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Show ,0ur Stcrec Service Stkrfed dll nations engaged' in the great war now have elaborate elab-orate spy systems: : It is a phase of military work as old as history::'1 Yankee' and "Rebel" scouts of both . jcxes were noted for their I daring fifty odd years ago v ; CUE use of spies in war is as old as war itself. The modern mod-ern German elaboration of espionage, in time of peace s well as war, among """-Si.fl neutrals as well as enemies, K ) ls rather a reversion to to Yfft! tll!ul a stx'P in Progress, says j a writer in the Philadelphia Record. Joshua and Solomon employed spies. The Hebrew peregrinations to reach the promised land required information infor-mation concerning regions and peoples to be invaded. One Caleb was the chief spy of a corps that was sent to learn of the fertility and the military strength of the land of CanaaD. After 40 days of espionage they reported that it was a land of milk and honey and fruit, but that the cities were fortified for-tified ntwl H, , ycuiJit; el L' SLI OUg, SUUiU of them being giants. The Greeks rather prided themselves on the cleverness of their spies. The Romans, if we are to take their own word for it, were incapable of stooping to the baseness of common spying or studied treachery of any sort. When Abraham Lincoln, presidentelect, president-elect, in his address on Washington's birthday, 1861, at Independence hall, in reply to the mayor of Philadelphia, hinted in a slnirlp clause flint hp mis-lit not live to be inaugurated, he had been Informed, through John Allen Pinker-ton, Pinker-ton, of the plot to take his life at Baltimore. Bal-timore. He left on an earlier train, and did not stop at that city. The United States at that time had no secret se-cret service organization. But a system sys-tem for obtaining military information informa-tion in the Southern states was established estab-lished early in the war by General Mc-Clellan, Mc-Clellan, and from this developed the federal secret service, which was throughout the war in charge of the original Pinkerton under the name of Maj. E. J. Allen. America's Secret Service. Pinkerton, gaining some reputation dy running down a gang of counterfeiters, counter-feiters, had been appointed . deputy sheriff of Cook county, Illinois, with offices in Chicago. He won more fame by getting the thieves and nearly all the loot of a $700,000 theft from the safes of the Adams Express company. in isM lie esramisiieu uie iuikbiuu National Detective agency. And perhaps per-haps it Is only just to say that Pinkerton Pinker-ton saved Lincoln for the presidency and thereby saved the Union. Important figures in the secret service serv-ice work of the Civil war were newspaper news-paper reporters, scouts and women. The newspaper men did not have the semiofficial and perfunctory status that they have in this war. They hud to assume the disguises and pretenses of real spies to get material they were supposed to get, and then send It uninspired un-inspired and also uncensored. They were frequently arrested and imprisoned impris-oned and took many of the same risks that the military spies did. This was especially true of the early part of the war, and the seceding period preceding, preced-ing, when they followed the movements leading to the war and mingled witli legislators at the Southern capitals. Scouts who are ordinarily In uniform and treated as regular prisoners -of war when captured, did much service under such commanders as Mosby and Young quite after the manner of spies, and they were hanged when caught. The most notable female spies were not professional secret service agents but were residing in one section and holding their sympathies with the other, oth-er, and acted primarily through strong patriotic motives. Inefficiency During Civil War. Besides the spy activities at home, Confederate states had an important impor-tant secret service work in Europe. giis inpathy was enlisted on the r s de arrangements were made for huikling cruisers at Bordeaux. English nn workers were sent to the South When the army of the Potomac, nft- !,Sn's" hadTen given ,n entire "Irwe of the topography of the en- T Taf Edward's Ferry (all the maps virons of Edv. aru lH'lnSTfVo, t o Leeslmrg. In spite enemy In front or t thllt ,f thetll! secret service organization ,lme i inefficient. Fitting units ,,10"g nf ench other were crushed with-UiT with-UiT the knowledge of the Intended s.v both - ' 7 their S $ r 1 sago c i? 1 advance. . There was great need of spies. However, some historians attribute McClellan's failure to win the decisive results that were open to him at Antie-tam Antie-tam to the mistaken reports of the great preponderance of numbers in Lee's army that were received from the secret service organization. Mc-Clellan Mc-Clellan seemed inclined to use the agency too much to learn the strength of the enemy and too little to learn its weaknesses. Operation of Women Spies. Miss Van Liew, a resident of Richmond. Rich-mond. Va., rendered invaluable service to the Union cause, and Mrs. Green-how Green-how was equally valuable to the Confederacy Con-federacy as a spy lu Washington. Mrs. Greenhow had been a leader in Washington Wash-ington society before the war. "She was a Southerner by birth, but a resident resi-dent of the capital from girlhood ; a widow, beautiful, accomplished, wealthy, and noted for her wit and her forceful personality." Her wide acquaintance among important men was used to good advantage to further the Southern cause. Though suspected suspect-ed by the Federal authorities, she contrived con-trived many ingenious ways to escape their vigilance. Jefferson Davis said to her: "But for you there would have been no battle of Bull Run.:' That defeat of the North was supposed to have been largely due to her getting a copy of the order to General McDowell Mc-Dowell and sending it to Beauregard. She was drowned at the mouth of Cape j Fear river, North Carolina, in her at- tpmtit In lunrl frnm Hip V1 npl.