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Show AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE KEEPS BOYS ON THE FARM Utah Institution by Arousing Interest in Soil Til-ling Til-ling and Stock Raising, Prevents Rush of Youths to Cities. II By FRANK S. HARRIS. I i i . HE sayinp, "Whatsoever a man I 1 soweth that shall ho reap," is i I found to be literally true in re- 1 spcet to tho quality ot! seed used I in crop production. It 16 just as im- I posi.blo to get a Rood crop from poor I occu as to pet "fiS of thistles." I In tho plant kingdom, liko begets I like j and if seed of an inferior strain I is planted tho crop will be of inforior I fjrade, and the yield will also bo cor- vcspondingly low. I For a Jong time tho importance of so- 1 lectin" and brcediv livestock has been I recognised. It was readily eeon that I tho milk output of an inferior cow was I to low that "tho profits obtained could not be compared with those from a good cow. Horses, sheep, hogs and poultry have been Riven liko attention till the advances are marvelous. Wo now have1 nrcede and types well adapted to almost, al-most, every condition and use. In the plant, world it is perhapa not so easy to soo tho resnlts of selection, since plants are Riven losa individual attention than animals. Tho results with crops, however, are .iust as important and as striking as with animals. The crop plants have all come to us from iheir wild ancestors by apes of steady improvement, and tho limit has by no means been reached. In fact there has never been a time in the history of the world when the plant breeder has been so well rewarded for his efforts as at present, since now he knows what methods meth-ods to use better than over before. . Experiments have often ehown that bv usinR improved food the vicld has been doubled over that obtained by uhiR inferior seed of poor strains. A little fiRuviiiR will aliow how important this wonlil be to She state and nutiou. Nor is it necessary to have such a great increase for the returns to bo noLe-uonhy. . Bigger Crops. For o.vumple, increasing the yield of v.acat two, threo and four bushels, to the acre by the use of improved seed is a very common practice, but if every aero of wheat raised in the United States could be made to yield an ad-ditional ad-ditional bushel, this extra wheat would lio worth cnouph to build au edifice like the proposed Utah state capitol m every stale of the uniou each year; or Hl it would be chourIi to pay many' limes H ocr all tho money spout by tho states aud federal Rovcrnrnent for tho nd-vanccmeut nd-vanccmeut of agriculture. What is true of wheat is equally true of all the other crops;. If the subject is so important the qr.cstiua arises at to how these results M. aro to l.j obtained. Jn the llrst place iL is importuul to select, those varieties which are adapted to Rrow in each lo-calitv. lo-calitv. There are many varieties of most of tbo' common crops, aud lucre i- a grc-t difference in tho yielding ,'oircr nnd quality oMbesc. Tno b ah experiment statiou iouml during the putt summer that some varieties oi po-Jutoes po-Jutoes vielded three times as much as iUictb and yet ome farmers are Taisiny h" poor, r kind, la order to determine which arc Rood and which arc .poor it requires vcars of careful qxpcrimcnta-t?0a qxpcrimcnta-t?0a conducted under various .condi- isH t,0Aficr the question of variety has b, n cttled .trains must bo ft" H vhich arc high in the g.. tie. This is done by careful scloaiou. and whore proper methods aro tollowoa results are almost immediate. At .ho H Utah experiment station the yield oi potatoes was increased o or 40 per cent in two vcars by simple selection. Manv farmers have raid they tried Tlcvlin" th'Mr toed, but that it hat done uo Rood. They have gone i to their potato pit in the spnng aul ac vlioscn nothiiiR but desirable tubers to plant, or Ihey have gone to the corr. crib and taken out tbo well-formed .Urs lor seed. They have even gono to the trouiilo of separating out the plump kernels of wheat from the bin uy baud. Methods of Selection. These methods of selecting seed, while thov indicate industry, aro iar from beitiR perfect. In order to be sjcccbsiul it is necessary to go oaclt to the plant that produced tbo seed 1 or example a potato might be largv bceaute it was the onlv ono in tne lull. There might be another hill having l do,-.cn fair-sized tuber;. These smaller potatoes would be much better to use for iced th:.u the largo one, sdncc each would tend to produce a hill liko the J one it came from, aud n bill with oue large potato is not nearly as desirable, all thingb boiiie takcu into accouut, as Hj the other. If the farmer goo to the pit it is impossible