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Show K frlF iFIXI ll A PI TlF PhII 1f IIVI-T I Lights and Shadows of a System Whose Abuse Has Just Shaken M I'jc J I 1 IlL JILI 1 BlI 111 1 Jf I V 1 WVJVJI I llV3 New York's Police Organization From the Top Downward. M IR $ - Upon the gentle nrt of "mugging' II V ,i "1C authorities of two sovereign slate; II '' i Imvo "jitsi placed some limitation? Ih If which forewarn that in other common' tyit wealths, as well, devotees of tin's call- ILlklK ,I1:,V 1101 former ho allowed to Im 'i' , mug' ad lihilum. as now. lf.si But for the benefit of the uninitiated, h...J let me first explain that the "mugger" h t ji'i I"' a gentleman who conducts a photo- 1,-jHfi graphic studio at which onlv coinpiimen- il1 t;iry sittings are given and whero the lift C 1 sitter, i- e.. the "mugged," is gnnr.m- fj toed two different puses, as well as Ui r?a- "'donoty and the honor of having B. 1 his portrait study entered in the muniei- j g 'I pal salon, otherwise known as the w 5 I "rogues gallery." j f Jumped Out Six-Story Window. Wit J It is the terror of having to ehoose V w between exile and merciless, unending rrfi hounding ly the police that had made jo the chair of "muggr.r ' ' loom up well a nigh as black and formidable as the c,l electric chair in Cireater New York at U 1 least. A man stung to the. quick with iip ' this terror was one Samuel Lovine, nr- Vji. rested some limn ago in .1 Brooklyn 5,I 1 tenement, where the police believed hhu 'J about to commit arson, with benzine. y i l They locked him up over night and next i , day took him to police headquarters, I whore he was brought to the mugger's ti -1 studio, on the sixth floor. I.evine took I v one terrified glance at the mugger's ."j lj camera and .jumped through that sixth- j story window to the pavement below, , where a group of pedestrians gathered , , around his quivering bodv. And right Hj i litis same city of Brooklyn has just been brought to a close another mug- 'I ' 1 cing which has brought things to an , 1 ,( issue for the gentle art in question, ''j Dickens's "Little Joo" to Date.. '(,,! Have you ever wept over the plight r ' f Dickens's ''Little Joe" the poor, ! innocent street urchin of "Bleak l' 'I House," whom the police were forever ' , 'logging and hounding and prodding to j; "move on." Mugging was an art as vet i I undiscovered in those days, but poor ; 1 little .Joe's innocent face became known 1' 1 10 tn Pl'cc s that of ,1 suspicions' ' I character, and forever after that thc-re u , was no rest in London for his weary ,! I head. But thai was a dim picLure of grim 11 times out of oato. Let us turn to our 1 ) own g'.-ii-cu twentieth eenutr age of . .reform and of personal Mb-.r.-v. 1 I Two years ago, or, t'i be more ex- ;. plifci;. .J 11 no 16, i:i07, the Brooklyn po- i 1 lien arrested a lad on the streets. Thoy ln-1 7io warrant for his arrest, and thoy t ler !i'mi 1 jnisli all night in :i stuffy 1 ' cell. Next morning he was taken to , 1 this same dread chamber wheneo Lo- ,' '1 vine had left by the sixth-story Avindow, and here the boy was " mugged. " Not , 1 only that, he was stripped and meas tired subjected to all of the indiguit'es of a felon. And what monstrous crime i had this youth committed to warrant such indignities? Next day when taken before a magistrate no complaint whatever what-ever could be made against him and he V as discharged. Yet, nevertheless, and A; "withstanding this discharge, his ntig" was hung up in the salon of ties and his name was entered iu t index of felons . , Arrested "On Sight." ' after this bo3''s release new vicis- , i commenced to cross his path. Tt Ik 'cd .ihour. his neighborhood that ''Jr t n rogues' gallery exhibit, and 3i Ruenough for the aenizens 01 the Y 0So whenover the marked lad ' ns ;red he was hooted and jeered ' 'from street corner to street if of j (ins was only the beginning fV-'hhitions. The police, who v. their noxv norfrnjt- cnLered in D.y . of felons,, now had the A K-llcy yacc" jJYaven on their memory', ami , 'aosing him in the street senium- I bered him as a criminal of some sort 1 and either ordered him to "move on'' r or arrested him "on sight." The " youth's outraged father, after futile appeals lo tho police officials to have 1 the boy's picture removed from the gal-i gal-i lery, took tho matter to Justice Wil- , liana 3. Ga3nor of the Xcw York su- ( premo court, who, on investigating the matter, preferred tho charges against ' I the police authorities which resulted in ' ' ' the mayor's order upon Commissioner of Police Bingham to remove the 111 110- t cent boy's photograph from the rogues' i gallery; to hand these, together with the negatives and the youtTi's Bertilllon measurements, over to the latter 's father, and to dismiss the officials implicated im-plicated in tho lad's persecution. It was over this affair that Ma3ror 3re-Clellan 3re-Clellan and Police Commissioner Bingham Bing-ham fell out, the lattor being dismissed because he would nor. romovo the implicated im-plicated officials, although he did return re-turn the pictures, negatives and measurements meas-urements to the father of this bov, George Duffy. The splash which