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I r. r j e. e c t. t lI t i r Y 4 7 r jw-r p 4 rr y I 0 U act c i i nd 1 I O I m I J I I 1 I o i S SCIENCES SCIENCE'S 1 Ul 1 ii I Many USES for or the 1 tr RAY j HE mani manifold ol uses of the X-ray X were brought THE into prominence in the great war and persons persons per per- sons who had granted the wonderful charm of af its m mystery as applied to the discoveries in in the hum human Jn body were astonished to find to how many industrial uses it is adapted These are in in fact I EO so numerous as to astonish almost anybody but buta a scientist who has kept up with them for busin business busi busi- n ness floss s reasons The X raying of steel and copper ingots in search of cracks and air pockets and other flaws is one of the simplest modern modem uses uses but one of the best Some idea of the general uses of the X-ray X in science and business are shown by illustrations which by no means exhaust its possibilities Unsound Unsound Un Un- sound teeth are aro being traced daily by means of it in every up-to-date up dental office in the coun coun- try Ancient paintings are submitted to it in order to prove or disprove their claims to These are mere b byways ways of its application application application tion which the Electrical Experimenter has set forth The Roentgen ray named from its discoverer in 1895 has according to statistics prepared by this publication become one of the worlds world's most useful agents in a variety of ways Everybody realizes what a boon it is to hospital patients Those who did not before 1914 do now owing to its universal use in hospital sen service ce in the great world war In other ways it aided in the war and not the least of these was was its u use e to trace and avert the crimes done in America by German spies These conspirators were foiled by means mean of it when th they y sought to plant infernal machines machines machines ma ma- chines and contraband rubber and nickel into Great Charm of the Mystery of This Marvellous Marve Light Whose Power of J Penetration Has Made It One of the i Worlds World's Most Phenomenal Agents in Industry Medicine Surgery and the Detection of Crime bales of cotton German workers did actually place steel needles and various metal objects in bags o of powder in United St States tes government gov arsenals but the X-ray X discovered them before they could do harm By it defects in in shells and guns were found and dozens of other tricks of the enemy were brought home to him before Uncle Sam was actually in the war An illustration figure 3 reveals how these discoveries made Power Powerful ul X rays were were directed on n bullets and shells hells How they were loaded what was the amount of powder used was revealed A different shadow is cast on the X-ra X ray X-ray plate or fluoroscope for each different ma ma- Defects in in the loading and assembling of 01 shells sheIls frequently were detected in this way at the great shell factories and arsenals thus preventing preventing preventing prevent prevent- ing misfires and premature explosions Figure 1 shows a large X-ray X machine being used to detect the presence of contraband rubber or metal placed in bales of cotton A number of these X-ray X machines were used at the leading cotton shipping ports of the South during the war Infernal machines timed to go off at sea were often detected in this way although little or nothing was vas ever said about these discoveries for very good reasons If these discoveries on en the part of Uncle Sams Sam's secret service and shipping experts had been made public at t the time naturally natural natural- ly y the perpetrators of such c crimes climes imes would have di directed directed directed di- di their energies to other ways and means of attaining ining their objects Many lives have been lost due to the explosion explosion explosion sion of anarchists' anarchists bombs and infernal machines not only when they happened to explode lode in loca loca- the they were planted but also when they have been under the process of examination by bomb experts of various arious city police depart depart- ments The examination of bombs and infernal machines now bids fair presently to become as aa concrete and specific a procedure as weighing a pound of coal The X-ray X has already been used with marked success in determining the structure of such dangerous devices beforehand which is of course a great grent stride in advance of the erstwhile erstwhile erst erst- while method of yanking the bomb apart and waiting to see what would happen Sec See figure G. G Figure 4 shows how valuable is the X-ray X in finally checking up the hulls of concrete ships No matter how expert are the inspectors on such hulls they cannot t tell ll in any case how the interior in interior tn- tn of the concrete structure looks especially the steel re-enforcement re bars which may have become bent or misplaced during the pouring process These structural weaknesses can be in instantly instantly instantly in- in detected by the X ray and where such large surfaces are arc exposed t to it the fluoroscope is invariably used and not the photographic plate There is no excuse now for the accidents that used to be common on railroads due to defective f car w wheels If the X ray is i. used air pockets and r invisible cracks caused by strain in the process 1 of cooling are arc instantly detected and the defective k wheel abandoned For such purposes an X-ray X r ris is used in the manner ted in figure 5 The t X-ray X tube together with exciting cit ng spark coil ii batteries etc eta are arc placed in a portable carrying 1 case nse which can be placed behind the car wheel t tor or other object The fluoroscope or in special places the X-ray X plate in its light proof holder is placed before the car wheel or other object A Afew Afew j few seconds exposure to the X-ray X gives a skia skia- graph raph or X-ray X photograph on the plate which r ris is afterward developed and printed or the image Image may be and md usually is examined on the n negative itself no print being made Of course if the fluoroscope is used for directly viewing ng the object r runder under examination then the object is seen clearly at once and various parts o of it examined by moving moving ing moving the fluoroscope over the surface The results by-results of the use uso of the X-ray X are too many to be ca catalogued it is used in the diamond mines of South Africa where diamond miners frequently have been known l. to swallow a particularly rich stone Now Kow as each miner at atthe atthe atthe the end of a da days day's s work has to submit to a an X-ray X examination if he has introduced one into his Ith body it is at once detected See figure 8 1 X-ray X therapy which is shown in in figure 10 is carried out in the same way It is shown in moving pictures and is a branch of medical science science ence which promises wonderful results when itis it itis itis is put in general use It will serve sene great ends it is said in the treatment of cancer and vari van ous skin diseases |