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Show T - - - i I ?! '7TFT1 SfVTI T m . ,, ,.r,, rr v I (Jii V I r If : i clf i; 1 j ; ffr u f7 1 ' H ifj p--i ! ih r I II ; k l : h i ! H THE SIGNING OF THE CONSTITUTION (From the painting by Albert Herter in the Supreme Court, State Capitol, Madison, Wis.) Once when they had reached an impasse, he suggested that the delegates seek guidance in prayer. What if this did bring from Alexander Hamilton the sneering retort that "no foreign aid was needed" a thrust at Franklin's well-know- n fondness for the French? Franklin could afford to ignore the taunt, for his suggestion of the efficacy of prayer somehow shamed the an-gry delegates into a more reason-able frame of mind and the busi-ness of the convention went on. There remained innumerable points of difference, of course, all of Which resulted in exhaustive and exhausting debate. But the delegates were mainly divided on the question of whether, in the new government, one state's in-fluence should be equal to that of any other state and should be based on population. Edmund Randolph of Virginia and William Paterson of New Jersey submit-ted plans which were diametric-ally opposed. Randolph advocated represen-tation in the two houses of con-gress according to population and Paterson wanted only one house of congress and an equal vote for each state. Then Stephen John-son of Connecticut had proposed tions in an effort to compose a masterpiece which would be ac-ceptable to everyone. At last the finished product was given to a "committee on style" to polish up its phraseology. Out of that committee, headed by Gouvereur Morris of Pennsyl-vania, had come the sonorous, "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, etc., etc." as the preamble of the completed doc-ument which they would now be asked to sign on this seventeenth day of September in the Year of our Lord, 1787. There are still a few who are unwilling to sign. Morris wins over some of them by suggesting that they approve of the docu-ment as representatives of their states, even though they may dis-approve of it personally. Three of them are obdurate. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts and Ed-mund Randolph and George Ma-son of Virginia still will not sign. Doubts and Fears. But there are enough of the others who will sign to guarantee that their labors have not been in vain. Even so, they are none too sure that they have wrought well and, instead of a feeling of ela-tion that their task is ended, there is an atmosphere of doubt and gloom in the room as the convention adjourns. That atmos-phere is reflected in the letter which George Washington will write to the Continental Congress in submitting the final draft of the Constitution. In it he said: In Convention, September 17. 1787. SIR we have now the honor to submit to the" consideration of the United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has appeared to us the most The friends of our country have long desired, that the power of mak. tal war? peace and treaties, that of levy inl money and regulating commerce, executive and and the correspondent judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested In the general govern-ment of the Union: but the impropne y of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident-He- nce the necessity of a different organi- - tlon- - It Is obviously Impracticable In the foederal government of these States to of independent sover. secure all rights for the to yet provide fnferest and safety of entering into society, must give up a stare of liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice must situation and circum-Enc- e as well on as on the object to be obtained Tat all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those right, surrendered, and those which must be reserved: and on the pres. 2nt occasion was increased differencelmong the several State, is a to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests. '8 oil V scOTT WATSON i'ej L is September a.pit' 1st. .place is Independ-- , in Philadelphia, more than 11 'j group of 56 men tosignadacu- - declared that n Jited Colonies are M ht ought to be free fl endent states." ilj !ther group of men H Le-h-as gathered It another docu- -' jitis even more im-a-n the Declaration sn Endence. With it, f the people ef the ates will "form a J ect Union, establish I insure domestic in ;y, provide for the I defense, promote I al Welfare and se- - llessings of Liberty E ,es and our Poster-- I knows, there's need 3r all those things! e last 10 years (since r 15, 1777) the new founded by the 56 If the Declaration, f: trying to function i Articles of Confed-i- d it hasn't been very il. There has been 1 cough tranquillity, I much of