Show PRINCIPAL AL INSECT PESTS OF ORCHARDS IN UTAH DESCRIBED Codling Codling- Moth Most ost Common Pest in This State While hile Maggot l Is Less Widely Distributed but Very 7 cry Destructive Directions for foE Killing Kill I I I ing lug Them Are re Given BY A. A S S. S ROLLO HOLLO HORTICULTURIST TT I TT 1 n. n h I i JI e I N I N apple a and J i peach cJ oc orchard rd In f fact A I such uch pests pesta Fortunately Fort few rev of or these are seriously troublesome There arc are more species of oC Injurious in insects apparent now than there were sere a a. century century cen cen- tur tury ago This Is 15 evidently due In part to the introduction of Insects from the theold theold theold old world and In iii part to the taking taking- on of new habits b by native Insects such as the apple maggot got which Is often takimi for tor the codling moth although there is isa isa isa a vast ast amount of difference and nd some classes of oC tree borers The abandoned or neglected nes market gardens and orchards all over the United States have proven prO a a. prolific breeding ground for fOl many Insects or or pe pests ts Too otten often the efforts of or the painstaking and amid gardener have been rendered unavailing by the proximity of or such sources of Infection An orchard that has outlived d its usefulness usefulness use use- had bad better beHer be converted Into nto firewood than left to die le for fot as some arc are in this state It Is a mystery to me why the tho fruit inspectors of oC this state permit such orchards to lo exist t. t I r Iam Iam ram am In a a. position to show that t in some orchards In n my mr locality 7 75 per cent of oC the apples and pears were wormy but were sold to the public and even peddled ped pod dIed in small villages and towns b by amateur Such apples and pears In m my opinion arc are not fit for human human hu hu- hu man food and yet I understand there Is no law to stop them being canned In order to combat Insect enemies the and market gardener must acquaint himself with the general g natural history of or insects their common cornmon common com corn mon habits and the best moans of or destroying de dc- de- de them before attempting to raise a n. crop o of clean fruit or oven even vegetables vegetable eg of oC an any kind otherwise he lie will mal make a a. failure and forever be discouraged discouraged a aged cd from going into that line lino of oC business busi busi- ness t Characteristics Characteristic of Insects Insects are distinguished from reI related a ted animals by having throe three pair pall of ot feet fitted for tor locomotion attached to a body divided into three principal parts the tue the head tho the thorax and abdomen The head bears one pair of antennae A majority of thorn thom are also characterized character by under undergoing oln during their development devel devel- a series merles of well-marked well changes cs or UI I should say transformations Such Ins Insects exist in iii four distinct stages n namely mch the egg OSS' the larva the pupa the adult Aa As an example of the changes I will wm taI take o tho codling moth one of the most Injurious pestS the has to combat This pretty little moth mout 8 s the parent of or tho the apple worm worm It I is a European European Eu Eu- Insect Ver Very few arc are acquainted with this moth a an aM it flies flics at night with its body in a nearly perpendicular position There are many many moths or ur millers which t to the tlc Unpracticed un un- practiced eye oyo 1 closely closel re resemble it ft This will account 11 for the tho erroneous statement state state- ment mont that the codling moths are at attracted at at- b by ll lights and that they have been captured in great quantities In preparations of oC sweetened wa water etc Since the time of ol Cato thol c codling I muni IU JIU written I uy practically all entomologists in the tue world and amid the tue combined literature on this species species cies cles from all over the time world would woul amount to several sized good volumes The m moth th Is variable in size but the thu maximum wing In expanse rarely exceeds three-fourths three of oC an Inch The forewings forewings fore fore- ore wings winG's above are ame of or a brownish gray color with numerous cross lines of oC gray g Near the tue tip of each wing winS Is a conspicuous brown spot pot In which are two irregular broken broleen lines of or a n metallic coppery copper or golden color The hind wings above c are grayish brown becoming becom beconi- In hag ing darker darket toward the tho margin marg-In which bears a a. er very delicate fringe at the base of Which is a a. narrow dark line When h n at rest on the grayish bark barko o of an n appletree apple appletree pp tree the moth in color so harmonizes with It Its surroundings that it Is la not readily distinguished and the Insect In Inthis Inthis inthis this st stage ge is perhaps little known to toman man many The moth makes its appearance about I tho lie time that the apple blossoms app ap ap- ap- ap p pear car When Injury I IN Ii Done It is In the Hie larval or worm stage stase that the Injury Is done to the apple Tho The Jar larva ra as It hatches from the egg eg is very small from front ono twentieth to sixteenth one-sixteenth of an Inch in length but It soon begins to search for