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Show > AT The Salt Lake Tribune NATION/WORLD Sunday, May28, 1995 Women Who Lead: Where Are Americans? Global. “But maybe the higher expectations cause disappointment.” She says several female leaders have been criticized for not doing more to help women. But she argues they may havelittle room to maneuver. She points to Bhutto, educated at Oxford and Yale universities, as a modern womantryingto rule a conservative Islamic state. Bhutto, who covers her head with a scarf, agreed to an arranged marriage. @ From Previous Page parties. And if a candidateis new to politics, as women tend to be, sheis less likely to have a wellfinanced machine behind her. It is not surprising, then, that most U.S. presidents have comefrom high-profile jobs, senator or goverfor. While more women are holding elective office, few have reached such level. Currently, there are seven female senators and one female governor — New Jersey's Christine Todd Whitman. “The pond’s had very few female fish,” says Laura Liswood head of Women’s Leadership Project Still, women's advocates say a womanis bound to eccupy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. It is just a matter of time. They point to a study by the National Women's Political Caucus that shows women who run for office win as often as menin similarsituations. The key is getting womento run. Only one — New York Rep. Shirley Chisholm in 1970 — ever has sought a major-party nomination. Lynn Martin, former Illinois congresswoman and U.S. labor secretary, considered doing so next year but backed down. Thebest bet for 1996, say women’s groups, is Whitman in the No. 2 spot on the GOP ticket. Even if a woman does get elected, does it make a difference for women? Aquino appointed more women to her Cabinet in the Philippines. And Norway's prime minister, Harlem Gro Brundtland, has been an international advocate of women’s reproductive rights. “They can’t help but be more sensitive to women’s issues,” says Mahnaz Afkhami, a former Iranian Cabinet member and now director of SisterhoodIs “A leader will only go as far as a country permits,” Liswoodsays. Some female leaders — notably ThatcherandIsrael’s Golda Meir — cultivated particularly tough images and showedrelatively little interest in “women's” issues. “They both came up by out-masculinizing men,” says Mary Ann Tetreault, director of the Carrie Catt Center for WomeninPolitics at Iowa State University. They proved women could govern, and like men, wage war. “Thatcher is a role model for women, but not a role modelfor helping women,” Woodssays In Turkey, critics say the same about Ciller. They say she has donelittle, for example, to appoint women to her Cabinet. Her government even hasbeencriticized by the U.S. State Departmentfortacitly allowing virginity checks for unmarried women whoallege they were victims of sexual crimes. Yet, like Bhutto, she is struggling to survive in a country with a weak economy,a strongmilitary and a fervent Islamic fundamentalist movement. Ciller occasionally appears with her head covered and bowedin prayer. Atfirst, many women — especially well-educated urban ones — greeted her election with excitement. Butnotall are enthusiastic, says Jenny White, a University of Nebraska anthropologist. She says poor women cannot relate to an elite woman — someone who imposed austerity measures and asked emigres to send their money home but who owns a mansionin Istanbul and property in New England. ‘How could they see her as a role model?” Female Leaders Discuss Price of Power picture of women leaders who span generations, religions and continents. The interviews began with the GANNETT NEWSSERVICE Laura Liswood had a passion — nearly an obsession — that took her aroundthe globe. Her question: What would it be like if a womanwereelected U.S. president? She asked current and former female heads of state about their experiences. Liswood, head of the Women’s Leadership Project, still is not sure she has an answer. But her interviews provide a fascinating Philippines’ Corazon Aquino and ended with England's Margaret Thatcher. She traveled to 15 countries in 19 months. Several described their jobs as lonely. Somesaid theyface scrutiny more intense and personal than a man would. A few wanted to know whattheothers had said. @ Vadatie Cayton She was especially heartened when Vigdis Finnbogadottir, president of Iceland for eight years, said there are small children in her country who think ONLYa womancan bepresident. 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