justice or f defense or general j As for a "perfect well, there was more despairing citizen led his country the Id States! s5 men, who had gath-- I on May 14, 1787, to lurabie form of govern-Je- w what a stern task I ahead of them. It was I enough scene to six of Jger Sherman, Benja-Jnkli-n, Robert Morris, tymer, James Wilson e Read. They saw in ' the same furnishings i been here on that July years ago when they fie American Magna There was the same mahogany desk and high iff in which John Han-s- at as he presided over orations of the 56 im-h-o were risking their placing their signatures 'instrument of sedition." s the chair in which secretary who record-proceedin- gs !he Charles Maj. William Jackson Charles Thomson's 'A instead of John Han-Mth- er man sat in the its chair." His indom-r- f age even in the "times J men's souls," his will I'm unshaken faith had a living real-- impendence a vague ideal it was only , Washington reside over the delibera-te men who were to destinies of the nation striven so mightily to .fing. And, in all truth, need his strong hand 'ntta dUrIng the neXt j0DI Bitter Months. Seuwere t0 b 'our Rebate, argument, con-- f and bitterness as per-an- d opposing view-Je- d and men's tem- - short in the sultry heat " we h0ttest summers 'a had ever known. n the tremendous Z1"8 j0 save a nation and working behind and closed windows, e eJ terribly from the J y also suffered from .weariness with the Jss of some of the Jan once the great almost despaired in J0 lust as he had JWured on the snowy J Forge. For at jemed certain that the break up with hed-a-nd he knew JinWhich he haJ But more than iUn had saved the day. V -- ! - ..lA.iJ y ( ways found it difficult to distin-guish in their art a rising from a setting sun, and I have ofton and often in the course of thi3 session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears to its issue, looked at that behind the Presi-dent without being able to tell whether it was a rising or setting sun. But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting sun." Prophetic Ben Franklin! One hundred and fifty years later a President of the United States will be calling upon his fellow-America- ns to honor this date of September 17 and in so doing "af-firm our debt to those who or-dained and established the Con-stitution ... we shall recognize that the Constitution is an endur-ing instrument fit for the govern-ing of a far-flun- g population of more than one hundred and thir-ty million, engaged in diverse and varied pursuits, even as it was fit for the governing of a small agragrian nation of less than four million . we shall think afresh of the founding of our government under the Con-stitution, how ft has served us in the past and how in the days to come its principles will guide the nation ever forward." C Western Newsiaoer Union. GEORGE WASHINGTON a compromise of two houses, with an equal representation in the senate and a proportionate one in the house. His colleague, Oliver Ellsworth, moved the adoption of this plan and thus the first im-portant compromise was eliect-e- d. More Compromises. ofour I" which to involved our lLrtv felicity, safety, perhaps our Fn ?he Convention to be less rigid on Solnto of inferior magnitude than rmgh otherwise expected; and thus have been which we now present ruit ofj-- spirit or --may -- nf of lhmtU eUalpecu"arilCye of "our political Ration rendered Indispensible. the full and entire That it will meet of every State to not be "pecte a . o w(l d()ubt haps to jerests been less consider. Uiath f Sir Seen patiicariy disagreeable or that it to liable to T&'X&" "uid reasorbb1ey iinected. we t!aV! that It the lasting may0untry dear to us S"S secTon, and happi-ness to our most ar.dent wish, We have the honor . TIR 'E"'' M0St and humble ServanU. Ir WASHINGTON. PRESIDENT. CRur:anirnourOrder of the ConvenUoa. As the last signature had been Benjamin Franklin had Sted to the sun that was paint-Tth- e back of George and said to a fe SSelegate: "Painters have al- - Then there arose the trouble-some problem of regulation of commerce by congress. It was much cause for dis-sension filled with as as the question of repre-sentation in congress. But tne differences of opinion were ironed of all con-cerned out to the satisfaction and this danger was avert-ed. Next the dispute over slavery came up to plague the Constitution-- makers. But, by making cer-tain concessions to the Southern states, again they earned the ship of state safely over the breakers of sectional interest. And thus it went on and on-wr- angle, dispute, threat com-promise. Finally, 26 the convention had turned oyer the the job of making a final on Constitution to a "committee detail " Then it adjourned until August 26. When the delegates