food If Ir hatched from c eggs s g-s placed here and there on the foliage e the larva Jana chews chess's more or less leas into the leaf leaC or other portions portions por POI of ot the plant In iii its wandering around and may thus be poisoned if It PoiSon polson bo be present on tho the plants If Ie the eggs have hU been deposited on the thc fruit itself the larvae are much more likely 10 to gain entrance to the fruit Larvae entering the fruit by the tho calyx end feed teed within time the calyx cavity for tor a few ew days das before penetrating the fruit Hence tho the advantage of thoroughly spraying trees shortly after alter the thc petals ls have fallen Callen and while the tile calyx lobes are arc still spread In order to place in each cal calyx x a n. small particle of or poison polson to be eaten later by the larva a as HB it seeks to enter After entering the apple tho the larva laMa feeds and anil grows rapidly and In the course of or twenty days das has becom full grown At t this time the tile worms arc about fourths three of ot an Inch long and arid the majority of ot them aro are pinkish or 01 flesh colored on the upper surface and whitish below At this stage the larva lana Is IB nearly nearl full Cull grown and will leave lc the apple to find a n. hiding place generally generall Under the rough bark whore It may spin its cocoon and make its wonderful transformation into a pretty little rno moth The Tho he second moth ot of th season season second brood repeats brood repeats the operation of the first one and the second brood of ot larvae Jar is hatched The second larvae do not transform Into moths until tho the following o spring Now It so happens happens' that nil all moths moth'S do not appear at tho the same lIn time In spring so that there I is L succession llon of ot larvae lar in each brood broo Th rids IB accounts for fot th the fact that on the tho annie day one may mar find larvae of all sizes I For Formerly trees r c ere often sprayed pr ed f 1 Jj I. I eight and ten times a s season but hut In spite of this a 3 very er largo large percentage of or worm wormy apples was the time rule Fruit Fruit- who followed this practice t failed to appreciate the fact that about three-fourths three o of th the first brood of worms enter the apples at tho the calyx cal This Is where the importance of filling filling fill fill- ing each cup calyx with pol poison on comes In If all of or the first brood could be killed there would he be no second brood consequently no worms late In the tho ummer when the time greatest damage e occurs I urge ure all rowers to devote ote at all their energies to applying applin the first spray at the proper time and in n n l thorough h manner This Is a job that lat must not be nc neglected and it I Is the time dut duty of or the tho fruit inspectors s to Instruct you ou how to spray and the proper time this Is what the they timey are arc paid for and you ou I are entitled to their s services lees free An As soon soomi as 3 the petals have h mostly fallen spraying should begin and It must be he persistently followed The Tho calyxes re remain re re- main open for only about six or eight lit days das and after aCter this tiuis the spraying Is practically useless for the first brood of or worms TIme The full tull grown g larva lana upon leaving the apple apple- and finding InclinE a prot protected eted place constructs construct a whitIsh h silken cocoon within which In the course couise of a few ew da days 8 it ma may change to a a. pupa or 01 It may max remain in tIle tho larval condition until the next spring H as alread already ex cx- cx 1 Tho The pupa Is about one half inch long at first yellowish or brownIsh brownIsh brown brown- Ish but hut later becoming quite dark rl bro brown n and shortly shortt b before fore emergence of oC the moth tooth ag assuming a distinct bron bronze e color After emer emergence ence the moths In Inthe tho the cour course e of oC a few da days begins laying e eggs gs the entire P life lite cycle from egg SS to egg Ag requiring on the average a some soma fifty days Description of Eggs The eggs ar are small flat fiat somewhat o al In iii shape and of about the siz size of or ofa ora a pinhead When hen recently deposited they are white pearl-white In color but be become become be be- come darker with the tue development of oC the embryo o which after a few days dars Is easily distinguished as a L reddish ring within the tue egg Tho Tue service Is covered ered with a net network worl of rl ridges coarser to toward toward toward to- to ward the cd edge e The rhe eggs of tho time first generation g of oC moths are deposited mainly on the leaves lea and twigs comparatively ely few being placed on un the time pos possibly on account of oC the tile fine hairs halls with which this fruit is cover covered coverd d when small More toro of the eggs of the second generation however are placed on the fruit which b by this time is much larger and amid presents presents pre pre- a comparatively smooth surface The average a time required for the e eggs gs to hatch Is about twelve twe days dars tho time time tim varying const considerably crabl with the temper temper- at 11 re and ant gardeners In fact tact everybody c Interested In se seeing fine orchards in Utah should make malee a