to tell, what kind Hl of hills the various tuber? came from. Hl The same is true with the com and Hj Tho prai-lical way to improve those Hf iropu would be to go iuto the field E where the plants are growing and so- B lect for ;nod those which arc most do- arable. It would be difficult to col- B loct enough seed in this way to plaut H a large field, but a small area cuulci be set af.ide for the selected plants. From this 'iiall ;atcli tho ne.it year H euough seed could bo Rrown to sow the H! rntire field. DuririR the aecoud season H the selection of best plants should be Hj made from the small seed plat and Hl not from the largo field, since it al H ready has the advantage of one year'? H KlectioM. Thus each year there would be a small seed plat coming from the Hj erv best rdauts that could be fomd B and furnishing seed for tbo main field. H The crop from the seed plat should be H cared for and storod in a munncr to B .';ccp out weeds and to preserve a hich B percentage Roneratiou wlitn planted. H Ater a system of this kind is once C3- H tablished it i nott very much trouble H Hud tho result? are immediate. H "omc buck method is as necessary in H i frpiog up the produciuR power and H quality of crops a ele'tcd are for livestock. Planting any kind of seed which one happens to bavo cannot can-not bo condemned too strongly. This practice is responsible for tho oft repeated re-peated saying that it ia necessary to change seed about "every so often." The sayinc ia a confession that the seed is running down simply because no attention is being Riven to koepine it up. and it is necessary to bring in seed from somo placo whore that atteu tion ia Given. Repeated experiment has demonstrated demon-strated that home-grown seed of al' tho common field crops is better than the imported seed if proper cary is given to its selection. Of cburso cor-tain cor-tain kinds of seed cannot bo grown in all localities and benco it must bo imported. im-ported. Whon tho farmers of Utah learn to givo propor weight to crop improvement improve-ment a very much greater profit may bo expected from tho business of farming- ! BRAINS BRING MONEY TO STATE; COLLEGES DEVELOP THE BRAINS Commercial clubs aud trade organizations organiza-tions of various kinds are important because be-cause of their work in helping the city aud the state to roalizo their highest economic possibilities. It is their business busi-ness to discover to the ncoplo the resources re-sources of the state and to stimulate their development. Perhaps tho time is not far off when commercial organizations organ-izations will come to realizo that the most important rcsourco of a state is its I brains, tho nativo intelligence of the poople. When that time comes tho coni-mittco coni-mittco on education of such organizations organiza-tions will be among; tho most important. Universities ami colleges aro institutions institu-tions for t ho dovelopi ng'of this most important im-portant resource of the state, tho dynamic dy-namic forco of its braiu power. Within tho last few yours tho state university has sent out men who will ultimately do moro for the development of the state economically than tho investment of manj- times the cost of their education in what aro regarded us the more direct di-rect ways of realizing profits on au investment. in-vestment. At the present time two graduates of tho university aro engaged iu putting put-ting in for mining companies two new nrocesses, worked out iu the laboratories laborator-ies of the university for the treatment of low grade ores. These companies are sufficiently convinced of tho valuo of the work" of these students to invest sums of monoy in trying tho processes on a large commercial scale. Their' success will mean millions to the stale. The Agricultural college of Utah is constantly sending out graduates gradu-ates who are reducing soil waste and disclosing thcwcalth that lies in laud once reearded as useless for agricultural agricul-tural purposes. Tho Uuivcrsitr of Utah is a servant of the state. The moro students thc-stato thc-stato can encourage to seek its advantages, advan-tages, the better will the institution serve. For that reason it views 'tis nrucrress the last few years with satisfaction satis-faction Tho present vpar the number of col-lego col-lego students has nearly reached the nine hundred mark. This year's freshman class numbers 461 as against L'3S in 19 J 0-1 J. The addition of another an-other vcar's work in law makes it now possible for a studont to complete his 'aw education without going outside of the slate. The addition of a department of industrial in-dustrial education enables the institution institu-tion to meet the new demands for