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Show I $ ' &l L i 1 5 ' i - ILeSB! ' - ' hwi??T'Jr' EyC" f Clotil Hortrr.Tr. Viennese Bcauly, WM irrsnX - 53Ss S- Which European Scientists Declare Are an v Vxr-, " ' j""-' -:Sr- Example of the Perfect Human Eye as Evolved 1 XXzZZf jj - jv by the Modern Caucasion Races. :"XVV XSNSSSV SN y " " ' 't'"' " ''i' ; ''l ll y''N jf y ".T "' 1 ' ' "IVi'l-IIV ill' I'.lin. 1' IIi.hIm Hi X ' '. . ' 5r-- 5$$: -ffi'y.' '''BffiKufK' ttt experiments in prove that although n man " NvV OX IMPRESSION OF RET IV A I " S '' ' ' ' " ""' 1 k !" : :m(1 to f,is- v "-cSStSi'Ii-V, 1 '.' PICTURE CF OBJECT H) I N tinguisK romp objects through tho pores T -L -L HP-.- - . -ul A-f I W VCX" BRAIN CELL? lEVN 1 (" tn0 Bk,n ot llis faCe rr,us ar-"' ,,h"st I jffTPt trlllTinnOT l v . v ..pWy ; ) J which he can train to n AtcXtsv Jl K'lAbB Jft j ' Ilke 8eniMVC Jlc plate" IufXtUUlULO -Mr ..: . p--1 . ( . j Keen Bok Platedby By Dr. W. H. Ballou. A N amazing cablegram has ju.t come H from lenna announcing that a Hj human eye has been fuceec fully P grafted into the eyeaocket of n blind man B and tbat tho operation has restcrcd his H Astounding at this statement seems, there H Is no scientific reason to doubt its truth, Hij for recent experiments by a famous but- H geon here in America have resulted in the H complete euccess of precisely similar op- H erations on animals H While human eye-grafting has not yet H been undertaken here. Drs John R. Brink- Hj ley, of Kansas, has succeeded in trarsfer- H ring tho eye from one labbit to another H and believes that he will eventually be H able to do the same with human patientts. H Immediately on receipt of the cablegram H from Vienna I wired Dr Brink ay, and he HJ has sent me a personally prepared state- B men i which, throws much light on there H important advanecs In eye surgery, H' i Before quoting him it may be well to H slate that the eye is not such a delicate B organ as it was formerly considered. On H tho contrary, war BUTgTy revealed that H the eve can stand a lot of cutting and B handling and can be made to function B properly after extraordinary treatment. H Dr Brinkley writes: H "I have always had a special sympathy H for the blind, as I receive hundreds of H pathetic letters from them. After my re B lease from war sursrery I began some ex- B periments in the matter of restoration of B eyesight. These experiments to date have B had Interesting resulta. B "I have transferred the eyes from one B rabbit to another, the latter being able to B see with tho eyes of the former. How H nearly its vision corresponds with seeing B through its own eyes 1 have no means of knowing except in a general way It might possibly be determined, however by use of the instruments opticians employ with humans. "I have performed this type of experiment experi-ment a number of times, and it must ultimately ulti-mately lead to a sure method of tying the optic nerve. "The operation of tying or fusing lh optic nerve really should not be difficult In tho back of the eyeball to be transferred trans-ferred a little plit is made In this opening open-ing the optic nerve is inserted. This nerve is very delicate and cannot be stitched. The membrane is sewn about the nerve to hold it in place, incredibly fine needles beinj; used. The thread utilized i- so deli-cate deli-cate that it can only he put through the neeriv.'s eye by aid of a powerful magnifying magnify-ing glass. Accompanying the nerve are its cells, fibres, etc.. all of which must be . iy carefully put in their proper position BJvei greater care must be taken tbat the nerve Is not shocked, a shock making It useless "After the eye la in place, a few stitches are made in front to hold it in position until II becomes adapted to Its new setting. set-ting. "So far T have succeeded with small animals only. I have made no experiments experi-ments on human beings, as such material is not available in this country as abroad, where. In some countries, surgeons can do what they like with condemned criminals Since human eye transference has been accomplished m Vienna, the method must ultimately reach us. "Assuming that a blind person has received re-ceived a good eye from another person or a lower animal, he could see, of course, but his vision would not be perfect. Tho new eye would not roolve jn the socket The- vision would be straight uhead only, and the wholo head would hav. to bw Hand with Scalpel Points to Optic Nerve to Which the Transplanted Human Eyeball Is Grafted. The Jointure M Is Made with Needles of MicroscoDic Fineness at a turned to replace the usual revolutionary revo-lutionary movements of tlv ye "Still, the blessing of sight would be restored, Imperfect as it might be, and in consequence there are grcar hopes lor the blind in the near future." So tar as is publicly known. Dr. Brinklev is the only American