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Show Or - 1 : , Ships - M'Kr.L o: expert mechanics at i J ;he Brooklyn Nary Yard are now T 1 :ri:rs: on the now Ms battleship . th eel of h:ch was laid - i weeks R?o. TMs new ;non-' ;non-' :b se.i till co?! approximately hleh is more money than rut In'.o a single ship bofora. " -4 , slie '.3 finished, three- yo.irs hie no u:ol in ar.y - the v.or'id This latest ve.i'.iou experts 111 rosc soir.e -i -j never before employed in biitt'e-'"'.. biitt'e-'"'.. : -.'ruction. - irttxvr;ant and radical chan.: - :; :! c! electricity as the propulsive I.; !:. Tils new departure :'1I secure : : fJt.iescy in many directions. It z.iz a savin? in weight and s, aco: .1 :::rr economy !n the useof fuel. :: win afford core conrer.'.ent ::i; cd operation. :e Tr.e-iezte? of operation is due .r fi.t t.if electoral machinery Is . :i t: ?1v two economical speeds. V. ' ;l?o :r.3kes for eas and quickness i"::r5 or reversing the propeller-;. ' ; tie electrical motor any speed In -Jire-.'ttDti is obtained by .a -v. tie hard of a cct.'roller. No ' :st in sigattliicg the engineer or : fi'.iif citims:" levers. ' t3 tie irs'allation of the e'ettric : California will he.ve a cruising ; it-rat 51' per cent grr?.'.er than her :" ::i;s at cruising spe-d. The eom- -' c-f electric drive ani oil fuel sj - "i-'.e her at ten knots speed To ; ':t!r rjice .jays longer than a real dreadnought, and during that "w tan cruise more than 2.0 miles 1b other ords. the California t ails to steam nearly t!ce as it tie Wjoming or Arkansas. :n have practically duplirat train '"'i a either of her generator will ' a speed of nineteen knot. The SeiiMHry and manoeuvring i be greatly Irnpro . ed. attd In " '-" her backing po-er v. Ill be r. to tiat of any other s'"iD in her I-"e ia:ter is an imports xill-':e. xill-':e. and is no! obtained in any c&?ree "h-:n ordinary reripro-j reripro-j '; c: turbine eng:n-?3 are a"i, b-ie b-ie limitations cf stjace and : ' ttp-ed in the dc-alcn cf tr.e ship, ectrical eouiprcent comists of - iiioxatt, or lo-OO'.'-horr-cpotver. zenerators. ea-h placed on the talt. The eloctrlcity ''ill be fur- 5 1 ;y oU-'risraing turbine enginos. Ptrailr.g at high speeds, as when aa enemy, ea'.h turbine genera-' genera-' erne t?-o propeller motors, and I r--' ''inery willbe working a'. But y.hea cmising at moder- ate spot us. ali, .ut site.-n kr.i.is or n, only or.e ( :r:.;no ill l e used, the oMi.t one boin shut This will allow for a cons'.dorablo saving In fuel Not only is me !ctrlral ssioni of dr:e tnon. ..conotr.i.-al th.m the old methods heretofore in use. but It Is also much ti.Mwr o in-t.'.H. It nlso enables the ship to roio the s-a xltli loss vibration vibra-tion and n o.o s-e:idiiio.-s. an iiuportnnt matter i In n it oom.s ro felting the ranne and f.-n-.K ihe :UP, The more stable the ship Is Ihe more n, -.".irate Its f. re. The water-tube, oil fir-d boilers of the l ali'orn-a will be plm ed in h-.-.vily imii;. l-.ei led room--, emending clenr a.-ross the i"ip. Tnere w ill be but on.- amokestm-k, and Its base w -1! be prote-tod by a i.o ivy coating of inclined armor. This is a new idea in battleship dosicn. and is based on Ie?sons learned from the ba'fle of T I'hima. in which Ft i ssian ships suffered suf-fered s- ei ely f 1 oni shells Tvhich str iok near -lie j F-r.okes-ack on itn- j pro-eot--d ma erial. i Tt is r'-'.arded j now as an tab- ' llshed fact that In j future na--'al war- ' fare a z eat d al of hi tlvanile fire will take place. Happenincs in the rrcsent war show-that show-that considerable dan-ae ran be dore hy a ship f which is too far off , to acor. niplish any- ' thing by sholilng ti-.e armor prof c:. cd persons of the pnemy'3 ship. This damage ;S por-ji.ile throo;li the employment employ-ment of high ?.nl' fire, thro-vine shells at the ma-lmurn ranEre so that, they will land on the deok and do more or U ss daniar. To.!15 faet rai borne in mind when the California was dosi-ttird, and she wiil liavc a heavily armored deck to guard against i.ie d.in-'r from high ansle f.re and bombs dropped by aeroplanes. Tn addition to