous-ing that deeply injured army officer's cause. In his paper, L'Aurore, to which Zola also contributed some of the finest productions of his genius in behalf of Dreyfus, Clemenceau surpassed sur-passed himself in his efforts to vindicate vin-dicate justice against intrigue so widespread wide-spread that it threatened to engulf the entire nation. Of Clemenceau's Dreyfus Drey-fus letters in L'Aurore Sydney Brooks has said: "They remain, I suppose, the most brilliant masterpieces of polemics that French literature has produced since Pascal's famous "Provincial Letters.' " And to Clemenceau's untiring activity activ-ity was largely due the victory which brought freedom and rehabilitation to the young Jewish captain who had suffered suf-fered as a caged prisoner on Devil's Island on a trumped-up charge. In the early years of his political career, as Mayor of Montmartre -and deputy in the NationaJ Assembly, Clemenceau was the leader of the Rad-icalc. Rad-icalc. So entirely radical was he that he was said to have been "independent even in his radicalism." By an almost al-most imperceptible evolution he has emerged, as one of his biographers bays, "to a saner advocacy of a just and free democracy." Whn prime ministers did not seem to him to be pursuing a course cat eulated to produce the best results for France; or when while pursuing the right course they seemed to him to lack efficiency, Ciemenceau would move every engine of political, oratorical oratori-cal and literary destructiveness to hurl them from their high position. Sixteen ministers has he thus upset in his time, and a vast number of individual in-dividual ministers have been laid low, politically. 'by his single-handed efforts. Among the prime ministers whom he thus unseated were Jules Ferry De Freyclnet, De Broglle, Rouvier i nd Cail-laux. Cail-laux. The title of "King-maker" came to him thirty-eight years ago, when he forced President IGrevy to retire to make place for Carnot. It has been said of him that without his support no cabinet or president has long maintained main-tained supremacy. Becomes a Philosopher During the period of his withdrawal from politics he studied and wrote much. He had always been fond of the ancient classics and is said to be able to recite Homer by the hour. In the third year of his retirement he made his debut anew in public, this time as a philosopher and litterateur. He published a book on the philosophy of nature, entitled "Great Pan," a novel of social life, and a play. "The Strongest," the scenes of which are laid at the Court in "hina. In October, 1903, when he was sixty-five years old, he was called by President Fallieres to form a cabinet cabi-net He sent for a taxicab and went from house to house of the men whom he desired for his colleagues. Within less than forty-three hours after his appointment as Prime Minister his cabinet had held its first council and been presented to the President. He was called a second time to the Premiership in November, 1917, by President Poincare, the present head of the French Republic. The spirit of France had begun to ebb. The onetime one-time flaming ardor for victory had almost al-most become extinguished by the German Ger-man propaganda manipulated by Boio Pasha and other defeatist agents. Vivian! and Brland had been compelled com-pelled to1 acknowledge that as Prime Ministers they could do nothing to restore re-store the national morale. "The Tiger" was the only one from whom any reheartening of France might be expected. He more than justified the confidence reposed in him. His first act as Prime Minister was to check the Insidious propaganda which was undermining the nation; he brought to book all who in any way were in the meshes of this far-flung far-flung conspiracy; the most prominent of them, like Bola Pasha, were executed; exe-cuted; Caillaux was imprisoned; others oth-ers fled. Shortly before Clemenceau was called call-ed to the premiership in' 1917, Caillaux, Cail-laux, who was In Rome, said: "Briand will fail and go; there may be another; and then will come Clemenceau. Clem-enceau. He will try, and will fail. And then then I will come." Fortunately Clemenceau did not fail. If he had and Caillaux had really become be-come Prime Minister of France, Germany Ger-many would have dictated her own peace terms; for, it is said, the stage had all been set for this;- and democracy de-mocracy and world-liberation would have gone begging again for perhaps another century. 4 Is Hailed "The Deliverer" Next, as War Minister in his own cabinet Clemenceau shaped events so adroitly that Field Marshal Foeh was chosen commander-in-chief of the Allied Al-lied armies; the union with Knglanci and Italy was tightened and, with France's spirits thus rejuvenated and the will for victory revived, the French people were now convinced that it last, they were being properly governed. gov-erned. It was not altogether easy filing for this "grand old man" of France He himself had sowed the seed of the trouble which as Prime Minister be-set be-set his way. Through his efforts in the Chamber of Deputies the Frenrh censorship had been removed fr0! all but military affairs. His new-pa,,,.,-L'Homme Libre (-Free Man") hl" which he had launched many nf hH most scathing philippic gainst ncl-ficleucy ncl-ficleucy or corrupUun, or both, in hi -h Places., had been 6iipreasa. BmI "ai though the paper reappeared at Bon deaux under the name of L'Hommi Enchaine "Man Chained"), the censor's cen-sor's habit of "blocking out "the choicest choic-est paragraphs moved the irasclbli editor to such wrath that he put all hit resources in motion until he succeeded succeed-ed In getting the censorship removed in regard to political matters." It wai not until he became Prime Minister for the second time that he realized how fortunate it would have been for him if the censorship had not been r moved from politics. . Needless to say he was made thl target of the fiercest kind of attack France, during the first few weeks o! his incumbency, was either furiously for or against him. But when thl salutary efiects of his genius for government gov-ernment began to be felt and Franc was seen again to have recovered her wonted fervor, the hostile spirit against him died out and he cam more and more to be looked upon ti "the Deliverer." He had spent days at a time amoni ? the troops, reviving their Bplrita and ,' making them believe that nothing but victory was possible. And he was thl first to bring to Paris from Picardj, from Flanders and from Bethune thl welcome news that the Germans wert fleeing before the French, the Brtfr ish and the American arms. In his devotion to his public 11I he was negligent of the duties which would have insured him domestic b piness. Never was there a more loving or devoted wife than Mme. Clemenceau, and yet, after thirty years of niar ried life, and after all their children were grown up, she obtained a dlvord and returned to America, Monsieur Clemenceau married again; thU UrM A Stoic in Frugality In his habits Clemenceau is moil rigorous. He is up with the lark and to bed, whenever possible, by 8 it night. At 6 every morning a Swedish gymnast puts him through a seven course of exercise. He writes in th morning and attends to public duties In the afternoon. His diet Is tremely frugal, partly on account o his stoic disposition, but mainly because be-cause of an ailment of the storcach-It storcach-It is related that on one occasion-invited occasion-invited to luncheon by General Joffre. he presented himself at the headquarters head-quarters kitchen half an hour befort the luncheon time and handed tb generalissimo's cook a small parc-saying: parc-saying: "I am Monsieur Clemenceau, vboU to lunch with General Joffre. TbisH' a packet of noodles. Please have tt' kindness to boil them for me In pl& unsaltcd water, because I never e; anything else." He is of medium stature, quick a:-graceful a:-graceful in his movements and pOi--' and amiable beyond the ordinary dY of even the proverbial French manners, especially toward women- J |