Show I COMMENTS Iv 4 STUDEBAKER i r A On Wheel Four 1 A Brakes Th There is little difference mechanically between two two- fore the momentum of the car is offset by the resist resist- wheel brakes braes decrease to some degree the efficiency of wheel brake er and and wheel four brake mechanisms ance of the road or pavement whether dry or wet th the car car Po Poorer acceleration n reduced h climbing hill m i Skidding on wet pavements can be reduced to the abIlIty and increased gasoline consumptIon result wheel Front brakes merely added capacIty 0 of f are a M d h elt either h er two two-or two f wee our h Ib ra k eaon 1 y 5 Harder Steering and Control The increase irr It All f four bIt brakes operated e by 1 d tes are conventional design our ra opera r eby by slowing down speed and gentle brake pressure with weight added parts and friction necea- necea nece the foot pedal a 1 p pe c clutch I u t c h engage engaged d sarI 1 y Increase increase t the h e strength h reqUIre required d to steer t the h e car carThe The emergency b brakes bakes akes on rear rear wheels o or tran mis- mis and to operate the brakes sion sin operated by the hand lever are retained m in all Disadvantages of F Four Wheel Four our our- Wheel Brakes I 6 Expense of Maintenance Extra service work in wheel four brake systems Against the only advantage of wheel four brakes repairing adjusting and relining brakes puts the car Controversy already exists between four wheel namely quicker stopping there are six serious dis- dis in the shop oftener and increases the expense of 4 brake advocates as to the relative merit of external or advantages which make them mechanically maintenance internal types of brake pressure on front wheels dangerous uncomfortable and expensive to toP owners as follows Patent Situation P Th The e duplication of parts added weight and increased friction of wheel four brakes are common knowledge 1 1 D Danger anger 0 of f A Accidents d W With It h permISSIon permission we quote wheel Four brakes have been in existence for about lc from a recent circular of the Royce Rolls Company to If wheel four brakes were necessary safe Ea f e an and d simple sImp I e twenty years enduring during which time timea thousands of patents their dealers which cannot improve years In in opera operation t Ion th their existence would be Justified even upon we have h ave b been een t taken a k en ou out t In in E Europe and an d the th e U United a d States St ates 5 with these impedimenta Basically the fault with fro wheel front wheel t-wheel brakes lies in the many 0 of f w which h IC h h have ave expIre expired d an and d It IS is very ery d doubtful ou b t f u I if f I danger of wheel front skids which are uncontrollable and there are any basIc patents preventIng the use of The factory makes proper adjustment of clearances consequently vastly more dangerous than a rear wheal skid wheel four brakes J l between brake linings and drums steer deer the car the front wheels depend on their rolling motion w After the factory ships the car its ifs responsibility When front wheels cease to roll they lose all power to steer E European E Experience I r- r f for brake adjustments and the responsibility the c car r w which ich slides straight ahead on a flat road or into ti I ceases the ditch If Ifon on a crowned or cambered road intoE E European manu manufacturers f h have ave experimented d WIt with hi is shIfted the to IS owner When the brakes are used in an emergency it is of primary wheel four brakes for two decades English manu manu- Electric starters battery ignition and vacuum importance that the direction of the car should be under con con- generally refuse to use them although there that is that the be steered from the time tame that IS car can tanks are acknowledged d deve d developments eve 1 in n t the hI e evo u- u uthe the brakes are applied until it is brought to a complete stop are a f few exceptions I tion of the automobIle They are bUIlt complete When an obstacle suddenly presents itself as in night French manufacturers use them more but M in housings by the factory are practically driving the drivers driver's instinct is to immediately apply the many cars are equipped with servo mechanisms 4 j jr r automatic and require few adjustments wheel Four brakes as hard hardas as possible l which are an added attachment intended to prevent in different If uner under these condItions the front wheels are suddenly udd brakes are an entirely category locking of front wheels insure equalization ease the c locked disaster may overtake the driver draver through inability salesmen to control the cars car's direction even though it pedal pressure etc but thIs devIce Introduces further stop dId dealers and f b branch h 1 may 1 numerous factory ac t sa en II hea ank ory ds before meeting the obstacle complications of weight lubrication and expense wheel four brake already d a advising selling a ea se Ing wee our ra e cars are y 3 In In traffic driving the ability to dodge to to control the then n x buyers that the front brakes may ma Y be e disconnected If direction of the car is of almost equal al importance with the they are not wanted This would meant mean of course ability to stop theT T Trade ra cl e A U th thet orl et les that the extra weight and impedimenta would be car car- 4 On a wet or or sprinkled city street granting that the AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES Jul I 12 1923 u wheel front brakes were perfectly equalized the car would Y tied d around d uselessly 1 I aroun use ess y slide straight