the dock protection against aeroplanes, the California will bo quipped with a number of specially designed de-signed aeroplane guns. Tiie.se guns have "been through a long series of experiments and are regarded as the most efficient device vet nroduoed. They use bolh solid shot and shrapnel, tue latter being " . . roade hron, Ml the 'California's" Guns WouM B. Jiqual to Throwin? Six Touring Car from Sandy Hocl-New Yo i The Powerful New Super-Dreadn ouht "California," Now Under Con- , struction At the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, Which Will Be the Mont Formidable Battleship Afloat, and the First of the Electrically Elec-trically Propelled Fighting Monsters. rni ploy oil whin Itv oncniy a-: n:iitp Is within clnf rnf. k wi'l In very (llfTlrvilt for rn aoroi'luno to zct noar pndiiRh to thn r:iMfornia to in flirt Miy Spf-oin! a 1 1 on t inn ha liren puid tn th matter of fl-ittninrlLrs and mlnfl. A now kind of sntl-tnrprlo bulkhead linn l)Pfn d: iluc;1, ftiih a view 10 Incaliziiife tiiii t T r; of explosion f It h or from mine or mt:' '.( T)- : hork from nun or even Our New Bis? Battle-ship Battle-ship "California" and Why It Is Different from Any Other War Vessel Ever Designed fl Vtp3 (C$ln if or & Gar New Big Battle- ,l i 1JlL 7-, ship "California" OI -AJll .'p i' ' k:-.y and Why It Is 1 TG-So?TUn4-4l-v ' ' ' ; 44 . : Different from Any JL JxSLJliia? . -yg .. v -' Other War Vessel SllIlDS ' : Ever Designed i - ' - i f v, " , l. , s I r.. r-,--.e--.--rI. it-....i.:-. .-it , i 1 ' . - ' ' . " f,-.--. : v.,...-- . . '.v-v v.'x-:',",; . . , 1 - ; ' . !" '"x.;-w c- ,t ,'..:.,-rc;,. ;- - -,,,T r r r .7,.l-rr't-.y,t. , ?. " ,,-t- '-rr ' ;".:' . . , 4 ...4 ; , , - - - -. ' x .:;'.'. .-..... T . m M'Kr.L1 o: expert mtvhar.ii-s at r","T ' ' . ' , - ' --" , -. "' --'t ' " 1 - J pnvklvQ Nivy Vartl aro now x- ", ...' ; . ' v 1 "U. on lhe poiv but'Ieito fttt pP1' ftut iMcn knois or :o, ' - ' ' : --' . , ' . ' v. . .. slmg the same principle as those dow Jn 1 "rh;;R1;.,: nue,,,,,,,, .. . . - bM r: rr'1;',:: l weeks aso. This new a.on- .nj S!,i.u, Thla ill allow for -' ' waa first designed on the theory Wat on Doard at all times, so if one happens '.a, w.nV.' a-'P'O.vl-ve'T conatJerable savinr In fuel ' - a battleship would have to fiBht at close to be shot away there will be another ' . K' ''''''' ",s .'I N,m only 1S e..0rl(.a, Sl,.., nf " ' . , quarters, and would. If occasion offered, to take Its place. Out ot Sight Below the Ocean Horizon the "California" Could Destroy New York City in Half on Hour with Lor.g-Range Shells Which Would Seem to Drop From the Sky. two torpedoes exploding against the California will not he sufficient to put hr-r out of eoP.iTii-sion. Mer n.v torpedo ulkhead arrar.Rensertt gremly extends l,r-r ability to assiniilr-te panisiiment of mis character. All the f ar-hips at iuesei't in service are '. er.v '. liue.hle in il.is re?fe.-t. and cue tnrp.-iM i ,; more than sufficient, to ilef.roy : n; c-nc of them. 'Hie armor proierpcii of :h" California is more complete ; ,!P ;ha' of ary other ship. The trem-ndoi's ciisidi'cenient of the new shir .111.000 ions makes it possible pos-sible to clothe her "ith armor far in excess of ships now afloat. The waler-line waler-line belt o" tiie California, wiih a maximum maxi-mum thickness of about fourt.-en inches. Is seventeen and one-half feet wide, find this armor extends oiKht loot below the viiterllne. The conninr: lower carries sixteen six-teen inches of armor, and the port plates of the three gun lurrcts arc no less than eighteen inches in Ihickness. The whole side of the ship between the extreme, turrets tur-rets up to the main decks will lie heavily armored, and with the side armor will be connected heavy transverse armor bulkheads bulk-heads and several horizontal armor decks. The California has a Ions forecastle deck, which is carried aft to the main lattice masl. Forwurd on this deck are two turrets, each containing three four-tccn-inch guns, those In the after turret firing above the rtiof of the foremost turret. On the main deck aft are two three-gun turrets similarly