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Show fl Has a physician the rlgtit to Inject In-ject germs into an animal In order to discover anti-toxins that will conquer that disease In humans? Has ho the right to cut the animal ani-mal open whllo etf 11 alivo to experiment ex-periment In transplanting organs Just to learn how the same thing can be done to save a human life? Has ho the right t. place bacteria bac-teria in a healthy animal so lie can get a virus for innoculation against tuberculosis, small pox, spinal meningitis and a score of other diseases? The antiviviscctlonists say not. In England they have had laws passed to prevent this alleged cruelty to animals. In New York vivisection is greatly modiiicd on account or recent legislation against it and in Pennsylvania recently five members of the raculty of the University of Pennsylvania were nrrcsted on a charge of cruelty to animals because they practiced vivisection. Vlvlsectlonists point to many cases where they say they havo worked' cures as the result of vivisection. vivi-section. One of these is Victoria, the Queen of Spain. Yivlsection-ists Yivlsection-ists say sho never could have leen healed of her recent illness had It not been by the knowledge gained through vivisection. Dr. Richard I , Pcarce. professor of research medicine of the University Uni-versity of Pennsylvania., one of thy men arrested, in repiy to his accusers, ac-cusers, has answered the charges of the antivlvlsectionlsts. "Let mo put it squarely." said Dr. Pcarce. "It you accepted the ' ' moral principle of the present anil-tuberculosis anil-tuberculosis movement, you must Reoept animal experimentation as a y - moral principle, fur without animal experimentation vc would huo no antituberculosis movement and no hope for the consumptive and his dependent, and the world's greatest great-est efforts in 'man's redemption of man' would never hav been. "Not only do antlVlvlaectlonlsta lose sight of the wonderful boon of mankind made possible through experiments ex-periments on animals, he showed, but their propaganda. If followed, would actually result in Increased buffering in the animals they seek to protect. ANIMALS MUST DTK WITHOUT VIVISECTION. "The various societies estaniished for the protection of animals have taken no share In the study of the cause, course, prevention and cure of the natural diseases of domestic animals. They have no remedy except ex-cept the death chamber. "Reports of these societies show that thousands of dollars are available avail-able for the killing of the cat and dog. but not a cent for the study of the. diseases and Injuries of the animals. ani-mals. "Is the practice which destroys animals by the hundreds of thousands thou-sands because they are in the way or because in their illness they disturb dis-turb tbo sensibilities of their owners, own-ers, but which will not attempt to diminish suffering among animals by the investigation of animal diseases, dis-eases, based on a sound moral principle ? " Should not those who desire to prevent suffering nmorg animals bo tlic flrjsl to Bupport the study of the diseases of animals?" Dr. Pearce said a large mass or evidence exists to show that most of the great facts of medicine upon which modern practice rests are the result of animal experimentation. experimenta-tion. "The argument demands, however." how-ever." he continued, "an account of experimentation which in tho study of one disease has led to the SS,vfng of life, or the increased hap-pln hap-pln end efficiency cf mankind. "As an example, I will use a disease dis-ease which Is well known to th nonmedical, in fact, tetter known than any other disease; one which t ikes its toll In every walk find condition In life, and which on account ac-count of tho insidious onset and hopeless diagnosis was. until recent years the dread and fear of every family responsible for children in the state of adolescence, or which had sent out into the world those who had attained manhood and womanhood. TUBERCULOSIS FOUGHT THROUGH VIVISECTIONS "1 refer to tuberculosis, or consumption, con-sumption, tho great white plague of the dvlllsed world that one of all diseases which causes the greatest number of deaths, which has In the past led all mortality statistics with a record of one-seventh of all deaths. "Fifty years ago the exact knowledge knowl-edge of the cause, the control and treatment of this disease was nil. Today this disease claims its special spe-cial hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries. dispen-saries. Its special group of diagnosticians diagnos-ticians and scientific Investigators and an army of social workers, earnestly attempting 10 educate the people at length in the means of controlling and eventually abolishing abolish-ing the dreaded scourge. What happened in the intervening years to raise- the hope, now almost universal uni-versal among all peoples, that tuberculosis can bo eliminated? "For 170 years, the period since It hMd Keen shown (Sylvius 1695) that tubercles are the essential le- IJPPER eft, Queen of Spain and her children. Right, a guinea pig