-!i rip run ner Condor, after some secret mission to England in behalf of the Confederacy. Confed-eracy. Weighted by her heavy black silk dress and a bag of gold sovereigns, she was an easy victim of the waves. We have the word of the adjutant general's office of the war department that women spies were never shot during dur-ing the Civil war. Secret Stations and Ciphers. The Army and Navy Journal says that the greater part of the information that was received at Washington from Richmond was collected and transmitted trans-mitted by Miss Van Liew, through a chain of five secret stations established by her for forwarding her cipher dispatches. dis-patches. "She was a woman of forty, of delicate figure, bfiliiant, accomplished, accomplish-ed, resolute a woman of great personality person-ality and infinite charm." She held in Richmond a special position corresponding corre-sponding to that of Mrs. Greenhow in Washington. Jenny Lind sang in her parlor and Poe there read aloud his "Raven." This house was the rendezvous rendez-vous of Ihe Federal secret agents, and, there, in her "secret room," were concealed con-cealed escaped union prisoners. Miss Van Liew even had the audacity to get a negro girl devoted to her interests inter-ests introduced as a waitress into the home of Jefferson Davis. Though her Northern sympathies were well known and she was constantly suspected, no evidence against her sufficient to cause her arrest was ever obtained. Mrs. Surratt was condemned and hanged for participation In the Lincoln assassination plot. Her home had been a regular meptinc place for conspirators, conspira-tors, and her son among them, and Payne, who attempted to kill Seward, was on his way to the Surratt rendezvous rendez-vous when arrested. Belle B".vrt was the sbvn spy of the South. The daughter of a Virginia merchant, "blue eyed, sharp featured, quick tempered and very free," she easily attracted the young officers and learned how to get Information and i get It across the border without detection. de-tection. She rode a spirited hor and carried a revolver in her belt. Not satisfied sat-isfied with her individual effort . she organized a corps of spies of her own st vie. Virginia women lighted many n s:2-nal s:2-nal lamp by the garret windows, and honest-looking corsages and innocent-looking innocent-looking bustles carried many a military secret. Scout Spies of the North. "Archie" Rowland was one of the most daring and successful scout spies of the Northern side He and his pals formed the nucleus of Sheridan's secret se-cret service organization in the valley of the Shenandoah. This organization, recruited up to 40, under command of H. H. Young, became the most noted and efficient of the Federal army. Rowland tells how he volunteered for this service. "My company had been on ordinary scout duty for some time. But when we were drawn up in line and the captain asked for volunteers volun-teers for 'extra dangerous duty,' I looked at Ike Harris and Ike looked at me, and then we both r.tepped forward. We were both boys and wanted to know what was the 'extra dangerous duty,' and when we found out we hadn't the face to back down. They took us to headquarters and gave us two rebel uniforms and we wished vie bad not come." These men were expected to deceive pickets by the uniform and capture them so that the main body could be surprised ; or ride up to a Southern citizen, man or woman, ask for information infor-mation and depend upon the deception to get all file person knew. One of their great dangers was that of meeting meet-ing death at the hands of their own men. Often discovered and hard pressed by the enemy, they would flee in their gray uniforms for safety to their own lines, only to be met by a murderous volley from their own mistaken mis-taken pickets. ... Ten of Young's command of 40 were lost, none by the natural death of a soldier and none in the colors for which he died. Two were hanged by their own halter straps. "Aristocracy of the Army." But they had privileges beyond any others in the army. They were free from all camp drudgery, guard and picket duty, and from camp discipline. They lived together .in the headquarters, headquar-ters, ate the best the land afforded. Each had four picked horses. They were paid according to the value of their information, and the secret service serv-ice chest was prodigal with their expense ex-pense accounts. They were the aristocracy aris-tocracy of the army. On the reverse of a certain little bronze star are these words: "The 'Congress to Archibald II. Rowland, Jr. for Valor." John Bcall, privateersinan, with Bur-ley Bur-ley and Maxwell, were on the Potomac and Chesapeake what Mosby was on land. Beall cut the submarine .telegraph .tele-graph cable under the Chesapeake and destroyed lamps and machinery of lighthouses. Meeting Burley by surprise sur-prise In Toronto. Canada, they turned into a private room and shut the door. Then Beall slowly said: "Burley, I want you for my lieutenant. It Is my old ihtn at last. I tun to capture the Michigan, free the Johnson island prisoners, burn Sandusky, Cleveland and Buffalo." The services of Harry Young were so esteemed that when Sheridan said, "I want him." General Edwards remonstrated. re-monstrated. "I would rather you would lake my right arm." due of his S"i-; S"i-; diers said, "We think God A'miglity of i him." And I here were Bowie. "William. C. S. A.;" Landegon. the Phllllpiis father fa-ther and son and Timothy Webster, : spy. j It was Timothy Webster who Insinu-I Insinu-I Hted hlmsplf Into the confidence of the j would-be assassins in Baltimore and j frustrated the plot against Lincoln's I life. Allan Pinkerton gives him the su-! su-! preine credit : "lie. among all the forep iuho went with me. deserves the credit I of saving the life of Lincoln, evermore i than I do." |