ahead unable to take advantage of traffic r In some cases the layout is such that the act of steering 1 rg J Other wheel front brakes are adjusted for such conditions either right or left tends to release the wheel front brake r rendering it less 3 Ulf If the brakes were not perfectly equalIzed ImmedIately the wheels are cramped weak that they cannot 1 lock k t the h f front wheels hI s pressure oc e VI ee s the pressure was applied the front wheels would take on a ment steering is made harder or the brakes less effective on ont r t f and the brakes are thus merely camouflage skid which w uld be uncontrollable in whichever direction a curve or when the vehicle must make a sudden turn turn-as it q r i the equalization of the brakes was faulty must often do in an emerge there emergency there cy-there is grave reason to off wheel Four wheel Four brakes wIll cause more trouble and In jn traffic driving under most favorable conditions per per- doubt whether the braking is any safer with four four- than with r accidents in a month than they will prevent in a year equalized brakes and dry pavement a sudden wheel two brakes tion of the brakes checks the car so precipitately that cars cara r In fact the Royce Rolls Company states that they following have been known to crash into the car ahead MOTOR WORLD WORLD June J Jr une 6 1923 show such decidedly dangerous disadvantages that causi causing g a rear end wreck through not having stopping room If necessary precautions are re n not t taken skidding is liable they are considered unsafe to put in the hands of the theand and ta time e to be bemore ore frequent and more serIous serious than With rear brakes It It is of obvIous that wheel front brakes only genera general 1 public an and d r not near nearly 1 t the h e eq equal a 1 0 of f t the h e double IS the difficulty course of keeping the brakes present d powerful efficIent lasting and easIly equalIzed brake Aside Aside from the above apparent defects in front or four four- Studebaker s Position e e u design now employees in our design wheel braking there is the stiffening effect on the steering to take into consideration when the brakes are applied and Studebaker research and engIneerIng engineering departments t r n wheel Four brakes have been a bone of contention the drag on the steering unless the braking effects on both have been studying experimenting with and testing 1 in England since 1910 and yet today only 5 or 6 of the wheels wheels is absolutely equalized This of its itself lf constitutes wheel four brake mechanisms for two years odd English makes of cars use them at all Several a serious disadvantage reflected In in the handling of the car I Ih I Il I These tests merely convince us that wheel four 4 l- l manufacturers use t them h em as optional I equIpment or 2 AdJustments by bu Owner Brake must be Properly J I J Brake b brakes ra k es are unnecessary mec mechanically h 11 y impracticable t Ica bl e f furnish h them h of f their h models d I I I t em on one 0 t mo e s only on y lubricated and free T from dirt adJusted kept gravel an and d d dangerous In in th the e h hands an d 0 of f uns unskilled I e d d drivers rIvers and foreIgn substances to prevent unequal pressure Adherents of wheel four brakes brales claim that they i The 1924 model Studebaker cars are equipped d WIt with h I of brakes and Possible of front wheels The 1 quicker k er stopping an and d 2 skidding locking I permIt prevent slIng b brakes k the h wheels hi hiI I Th The f foot d I ra es on t e rear w eels on only e oot pedal a burden of this rests the not notra y pe op op- op Th These ese are t the h eon only 1 y c claims 1 arms ma made d e Tor for wheel four wee our h 1 b brakes ra k es responsibility on owner orates t the h e external I contractIng b brakes ra k es and an d easl easily 1 1 locks ks 7 the factory y oc h f wheel front h 1 b brakes k f full 11 I d k kon on a I Iping w ee ra es u applied re quicker er stop stop- both wheels t ping is possible This is not denied de ed 3 Added Impedimenta and Lubrication Four Four- wheel brakes double the number of parts in the brak- brak The hand lever operates the internal expanding That quick sto stopping which loc locks the front front wh wheels els s elsing ing mechanism add about one hundred pounds of brakes and likewise locks the wheels easily w is s an advantage vantage is IS vIgorously denied Such uch stopping weight to the front end of the carand The foot brakes are used in driving and the hand handI is s positively dangerous because steering control IS is create from additional brakes to hold the still when I lost twenty t to thirty places mostly car parked on grades j immediately I inaccessible requiring lubrication which must be emergencies if necessary 1 I IThe The claim that wheel four brakes prevent skidding applied by hand Studebaker brakes are safe simple and practicable practicable c a and sliding is denied No matter what kind of brakes 4 Decreased Car Efficiency The added weight There are re no more reliable brakes in use on any are used skidding will occur if wheels are locked be- be extra parts and increased friction resulting from four four four- automo automobiles 1 The model Studebaker cars ca are not and will wall not bee be equipped with wheel four four wheel brakes South October Bend 6 1923 Indiana w I Th The e Studebaker St u d e b a k er C Corporation t- t tf Ion 0 of f A America m J RT Mitchell Company J 2331 Hudson Avenue Phone y I I y T HIS H I S I S A S T U DEB D E B A K t E R RI I y E E A R I Io f COM COMo I 1 r o o AT 1 t I |