returned to their labors ttere was dispute again as they' care-fully studied over every sentence of the draft and every paragraph Making Chair Set Is Really Pleasure Something different In crochet a chair or davenport set crocheted tn strips! One strip makes an arm lest, three a chair back, five a davenport back. Once you've made one, just keep repeating join them together and you're tot" vrnifj W'V Pattern 1470 ready to work a transformation on your furniture I String works up quickly, and is durable. Pattern 1470 contains directions for mak-ing a strip 5Vi by 12Vt inches; il-lustrations of it and of all stitches used; photograph of section of strip; material requirements; sug-gestions for a variety of uses. Send 15 cents in stamps or coins (coins preferred) for this pattern to The Sewing Circle Needlccraft Dept., 82 Eighth Ave., New York, N. Y. 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Loco-motives capable of keeping sustained speeds at the latter figures are not at hand but present few technical difficul-ties. Major problem that must be solved if the public is ever to attain this swift-ness in actual travel is what to do about stopping such speeding masses of metal. On applying the most modern brakes yet developed, a train speed-ing 100 miles an hour would have moved 1,300 feet at the end of ten seconds and would still be traveling 72 miles an hour! It will go another 1.300 feet before coming to a full stop, or about a half mile In all. With conventional brakes, as used widely, the picture is even worse. It would take 22 seconds to cut the 100 miles an hour speed to 72 miles an hour, and 4,800 feet In all would be required to achieve a complete stop. Solution a Necessity. All of which makes discussions of running trains at such speeds for passenger and freight traffic a sizable waste of time at present, unless adequate measures are taken to govern the train movements In the faster schedules. Chief responsibility for a gradual increase in average speed lies in the train dispatcher's office, where tighter running schedules must be watched closely and swifter move-ments ordered so that the crack trains of the line will not run the slower ones into sidings too fre-quently. A gradual rise in average speed on schedules is the way the rail-roads are starting to solve the prob-lem. Already many of the major railroads have their roadbeds so im-proved that trains are more safe while traveling at 80 miles an hour than they were previously at 60. Earliest Traces of Man's Existence in Palestine Dug Up Bone Beth of Bethlehem YieM Ancient Specimens By B. N. FALLAIZB, Royal Anthropo-logical lniUlul ol London. London. The earliest known traces of man's exist-ence in Palestine, and it may be, almost the earliest evi-dence of man in the whole world, have been discovered in deposits now known as the Bone Beds of Bethlehem. The discovery was made by Miss E. Gardiner and Miss D. Bate ex-cavating the deposits, in what ap-pears to be a swallow hole near Bethlehem, on behalf of the Well-come Marston archeological re-search expedition to the Near East. The discovery of the swallow hole was made some few years ago when excavations were being made for a water supply. On the nature of the deposits becoming apparent, a con-cession to excavate was granted to J. L. Starkey on behalf of the Well-come expedition. The actual exam-ination of the deposits was entrusted to Miss Bate, the well-know- n author-ity of the British Museum of Nat-ural History on paleontology, and Miss E. Gardiner, lecturer on geol-ogy of London university. Important Animal Specimens. The most striking specimen among the animal remains is the hinder part of the shell of a gigantio tortoise of a species not yet identi-fied. With it were several detached plates of the shell and a huge leg bone. Although only the tall part of the shell was found whole, it meas-ures well over two feet across, as compared with a little over two inches for the same part in a tor-toise of about a foot in diameter. There is also part of the tooth of an elephant the elephant was first Identified in Palestine in evidence from the Bethlehem bone beds and cheek teeth of the rhinoceros. Most important, however, from the view of the paleontologist and geologist is what appears to be part of a leg bone of a very small form of horse, possibly hlpparlon, the three-toe- d horse of the Tertiary geological ep-och. Very Early Human Artifacts. In the same beds, and associated with these animal remains, were a number of worked flints of which a selection has been brought to Eng-land and is now available for exam-ination by expert Judges of man's earliest handiwork. There can, how-ever, hardly be any doubt as to the human origin of these specimens. One of them appears to be a core, from which flakes have been struck, while the others show the charac-teristic forms and chipping found in eollthic or imple-ments. Of those who have seen them, J. Reid Moir, the great au-thority in Great Britain on implements, is confident as to their human origin and their early form. There is every reason to say that at least the deposits are not later than Early Pleistocene, and it may be that they are Pliocene. This is certainly nearly as early as the earliest date assigned to the earliest implements found by Reid Moir in England, and approximately con-temporary with Peking Man. 