innocu-lated innocu-lated with typhoid germs. Center, a doctor injecting germs in a rabbit. Below, a rabbit after having- been in-noculated in-noculated with pneumonia. Sion of pulmonary consumption, no advance had been made in tho knowledge of tho causation of the disease, and, therefore, as may bo readily understood, no advance In the means of Its control or cure. "But in 1865 the veil was lifted, and by one who, convinced by his clinical observations that the disease dis-ease was infectious, decided to put his theory to the test of experiment. experi-ment. "He brought material from the tuberculous in contact with and inoculated in-oculated it into rabbits nnd found that the disease could be transmitted transmit-ted to these animala nnd from animal ani-mal to animal; stated flatly thnt It must be due to a germ, and thus took the first step in establishing the fact that tuberculosis is a specific spe-cific transmissible dlvease. "But he di.l more than this, he showed also that a disease of cattle, cat-tle, analogous in its manifestations to tuberculosis in man, could also be transmitted to animals, and thus he called attention to the Identity of the tuberculosis process In man and animals "Within three years it was shown that tuberculosis, no matter in what part of the body It occurs, contains an Infective element capable of causing the disease In guinea pigs. Within five years, again by animal Inoculation, it was found that the diseased meat of cattle as well as their milk could transmit the disease.. dis-ease.. EXPERIMENTS RESULT IN GREAT DISCOVERIES. "What a wonderful progress was this In five years, as the result of Sample experiments on rabbits and guinea-pigs contrast it with the ignorance concerning tubercle during dur-ing the preceding 170 years without such experimentation. "But this was only the beginning In the ten years. 1870 to 18S0, the continued use of animals demonstrated demon-strated the transmission of the disease dis-ease by the Inhalation of dried Sputum, thi's establishing the now well-recognized fact that it is not contact with a tuberculosis individual individ-ual that is responsible for the transmission trans-mission of the disease, but that it is the Inhalation of the dried sputum spu-tum floating as dust in the air. "Upon such observations are based our present efforts to destroy the sputum before it dries and to keep thoroughly clean the rooms occupied by the tuberculous. It Is likewise upon these experiments that municipal ordinances concerning concern-ing spitting in public places and conveyances are based. "Lupus, a disease of the skin, previously of doubtful classification, was brought into the group of tuberculous tu-berculous diseases, and the principle princi-ple of Its treatment established on a correct basis, and many other conditions, con-ditions, variously viewed at that time by the practitioner of medicine were similarly correctly grouped. 'Thus In seventeen years, by animal ani-mal experimentation was Information Informa-tion obtained which the previous 170 years of observation failed to give. "I have given these facts in detail de-tail because I wish to present to you as clearly as I can and without possibility of doubt on your part, f the way In which animals have been used, in the study of one disease, dis-ease, to elucidate the mechanism of its causation and transmission; and to allow you to come to the loblcal conclusion that solely by the use of animals, and by no other method has been obtained tho scientifio basis upon which rests the present crusade against tuberculosis." BENEFITS OF ANIMAL VIVISECTION SHOWN. Doctor Pierce then presented a summary of the practical achievements achieve-ments of medical Investigation which are the direct result of animal ani-mal experimentation or are based on the principles concerning disease dis-ease which have been established through such experimentation. The summary follows: 1. The discovery and development develop-ment of the antiseptic method which has made possible all the wonderful results of modern surgery. sur-gery. 2. The practical development of modern abdominal surgery, including includ-ing operations on tho stomach, intestines, in-testines, appendix, ller, gall stones, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, etc. 3. The development of the modern mod-ern surgery of tho brain. 4. The new surgery of the chest. Including the surgery of the heart, lungs, aorta, esophagus, etc. 5. The almost complete preventing prevent-ing of lockjaw after operations and even after accidents. 6. The reduction of the death rate after compound fractures from two out of three, I. e.. sixt-Flx sixt-Flx in a hundred, to less than one in a hundred. 7. The reduction of thie death rate of ovariotomy from two out of three, or sixty-six in a hundred, to two or three out of a hundred. S. The reduction of the death rate after operations like hernia, amputation of the breast and of most tumors so that it Is now almost al-most a negligible factor. 9 The abolition wherever the proper measures are taken, In this country and the canal zone, of yellow yel-low fever. 