the kind of traininc that means a greater usefulness to society. The completion of tho administration building iu 191? will mark tho beinninc of a stil' greater erowth which will soon place the institution among the foremost iu the western region. STOCKMEN LOSE BY FAILING TO CAtiE FOR CATTLE IN WINTER Largo profits arc annually lost by both larmors and stockmen In the west because be-cause propor care is not given to thu beef catthi during the winter months. The erwiso they can bo fed In open shed. Adequate abetter should bo given all beef cattle. A covered shed, opening to the south, should bo provided to shelter the animals from tho cold winds, tho slc-et and tho snow. Plenty of water arid salt should also be available. No farm Is complete without Ita hon houses. As an adjunct to tho farm tho llock of chickens is very essential. Chickens Chick-ens are profitable or not as thes' produce eggs, and eggs aro valuable according to tho season in which tlioy are laid. N'o matter how prolific the summer hen may! be. sho is certainly inferior as a revenue producer to tho ben that lays during tho j winter months. It Is often quite a question upon the farm to make tho liena lay in the winter. Still, if a little caro and Judgment arq UKed, the matter becomes ono of git-at simplicity. There is no reason why the fanner should not secure winter eggs If he will seriously work for winter cgt;s. To those farmers whose hens are not laying during this period tho following suggestions might bo made: Segregate Best Hens. If it is possible, learn your llock. Sift out the mimmer-laylnK hens and keep those laying in the winter: also keep only those hens that aro proline layers. Never set a hen with esgs coming from non-winter laylnc chickens or from non ! proline hens. In this way a flock of known, high quality will be secured. If I it is not practicable to so sift your Hock. ! then buv your egss for setting from l some reliable neighbor with a sifted flock and be sure to get eKB from proline, pro-line, winter layers. Set your hons early To make winter layers you must havo pullets hatched during February, March or April never Inter than May. Your pullets must mature beforo fall. Tho pullets should be separated from tho cockerels earlv, especially in tho lighter breeds of chickens. This tends to earlier maturity. , The moulting of young hens ia a factor to bo looked nfter In tho production of winter eggs. Hens that are not through moultinc In early fall will not mako successful suc-cessful winter layers. To hasten the moulting, light food of a highly nutritive value should be fed. plenty of cool water wa-ter should he provided and cool, airy sleeping quarters should be furnished the chickens. Ground grains mixed with cold water to form a moist mash should bo fed at night, . Coming to tho actual conditions that should prevail during the winter, the following suggestions should bo adhered to: Clean, airy, but not drafty, coopb should be provided. The hens should not. bo crowded and care should bo taken that good ventilation be assured. All openings amy be covered with muolln, thus Insuring1 a well-ventilated interior without drafts. Coops should bo kept scrupulously clean. Mites and lice should be odnc awav with entirely. No hon that is pestered with lice will bo' a good egg producer. , , , Alongside the coop a scratching pen should be provide?;, connected with the coop by a covered passago way. This pen should bo open upon its sunny exposure, ex-posure, but should shelter the chickens effectively from cold winds and rain and snow. Plenty of straw should bo provided pro-vided to throw the grain in when l'eed- lug the chickens. Tn fact, it is very important im-portant that the chickens bo made tc work for their food. A certain amount of exercise is absolutely cbsenlia! to Insure healthy hens. A great deal depends upon the proper feeding of chickens. No one kind of foor will provide the elements necessary Ir the foundation of eggs. It is well to feed several kinds of grain, corn, wheat anr buckwheat for example. Feed this In the morning. At noon feed a mash mad( r : : ' :, -. ; .; Breeding experiments with potatoes at tho Utah Agricultural college farm. The potatoes aro planted in plots and a close check kept on the product prod-uct of each plot. common practice is to either have the cattle out in the range or to turn them into poor pastures and Inadequately feed them. This necessitates the keeping of animalx until they are from threo to tlve years old before they arc maturo enough to market. The disadvantages of tills practice are apparent- it not only proves verv expensive, ex-pensive, but much greater risk of ioas i Ig involved and a poorer grade of beef Is