disposed. This gives a concentration of six friirtcen-ineh guns ahead, six astern and a broadside fire of twelve fourteen-inch guns. The three guns in each turret are mounted in one, sleeve, and are elevated, trainee! and fired as one gun. This is a radical departure from previous prarticc. and it is capable of producing greater efficiency in handling of the' guns and placing of shells, li will assist the spotter in locating the fall of the shots and making the corrections necessary iu CoDYilsh.t. ittli. L -i'- ' ; the elevation. In addition to this ' the placing of Ihe three guns in one turret effects a considerable saving in weight. The fourteen-lnch guns which the California Cali-fornia will mount are considered by expert ex-pert ordnance authorities to be the best vrapon of the kind In use or designed. Having extreme battle ranges and groater striking power man any naval gun now in us", tliey offer the distinc t advantage ot allowing the mounting of twelve of (hem on a single ship, as against eight guns of the fifteen-inch calibre, which have been adopted by some of the other navies of the world. These fourteen-inch guns have an accurate range of twelve miles, hut in cases of necessity, the California Cali-fornia could stand eighteen miles off score and throw her fourteen-inch shells into port. The fourteen-inch guns on the California Cali-fornia are fifty-three foet long and weigh ahr.ut sixty three tons. The weight of the projectile is 1.400 pounds. At a distance nf lh.ooo yards i his , projectile will peno-Irate peno-Irate over sixteen inches of armor. The projectile leaves the muzzle at a speed of L'.SOO feet a second, a speed which if maintained would carry the shell around the world twice in twenty-four hours. 'Hie gun chamber will be bigger than two sugar barrels end to end, and In this chamber will bo placed the 4110 pounds of smokeless powder required to discharge dis-charge ihe shell. The mur.zlu energy of these fourteen-inch fourteen-inch guns is Glj.000 foot tons. To put this In simpler form, assume that two ships as large as the Lusitania are placed on one end of a scale. The amqmit of energy used up in each discharge of the gun would, if applied to the other end of the scale, raise these two ships one foot high. To withstand such terrific strain, the' chambers must necessarily have tremendous power of resistance. re-sistance. Every time the gun is fired they got a shock equivalent to the shock that would ensue if a. heavy engine drawing draw-ing five Pullman cars, going at the rate of seventy miles an hour, suddenly came in contact with a stone wall. The cost of each gun Is figured at $S5.000. If all the guns on the California were discharged continuously for one hour Ikov would consume powder and shell it; I'he amount of J:1.000.000. Another radical rhansc is in the type of how. Heretofore all ships of ali navies have been constructed with a ram bow. For all practical uses the ram ires Diutain Jvishls-Heservcd. bow was obsolete many years ago. It was first designed on the theory that a battleship would have to fight at close quarters, and would, If occasion offered, attempt to ram her opponent head on. But even while ships were being buil-with buil-with this obsolete style ot bow, guns of Increasing range were being developed and armor of greater resisting power was being put Into use, so that the possibility of cloFe sea fighting was rapidly being relegated to the background, at least for ships of larger size. The California will return to the graceful grace-ful . yacht-like bow of the older clipper ship. Its profile, if It were not for her smokestack, masts and turrets, will closely resemble a large steam yacht, and to the layman this beauty of outline will give the Impression that 6he is not as , ""7':' ' '"" . f . .." 1 """" .