10. An enormous diminution of the ravages of malaria, and, in some places, Its total abolition. 1 1 The reduction of the death rate of hydrophobia from 12 to 14 per cent of persons bitten to 0.77 per cent, 12 The development of a method meth-od of direct transfusion of blood which has already saved very many lives. 13. The reduction through the use of antitoxin of the death rate of diphtheria all over the civilized world This reduction shows a chance from a mortality of 7" 9 deaths per 100,000 of population in ISM, to 19 deaths per 100.000 In 1905. 14. The reduction of the mortality mor-tality of epidemic cerebro-splnal meningitis from 7 3 or even 90-odd per cent in the absence of serum treatment, to 20 per cent and less when the specific serum Is used. 15. The cutting down of the death 'ate of tuberculosis by from JO to ',0 per cent. This is due not to treatment by serum or vaccines, but to methods of prevention based on the knowledge of the CSUSS of tuberculosis. 16. In the British Army and Navy Malta fever has been abolished. abol-ished. In 1903. before the successful success-ful researches on this disease, it attacked at-tacked nearly 1.300 soldiers and sailors. In 1907 thp army had only eleven cases; In 1908. five cases; in 199. one case. MATERNITY PERILS ARE LFSSK.YFO. 17. The almost complete abolition abo-lition of child-bed fever, the chief former peril of maternity. Its mortality mor-tality has been reduced from five to ten up even to fifty-seven in eery hundred mothers to one in 1.2 50 mothers. 18. The discovery' f a remedy (Salvarsan), which bids f'.r to protect Innocent wives and unborn children, besides many others in the community at large, from the horrible curse of syphilis. 19. The discovery of a vaccine against typhoid fever; which in the recent army maneuvers on the Mexican border prevented the development de-velopment of typhoid among the soldier.", whb h In hospitals has greatly reduced its incidence among nurses and which is now coming Into general use in all places where infection is possible. The Improved sanitation which has helped to reduce re-duce the typhoid death rate in this country is Itself largely the result of bacterlologlc experimentation. L'Ti Many recent activities Indicate Indi-cate that we are gradually nearing the disecvory of the cause, and then we hopo of the cure, of several of the dreadful scourges of humanity as cancer, infantile paralysis, pella- l gra, and that diseases of the trop- MkS ics, such as sleeping sickness, etc., HB are about to come under man s con- K9P troL HF" 21. Finally, It may be pointed out fifa that animals themselves have been MflB enormously benefited, for by dis- Stf covering the causes, and In many flflf cases the means of preventing tu- aHM berculosls, rinderpest, anthrax, M glanders, hog cholera, chicken chol- gSMa era. lumpy Jaw, distemper and oth- WSt er diseases of animals, animal suf- wjfl; ferlng has been greatly diminished. Taking up the charge of antlvivi- L v-sectionists v-sectionists that animal experlmen-tation experlmen-tation Is "unnecessarily cruel and H demoralizing and brutal in its in-, fluence. both on those who conduct and those who observe It," Dr. tfea, Ih i Pearce said: 'V''" ' "The discussion of cruelty may b K'1;.' presented from any one of several ml: I points of view. It could he shown W' that In their evidence concerning p " . ' specific Incidents of alleged cruelty ' I I the opponents of animal cxperl- f' mentation always omit the very lm- BAn portant fact that the animal in H question was thoroughly anesthetized, anesthe-tized, usually by ether or eholoro- C I form or some mixture of these with fl alcohol, and could not have felt 'E. pain. at ' I "Moreover, much of the evidence f W, is in connection with experiments ' ' made many years ago, some of them a - before the days of anesthesia, and sfl almost entirely in distant countries, Ij "The falsity of the evidence thus ! presented can bo shown in two jwB ways; n By analyzing '.he evl- f.M'.''3' dence they picpont in their pam-phlets pam-phlets and pointlnc out Its omis- fctass slons and Inaccuracies, and (2) by showing that the great majority of experiments are really not operative If experiments. "Thus the official figures for Great Britain for 1909 show tha of all H animal experiments. 93.96 per cent I were simple Inoculations not in- 1 volving any cutting operation. Of I the remaining small number, 8.44 j per cent of the animals were killed under an anesthetic and only 2.6 per cent were allowed to recover from anesthesia, and on these no BAn second procedure liable to cause pain was allowed without further anesthesia. f "The medical research of today is only to a small degree a continuation continua-tion of the physiological type of ex-periment ex-periment which its opponents so A dearly love to quote. Tt Is rather a study by the methods of chemistry j and bacteriology, of diseases art!- I flcially reproduced. Tn these, the knife plays only a minor role, and In the majority none at, all. Such statements, however, are not accept-ed accept-ed by the opponents of animal ex J perimentatlon." I |