produced. If more feed and care were ' ph'en to the cattle, enough to Insure a thrifty condition and steady development, tho cattle could be marketed earlier, less risk of los3 would b-s experienced, and they would bring a better price per pound. Thus the additional expense involved would be moro than returned by tho higher protlte. Horc, where alfalfa, is raised, a reasonable reason-able amount of alfalfa fed with oat straw, would make a good, cheap food. When there is plenty of cheap grain upon tho farm, some grain added would be very bnncial. Ordinarily, however, the feeding feed-ing of grain would not be profltablc-Wherc profltablc-Wherc largo herds arc to be cared for tho only practical way in to spread the j 1u out uroii tin mow in the open, Oth- of bran, seasoned un with a little Hnse meal and salt- Also givo omo green food at noon such as cabbages, sproutef barley, etc. For the evening feed n.ci" grain may be given, corn or buckwheat preferably. Always provian pjuntv r water and always have the water slightly slight-ly warmed. If the&o suggestions are carried out if the right kind of hens yxo selected un? then If care and common sense are in-ployed in-ployed in their housing arid feeding, thero can be no doubt but that the chicken! will adequately repay the farmer for his trouble in high-priced winter eggs. Summer Dairying. For years, especially In tho west, the tendency lias boon toward summer dairying dairy-ing rather than toward winter dairying. According to L. J. Haynes, a dairyman of note In Pennsylvania, this is all wrong. And, as you shall sec. Mr. IJayncs supports sup-ports his contention with very excellent reaeons. In tho first place, winter dairying 13 much to be preferred on account of the lower temperature prevailing during thij fall and winter months. This lower temperature tem-perature makca It poi3Slblc for the dairy man to keep his milk longer and In better bet-ter condition. Dlfllcultles encountered in summer butter making are overcome. Et-causc of a light supply of dairy products prod-ucts In winter, higher prices can bo obtained. ob-tained. Another extremely important factor in favor of winter dairying is that the ny nulsanco Is not encountered. Every dairyman knows the adverse effect flys have upon dairy cows. Tho continual infighting in-fighting on the part of the cow cuts down the milk supply sometimes by one-half. ! Not only Is the milk supply decreased because of the lly lighting, but because I the cow, in order to escape tho nuisance, will retreat to the shade of trees or I willows, where tho food Is naturally scarcer, venturing out to the richer portions por-tions of the pasture only to appease actual ac-tual hunger. Thus the amount of food the cow would ordinarily obtain is materially ma-terially decreased. On the other hand, when winter dairying ia practiced, the cow is cither dry or in the last stages of milk production when the lly season arrives, and the tly lighting has little or no effect upon tho milk production. Not only Is the dally amount of milk inoreased by having the ious freshen in tho fall rather than In the spring, but the period of lactation or milk production, produc-tion, Is lengthened by several weeks. Naturally, cows give the greatest amount of milk Immediately after coming fresh. As tho period advances the amount deer de-er rases In the case of cows freshening in the spring or summer, there Is a very noticeable notice-able decrease In the mtlk production when the row is taken from the .succulent .succu-lent food cf the pasture and placed upon the winter rations. Tho cow suffers a material setback. The tendency is both to decrease the supply of milk and to shorten the period of lactation. With t'no. cow freshening in the late full :t Is dlf- fercnt The cow starts out upon tho dry rations- and In the miring when she changes from the winter feeding to the new grass of the pasturo sho receives :l fresh start. Her milk supply increases in-creases and l he lactation period is prolonged pro-longed several weka. , During the winter months there Is much more leisure time upon the farm and winter dairying can bo maintained as an adjunct to the regular farm work. This is not tin: case with summer dairying. dairy-ing. Additional help must bo secured to take care of either the regular work of the farm rr of the dairy herd. W;tb winter dairving the same men who look after the regular farm work of the summer sum-mer can be retained for tho winter work connected with the dairy. Raising of Calves. If calves are raised for stock It is profitable to have the cows freshen in the fall. Then bv the time spring comes the critical period has passed and the calves can bo turned out to pasture. Dining the