Gen. Bingham's dismissal made in the world 01 pontics cenpseu tne real import ot I the incident the assurance that the New York police may no longer exhibit ex-hibit the "mugs" of innocents, albeit ! they ma3' still enioy ad libitum the gentle gen-tle nrt of "sweating" false testimony out of suspects subjected to the psychi'e cruelties of the "third degree." Molineux's Appeal Futile. But the police could still be muggling away at innocent men, women and children chil-dren to their hearts' content had it not been for an agitation sprung a few-years few-years back by Roland B. Moliucux. About 1903 State Senator Riordan offered of-fered at Albany a bill for the return of all rogues' gallery material of per-sons per-sons who have been acquitted or have died. Tho bill passed both houses and camo up to tho then Governor Ben Odell for signature. But the police authorities au-thorities pcrsuadod him to veto it. Not only Tvoro they unwilling lo let an innocent" man get, tip, once he was down, but they could not condescend even to lot up on an unfortunate after the angel of death had wiped his record clean. The day following the veto Molineux, having been acquitted of the poisoning Mrs. Katherine Adams, np- filed to a judge for an order requiring hat his rogues' gallery pictures and measurements be expunged from the tilato records and returned to him. Tie argued that , his acquittal made his Btatus tho samo as though he had never been accused, and that tho keeping of the pictures was an invasion of his right of privacy. But the application was doniod on grounds of public policy and Molineux lost also on appeal. Then Assemblyman Eaglelon got another bill through the legislature requiring the roturn of photographs and' measurements measure-ments of a person, and all copies of tho same, when criminal proceedings neainst him were dismissed. Governor 3-fughos had now como in and ho signed tho law, which tho polico just violated in tho Duffy case. The Baltimore Case. And now the sovereign state of Maryland comes forward to the relief of tho muggod innocents, the issue hero being raisod by William .F. Downs, recently arrested on a charge of embezzlement from the city of Baltimore. Bal-timore. This man refused to be "mugged" when arrested Ife ot a lawyer and took the matter into ourt. The case 1 S7ACL tLA has just passed the court of appeals at Annapolis, which decides that the polico have no right to place Downs 's picturo in the rogues' gallery until ho is convicted of some crime. The police department is, however, permitted to photograph Downs and hold his negative nega-tive against conviction. But the ruling specifies: "We must not bo understood by so ruling to countenance the placing in tho rogues' gallery of the photograph photo-graph of any person, 'not an haoitual criminal, who has been arrested but not convicted on a criminal charge, or tho publication under such circumstances circum-stances of the Bertillon record. "Tho police have no right to needlessly need-lessly or wantonly injure in any respect persons whom tlicy aro called upon in the course of thoir duly to arrest or detain, and for the infliction of 0113 such injury the police are liable to the injured person in the same manncr and lo the same extent as private individuals." individ-uals." Of course, the protection of society demands that the portraits of convicts, and especially habitual criminals, be displayed in the rogues' galleries, aud until time wags nearer to the milleni-uni's milleni-uni's dawn the mugger, like the police man and tho soldier, must remain a necessary evil. The "'mugger's" studio is not much given it 1 to scenic effects and chairs with high backs richlv carved. The plainest kind of background sufiiccs. and the chair sometimes has no back at all. It is the man that is wanted and nothing more, nnd the quicker I ho mugging the better for the mugger, I he mugged and the bitter':; mug. Tho very hit est invention for facilitating matters is the mirror attachment, which enables the artisl lo take al one shot the I wo views front and profile required by the Berlillon system. In some mugging studios I hey use the old-fashioned old-fashioned headrest the ' pronged contrivance con-trivance which catches 3011 bnck of the ears. This is a great convenience where the sitter is a little unsteady in the spine. A skillful "mugger" is seldom out of a job. Indeed, there h;t beei : groat demand for those artists .sinrc the nrm.y some months ago. took it into its head to mug all our "soldiers good, bad nnd indifferent that deserter-might deserter-might be more easily caught. And now all of our Chinese laborers must be "muggod" and Bertilloned before visiting their nntive land on leave lu return. Largest Collection of Mugs. Tho largest collection of "mugs'' jn tho country is to be found in the international bureau of identification at Washington, where men wanted iu nil parts of the world are traced. Here is kept not a gallon', but a card catalogue cata-logue a vast collection of thousands of squares of pasteboard, each containing contain-ing two photographs and measurements of a criminal. Now doasn 't the question occur lo you how can they find a criminal