'Ghost' Comet Seen Near Mars Claimed to Be Real Thing . London. When reports were received in April of the discovery of a new comet in the southern skies by W. F. Gale, an Australian astrono-mer, and great observatories in Europe and America were unable to locate it, the as-sumption was made that it was a "ghost." It was near the brilliant planet Mars, and often reflections from such a bright object, inside the eyepiece of a telescope, cause these ghosts, which look like comets. The comet was real after all, ac-cording to a claim in a letter from Mr. Gale to Dr. A. C. D. Crom-meli- n, published in the Journal of the British Astronomical Associa-tion. Mr. Gale states that he fully recognized the likelihood of Its be-ing a ghost, and made careful tests to determine Its reality. The telescope, he says, never showed such ghosts before, and the comet was seen best when Man was completely out of the field. It was observed by several others, and through other telescopes, over a pe-riod of nearly a month, during which It moved as a comet should. Fungus Found That Traps and Eats Small Worms Chapel Hill, N. C. A fungus, a sort of fifth cousin to the common bread moid, that captures and eats small worms, was recently de-scribed by Dr. J. N. Couch of the University of North Carolina. While insect-eatin- g plants such as the Ve-nus fly trap and the pitcher plant are quite well known, animal-catchin- g fungi are rare. The fungus grows in a thread-like form. Loops are spaced at in-tervals along the thread. These are the traps. When a worm sticks its head or tail into one of these loops it contracts, tightening up on the worm and holding it fast. At times a worm may be caught by two of the loops. When the worm is firmly held, small threads grow out from the main thread. They penetrate the body of the worm and digest it. Dr. Couch was able to watch the capture Rattles More Used by and digestion of the prey. Adults Than by Babies Chicago. Almost 5,000 years ago babies in the old city of Kish in Mesopotamia were kept happy with rattles, says Richard A. Martin, archeologist, of the Field Museum of Natural History, here. Yet, rat-tles have been used more by adults than by children in most lands ex-plored by science. Soldiers In ancient China were stirred by music of bronze rattles in military orchestras. African tribes devised many kinds of rat-tles for use in magical rites. Egyp-tians had a kind of rattle called a sistrum, made of a atari with metal rings dangling at the end, and used ''in solemn religious ceremonies. American Indians used rattles in religion and magic. Modern Europe and America stand out, as exceptions in using rat-tles mainly for amusing babies. Big Fish Eat Little Ones and Latter Tiny Things Washington. The bass or trout or pike you triumphantly bear home, or the more prosaic halibut or salmon you buy in the store of a Friday, is the end and culmination of a long line of complicated Few fish eat primary foods directly, as a cow eats grass or a pig eats corn. They eat smaller fish and other animal forms like shrimp and crayfish. These in turn have eaten still smaller creatures and so ad infini-tum, or almost "that far. For the end (or rather the beginning) of the chain consists of plants too small to gee, which the first and smallest of the tiny animal forms devour, to get the food which this "water pas-ture" has made with the he'p of the sun. And Often It Burni Everyone rakes the embers un-der his own cake. As the marvels of life increase, fewer people seem capable of wonder. Credit human society with one virtue: If you had a famous an-cestor, human society will remem-ber it. It's difficult for a man to col-lect himself when his wits are scattered. Some ancestors live to enjoy the pride of their posterity in them. It is fun to butt in if you're wel-come. It Isn't and It 1$ Though it's never too late to learn, we sometimes learn when it's too late. People with pleasant disposi-tions ought to "speak their minds" oftener. Those who knew a man back In the old home town wonder how he succeeded in the big city. They think he's changed. He is changed. The city changes everyone. |