rigorous vigorous rig vig orous fight tight against the codling moth this season I This Insect can be absolute absolutely absolutely ab ab- ab- ab solute controlled by prop r spraying There Is no longer room for argument I on this this this-It It only remains for fruit fruit- growers row e c everywhere to spray properly in somo some places where worms have O a strong foothold it will probably bl be bc necessary to spray I ra for fOt tho the second broodEen brood Even Kven three applications application Is much better than letting worms take from one- one I fourth to 10 three fourths e o of the apple crop The Time time will come when wormy apples will be an un evidence c of or neglect neglect- Indeed It ma may be aSked If that time has not alread already come conic Trees He Dc e But one must be ho careful as trees ma may be bc poisoned b by arsenic as a are re result re- re suIt sult of ot spraying It is very Important that all should spray spra as as few times as possible and that the mixture should be beas beas beas as weak will do effective as work worle Man ian Many growers especially amateurs think that if Ir a a. little arsenic Is good much moro more would be bettor and havo used as much as eight and ten pounds of poison polson to one hundred gallons of wa Wa- ter I have found that two pounds of ot poison polson to one hundred gallons of ot water is 13 sufficient to do effective e work but three pounds to one hundred gallons allons Is the most that should be used Wh When n making th the tho first spray you ou must determine on one thing thing- i Ie if you OU want perfectly clean fruit and that Is Isto isto isto I to stay with each cach tree until every calyx caIn has been filled with the spray spra and oc occasionally occasionally oc- oc examine tho the blossoms and find out if It this is b being done My remedy Is 18 as follows Tako Take 15 pounds of or copper sulphate 1 15 pounds of quicklime and gallons of or water This Is what is called a Bordeaux mixture Add dd to this 1 pound of ot the best paris parla green and S ounces o of potassium potassium po po- po permanganate Use this Ju judicially ju- ju at the prop proper r time Hmo and you OU will v. coon be rid of ot the tho codling moth and many other Insects I will refer reCer to th the first paragraph of this article with reference to the tho apple maggot whose work has often been confused with that of the codling moth even by fruit InSpector inspectors in inspectors In in- As 8 far as I l know now it is a an anttY n native 0 Insect and the work worle or Injury of ot this tins insect Is la very r easily distinguished distinguished distin distin- from front that of oC the codling moth b by the tho fact that while the latter is largely confined to th the regions of ot tho core the apple maggot feeds Indiscriminately indIa Indis through the pulp of the apple burrowing In every direction lh The larva Jarva is In tn shape and usually pink or flesh colored while the Ian larva of oC the codling moth is IS rarely rare rare- ly H If It ever ver pinkish h h In color hut but a a. dirt dirty white marked with black dots dote and has i J six fifty legs leS while wIllie the apple maggot I Is footless The Time Injuries of the two species s are arc quite similar The first brood larvae enter the tho apple appl at the calyx end Holes BuleR are arc eaten Into the apple appl more or less around the cal calyx x lobes and amid core with with- in imi The larvae lar eating through the skin at the base of oC the tue calyx x lobes enter entel th the thit calyx cavity and excavate mines or holes Into the flesh It Is very common for the larvae lar to eat ent holes In the thc calyx basin Just JURt under tinder the thc skin producing a a. blotch hole Yo You will often se see sect this kind of holes on the tue side bide of or apples especially where whore two apples are In contact contact- Take Talce a a. box or of apples a at this time of oC the year car and examine them carefully If th the cavities It or holes at the calyx end ent where the thc larvae has eaten eaton out the thc flesh under tho the skin are i in large Ir Irregular irregular Ir ir- regular more or less Jess linear patches it Is the work orl of th the apple maggot mn Such Suell apples should be bo destroyed Larvae of oC this class clasa apparently do not reach full lull development and generally find their way into boxes with appl apples s where the they continue to feed and do consIderable considerable considerable consider consIder- able damage The adult of or the aple maggot 1 is nothing more or less than a two two winged fly that appears alears car early In summer and deposits eggs CAs In tim th the cal calyx x end of the apple These Thice eggs arc In inserted one onu In Ina n na na a place in the calyx lobes In Iii a few few- err days the they hatch Into maggots and a as already dy stated eat cat into tho tim apple in all dl directions becoming full grown In five rhe or 01 six weeks They leave o the fruit and generally g go Into the soil soli solin an n Inch or lf less lees whore where the they chan change e to tho the pupa shape They he remain In this condition until the following summer wh m n- n they emerge as flies flics This Insect fortunately Is 18 only found In a few states and I regret to sa say Utah Is Js one of them The only |