winter months al! of the skim milk is available for the calves, few hogs being kept during these montlu. When spring comes the calves are several sev-eral months along and do not need the skim milk which is then available for the spring hogs. By the next fall when th" calves are acaln arriving the hogs will be rcadv to slaughter and the skim mill? can be given to the calves again. In this wav better calves and better hoga can be raised Of course it is not possible to so arrange ar-range details that all the dairying can be done cither in the hummer or in th- Thc continued fertility of Utah soils demands the development of tho dairy industry. The Agricultural college is asking thc state for a building to house this important department. winter. It is possible, however, to s' arrange matters that by far thc greater bulk- of the work will come in ellhei one season or the other. A possible objection that might be urged against winter dairying Is that It necessitates the purchase of several hundred hun-dred dollars' worth of grain to balance the home-grown feuds. Experiments have mIiowii, however, that the Increased dividends more than compensate their outlay. It 1ms also been demonstrated that the fertilizing valim of thc manure from such feed Is greatly increased. It has been estimated that cottonseed meal, bran, oil meal, and other by-product feeds are worth for fertlllaors from one-fourth one-fourth to three-fourths of thyir original cost after they have been fed. Thus this is not a dead expense. In view of tho above facts It is but fair to draw the conclusion that 1: is much more profitable to have the dairy cows freshen in tho fall rather than in the spring because the lomperaturo conditions con-ditions are more favorable, because tho lly nuisance is abated, because thc period of lactation Is lengthened, because more time and attention can bo given to the cows during Ihe winter, and because it makes it possible to ral.se better calves and hogs, while tho additional expense necessitated by the grain bought for winter win-ter feeding is more than equaled by tho increased dividends returned by the cows. ' ' ' i if i ' 1 iiiinniM riniM i in Plant breeding, dry farm at Ncphi. with every dollar oxpeuded in its maintenance- the college has returned one hundred dollars to thc state, iu the increased crops which have come to its agriculturists, as a result oi! tho gospel of better agriculture which the college luib promulgated. The ariangpment of the agricultural j e.qjlego ma; be segregated into threo , divisions, thc school, the extension ! division and the experiment station. This latter working iu conjunction with lite government, excrcisos a complete supervision over the agricultural conditions con-ditions throughout the mate, and its function is to work out the problems which confront the fanner and provide for thc saute where possible a satisfactory satis-factory solution. Its faculty is made up of a number or tho leading specialists of the college, col-lege, and thc work which it has con-ducted con-ducted along ita various lines of research re-search has been of inestimable value to tho agricultural and otner industries of the state. It is to the experiment station stair that all matters which ariso to disturb th0 ccouomic interests ot the farmer arc refurrcd, aud exports are at once set to work in investigating investi-gating tho cause of the same, and providing pro-viding suitable relief. Building aro issued bv tbo station from time to time bearing upon 3ucb matters as crop improvement, insect pools and their eradication, marketing, and other matters mat-ters iu which thc farmer is vitally in-terestod, in-terestod, and thcs0 arc distributed free-lv free-lv upon application. Dr. E. T). Ball is and has been thc head of the ex-porimcnt ex-porimcnt station for thc last five vears. succeeding Dr. Widtsoc when thc "latter wis called to preside over thc entire college. Six Schools in All. JThoi co'ise proper is divided into six fcchoolfl. thc school of agriculture, school irt,,?InCo C0"0mICD. school of soneral science., school of commerce, school of m clmmc arts nnd the school of asrlcul-tuiai asrlcul-tuiai engineering. wsnLl,d,cV.cd.by lhc l,Uc- cfieh school 1 J ?,?r "cu,a division of the general irtmw.,V.ut ,th,or6 a ""'lv of effort. :iU combining into a general purpose running throughout the whole. The school o? home economies deals with the problems confromtnr lhc liou6ekcepor of todav and of the future, and almr. to give ade-riuate ade-riuate training in the sciences Involved In the same. Tho ichool of commcrco has lor Its chief purpose the maklnrr of business men and women, but it provides an opportunity also for a liberal cduca- |