Ameri-can sjirgeon who has succeeded In eye-transplantation operations opera-tions in Amerka Dr. Theodore Koppar.yi. a young Austrian scientist, how-eer how-eer has grafted eyes on blind fish, frogs, rats an I rabbits He is now planning human expert: ments, following the ann mnce-ment mnce-ment that another European surgeon sur-geon has already succeeded in at least one case. He believes that the eyes of he larger apes nnv he successfully success-fully used if human material is not sufficiently available But he may not have to resort The Slant Eye Characteristic of the Asiatic Races. to apes, for Austria Is already discussing a plan to use the eyes from executed criminals In an effort to restore sight to soldiers who were blinded in tho war. The statement is also made that advertisements are appearing in Austrian newspapers offering money to people who might be willing to "sell" one good eye to be used in the experiment- to restore the sight of persons rich enough to pay both For the eye and surgery Point Almoct Immediately mm 4 Behind the Eyeball. Diagram Also Shows How :he Image of an Object I3 Carried Through Jr ' the Lenses of the Eye to the 'tV yjBv Brain. ' '" 4 ' .. a ' ' r v.. ; ' . ,. ' , : ' izSz CotilfO Pyemy Negro v. itft Eyeball Showing White Because the Muclct Working the Lid Arc Bunched on the Upper Lid. The grat problem, of course, in eye transplantation, lies in the tying or fusing of the optic nerve. There have been many past instances, both in war and n peace, where a victim's own torn-out eyeball could have bei-n rein-ert. d if only a way !. In- G--t Britiln Right Rm-r0. The Chimpanzee Has the Most Mechanically Perfect Animal Eye, Perfectly Round, but Not Necessarily the Best Eyesight. had been known to connect the severed ends of the nerve. Such an operation, of course, would have to be performed "on the spot," before the nerve "dies " Any detached part of the body, whether a limb, eyeball or one of the Inner organs, may retain Its sub iance "alive" for a short period after its severan'-e. and hence could theoretically theo-retically be replaced in Almost every instance If any methods were known to connect ihe nerves so that they would continue functioning. func-tioning. To tie or fuse the npttc nerve must take first rank among the wonders of surgery which have been accomplished ip 'tj the prenonf time On leavng the eye-ball, eye-ball, as the Jarge diagram on this page shows, the optic nerve- goes BEgJt directly into tho mid-brain. How W is one to get enough purchase on Jj it to sew or "tie" or uiso it with the end of the nerve or a new eyeball eye-ball wl'bout killing the patient? The brain substance with which the nerve merges "annot be tugged at with immunity. So we must assume that the surgeon.- who have successfully grafted eyes, whether anhnals or humans, must have devised some Infinitely delicate method of handling hand-ling this problem. The optic nerve may bo termed the stalk on which the visual or seeing eel's are grown. It Is unquestionable that ocn though the ejeball Is severed fron the optic nerve am? the person fs totally blind, the substances of which th visual cells or seeing cells are made continue to form, unless the optic nervy Itself Is dead. : S c Glass Model ot the j Radiolanan, a Sea f Creature Which Sees Through the Pores of Its Skin. Paolo b7 Courtesy of H Am Mijoeum of 1 Hlrtory. BMmM Dr Faragole experimented with him- 1 elf. wi!h eyes tightly bound for fifiv fl !""" ""I " ' ''' I" , ,Xrl ,,;: , , x. A periments have been successful with men 1 blind i during tl B ' early prehlsl iric times no living crea- M tus had eyes. The eye came compart lively late in the history of evolution; v v - ... , lMe most perfect eV meehanfcall to-day ig that of the chfm. panzce. They do no( mean 1 Wm chimpanzee necessarily has better eVesirht B than man or better eyesight than afl other rnammals. They simply mean thai the eye jjTjjta chimpanzee is round-a perfect A great many pPOple of the white and I lodlterranean races have eves that ar h-er mechanically than those of thm negro and Orientals , The eyelids of the various raceK I J'ffer materially The, are controlled b?1 bundles of muscles called the "orbiculariri I ; "', 1,1 tics thl bundle Is broadesi on the under lid. rnd hone- ther '. : "'- ' eyea tvlth the under l i M doing most of the work. In ne m. , l - app p M I whieili I 1 wo met, show ng , , ' I ol the eyebill more thai other rJcos In the European or ro,,nd-eved vhlt, HHB aly distributed l! I circle around the eyel.ds So that both I trorl i qua! a B Por purppsee of these eve-grafting -T ' I prrlmcnt, the y, , of all human racef and I It i conceded that the racceasfy eve-' B --Ported from 'lernt I and the i -markable experiments made ?J iiH Dr. H.ImkI. y in America stand as the mo J I n narkable a. hlevements thus far attaine, in mud. rn eye surgery. autunen |