iu this index when he never gives his right name? That brings us righl up to the keynote of tho whole Bertillon proposition. Itn catalogue of the weaker weak-er brotherhood and sisterhood is not indexed by names at all, but by head lengths. But suppose 3011 have a lot of criminals wil 11 heads the same length exactly? Well, 3011 will find these subdivided by head" widths, and where, the samo lencth and width run. together there are the length of the arm. middle finger, foot, trunk, etc.. lo fall back on. So in reaching for a man's record the superintendent of the international bureau .first places his card in its proper place, so far as measurements meas-urements are concerned. Then he compares com-pares the photographs pasted 011 it with those 011 others with measurements vcr nearly corresponding. Tricks to Foil the "MuEgers." Crooks' tricks to foil tho "mugger" are illustrated by many interesting exhibits ex-hibits 111 this mammoth catalogue. For example, there are two cards representing repre-senting the same man, which show him with a bald forehead in the earlier and 3'ot a good grow.h of hair in the later photograph, he having shaved his top head prior to his first crime to insure him against a lifelike "mug" if arrested. ar-rested. And in the later portrait the addition of a mustache makes identification identifi-cation more difficult. Hundreds of other oth-er sets of cards, each representing one person, arrested several tunes, show Ihe enre which criminals take to alter their appearance as they go from place lo place, b3 adopt ing different modos of wearing the iinir, beard and mustache. mus-tache. These pictures show how futile it would bo to depend for indent ification on them alone and without the meas urements of the unalterable honest Jt' the body as the main guide to the rv fVl loin. !?ome grotesque piclures are also fl lm bo found in this catalogue of eroni 1 One shows Urn clumsy attempt of & man to thwarl the mugger by sitt'ia in a very obviously uilso po1e. TIV 1$' there is quite a collection of awl w if I grimaces made by femah. delinquQii W? bent, upon keeping their true exnri sions from the rogues' gallery. Ai V1 tiomo photographs illustrate tlie oriM-Ufll mil subject s stock in trade, as case of a "fake one arm ni'iii ' if'ifcfl was photographed iu his shirt ctflEli aud with his left arm thrust. strnielilT down inside his trousers, made extlfv- large in the waist to aid in Ihe doc'j1 tion, which became very lifelike svh??.22 the impostor donnod a coat now wLffifS a sleeve hanging limp and cniptv ffa$i the shoulder. ' ! ftfc .More and more cards with fiua iJ-iirinls, iJ-iirinls, added in blank spnees cnnci ijf!' ly designed for them, are now ronii fift-in fift-in from both American and fnrcl vsf cities. This system is now used im'i p' inilitary prisons, and an iutercslinclr ffi suit of the innovation some time sii was Ihe discovery of n loiig.Sfliii Vil British murderer in the person of -(3, tf-A. dier serving .- live-year term a', Fort Leavenworth penitentiary. ,r ,&t warden when taking the iinprcal n 1 of this man's digits met with sucli fa lent resistance that he sent tho-ii 5rr prints lo the London police licndmj '-r lers at Scot land V.-u-d, which repor ,Y back at once that the man was- n ifj .f,. formidable criminal who, after conui '&t ting an atrocious murder, had escai from prison and gone to the Utii (5 Slates. ti 1 Latest Identification System. pv Biit newer than linger prints ii means of identification jnt invcfil by Prof. Tomassin. an ' Italian. 4 ljif employs simply photographs of f f & veins on the back of the hand, while wh-ile claims are never alMce in two 'i fill sons. In making I hem he restrains iiA-pulse iiA-pulse of the prisoner's wrist or lici Jw the kilter's hand downward, so x the veins of the hand stand out, w vu the photograph is being made ih strong side light. 1 ipf1 Criminals now uller their fingcrf l?vr patterns rondih, according to Pi if?". Tomnssia, a razor being used to cr them, or even burning being cmplo' ttj! sometimes in preference to chance' 51 ,! identification. 2 ft; Indeed, the whole world seems now tfi,a: be crying out for the fixing of qvl & P"1 one 's identity. Panics are adopting)' si-their si-their employees the Bertillon systqmi "mugging, ' and hereafter each off isst soldiers entering battle must wear' raiW pended from his neck an alumni iVtsfi identification tag about the size 6 it dollar and have stamped upon it name, rank, company, regiment 'i a'nlii corps. Thus will be obviated a r- bid'. tition of the vexed problem of ida f.ying our soldier dead upon the bat ifflni field that confronted the army 'ii u(1 the engagements of tho Spanish j And. speaking of identification o ; dend. Bertillon has recenth' invent t-n new system of "mugging" unkri ijji corpses whose photographs are ol 51 difficult to identify, because of'Jf ?f ghastlincss of the expression. M. JJT;' tillon overcomes this b3 injections glcerin, which cause tne 0305 to'q ? , and become life-like, the lips to red .. and tho whole face to appareiytlyj '.. j. vivo, so that the photographs thenri j-?,, resemble the deceased while in life jiT'c .701 IN TDLFJIETH WATKINl Jj |