-. : -. " 1 '. i ,J-Z w ' 7 : X x r.v ;. j i 1 , .: - ' ,j "-' - - ' 7" . x - .. J .! formidable as her more warlike appearing appear-ing sisters in the fleet. The reason for the change in bow has nothing to do with the fighting ability of the ship. The clipper bow, with its long forward overhang, offers advantages in the matter of handling the ship's anchors. It gives them a clearance not. possible with the ram-shaped bow. Further than that it is expected to be of advantage to the ship in heavy weather, for the flarlDg bow and sides are calculated to keep her deck drier In a heavy sea than the bow of the ram type. Several foreign nations have recently begun to modify the ram-shaped bow. but none has gone to the length of this country in completely abandoning it' A new form of range finder will be installed on the California. It will be i along the same principles as those dow In se, but will be smaller and easier to handle. A number of them will be carried on board at all times, so if one happens to be shot away there will be another to take Its place. Experiments are now being carried on with a view to devising a satisfactory submarine detector, and If a really reliable re-liable one is perfected it will be made a part of the California's equipment. Hydroplanes will henceforth play a prominent part in naval warfare, and will be a part of the regular fleet. The new battleship will have special apparatus appa-ratus for taking care of one or more hydroplanes. The speed of the new dreadnought will be twenty-one knots, although in cases of emergency it is expected that she will do a little better than this. She is 8u0 feet long on the waierline, 624 feet in length on deck; her breadth is ninety-seven ninety-seven feet, her draft thirty feet. She will be provided with four submerged twenty, one inch torpedo tubes, located about a hundred feet from the bow. and her complement com-plement will consist of 1,035 officers and ; men. An admirable feature of the California is the exceptional height at which her I amidship battery of five-inch torpedo defence de-fence guns Is carried. There are twenty-two twenty-two of these guns, four mounted in casemates case-mates on the main deck forward, four in casemates on the gun deck aft. ten in a central battery on the forecastle or spar deck, and four at the corners of the boat deck above the centra! battery. This arrangement gives a concentration of eight five-inch guns forward and aft, and ' of eleven 'oh each broadside. . , The elevation of her guns will be the same as on our other ships 15 degrees elevation and a degrees depression. This is the same elevation used on all foreign , ships, and it "will permit of the high angle fire so successfully employed in the present .war. The biggest foreign warship in service is the Queen Elizabeth. She carries i eight fifteen-inch guns, but her tonnage is 4,5"0 tons less than the California's. The latter's fourteen-inch guns will be -able to pierce the Queen Elizabeth's 1 heaviest armor at seven miles, and from ' their greater accuracy will be able to , make 70 per cent more hits. Therefore in actual warfare the California would, theoretically, easily destroy the famou3 f British ship. All in all. the California will be the ' very last word in battleship construction. The desianers have utilized even thing that exnerienee has shown to be useful. -The happenings of the present war have bec-n carefully studied, and whatever lessons they brought out were made use of in designing the California. o It took less i ban rhrp months to de- sign this wonderful sh'p. Several tie-ipartmen'.s tie-ipartmen'.s of the Navy tool: a hand in X workine out the various details. It will take about three ears io complete the ' '-California, '-California, although if necessiry. she t could be huiried along and finished in . J about two years. To accomplish this the workmen would have to be increased in X number and kept busy twenty-four hours '.-a '.-a day. instead of eight, as at present. if 1 , , ' : .... i - :- . i - - -i: - - . ' -. . . . -i - - ' y'h. x i . x ... : ; ' ; - V' ;. l A'. -K I X-'-X'- ;? .,...-..' l - ,. T 7!? ' .. . , k. . . . . i:;; ,m ,.!,.- ' . - : - .., t . .: : ',',-X'.. ... ...... . - . j . . j , io j s -li. .-. 1 ihe Shells from the Big Guns of the "California," i'ired at 'Jhc'r Long est Range, Will Travel 5 Miles Up Inio the Sky Nearly Twice High as Fiko' Peak. a r o T |
