Show At) f Discrimination Goes Beyond Sex Professor Says H Continued from A-- l everything that occurs whether it is sexual or not and ak the question: Is this a place that is harder for women to work than for men? Poison Pill: When a congressman added the word sex to the list of protected classes in Title VII it was a sarcastic joke he hoped would scuttle the entire measure that aimed primarily to curb racial and religious discrimination Instead the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed into law leaving the courts to puzzle out how sex worked into the equation At first judges and juries were hostile to the idea of linking sex and work and the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was slow to enforce Title VIIs prohibition of sex discrimination in employment Early cases collapsed because plaintiffs could not prove the discrimination was part of a often because there pattern were so few other women holding similar jobs But feminists with the help of legal and academic scholars analyzed the patriarchal structure of politics labor and the law for ways to make the law effective Cultural acceptance grew as news and entertainment media circu- lated feminist theories that emerged from the social upheaval of the 1960s and 70s One theory that became popular and continues to prevail was that rape has nothing to do with sex and everything to do with violence But a critique of that theory had a major influence on the legal understanding of sexual harassment Several feminist thinkers pushed the idea that heterosexual relations are fundamentally sexist in a society dominated by men Rape became a broad metaphor Sex equals inequality equals rape As an idea it was way out there on the edge But it also appealed to conservatives If women could be viewed as legally and sexually frail in need of strong protectors that proved patriarchy was indispensable That was an important contribution made by early feminists in that they showed how sexual relations could create problems of power Schultz says On the other hand some of the rhetoric and some of the policy outcomes did focus too redueti-vel- y on the fear of sexuality and what happens to women during the sex a ?t Rape became the paradigm for everything that goes wrong in womens lives From that paradigm came an but impulse to protect women for the wrong reasons Schultz says Rather than using the law to promote womens equality as workers judges sought to protect womens sexual virtue or sensibilities And that led to a spate of court rulings against women deemed undeserving of such protection Blue-collwomen who cursed Kiddle-ag- e women Married women aspiring to a overAbrasive occupation male-dominat- bearing over-demandi- capable outspoken women In one case in 1989 a Tennessee judge found married women with years of waitressing experience who were quite able to take care of themselves could not be subjected to sexual harassment Courts became reluctant to back women who could prove they had been abused by male coworkers who withheld training necessary for advancement stole their tools humiliated and ostracized them but could not prove there was any demand for sex The judges were confused over the difference between sexual disharassment and gender-base- d crimination And as Schultz points out judges seek clarity Focusing on quid pro quo sexual abuse that is tying workplace success to some sort of sexual acquiescence allows judges to address a specific problem that can be dealt with concretely The narrow focus makes it easier for juries too whose underdisstanding of gender-base-d crimination in the workplace usually lags behind even that of the courts You are trying these cases to juries that dont get it says Kathryn Collard a Salt Lake City attorney who counts gender discrimination among her specialties First of all they are afraid of sexual harassment They are reacting to some kind of feminist politics So you go in there with two strikes against you The politics get even stickier in a conservative environment such as Utah even though the proportion of Utah women in the work force is higher than in any other state A conservative Mormon may believe any woman who is out there working deserves what she gets Collard says One of the last cases I took we had to remove 20 people from the jury And those were the people who were honest during jury selection One potential juror said she could not support a woman who was working because she should be at home with her children The bait LaKe npune n i i luit the systematic discrimination and d harassment heaped on Salt Lake County paramedics Cherie Sadler and Karen by two male the federal jury awarded the women $2 million US District Judge Karen xa urn injunction against the county which could keep the fire department under the courts supervi- sex-base- Min-cho- aunaa sion At the heart of Campbells action is the definition of sexual w harassment During a December court hearing the judge said she found the countys definition disturbingly narrow That definition however Is the one the EEOC and virtually everyone else has used since the 1980s It defines sexual harass Tena Campbell trimmed the award to $750000 the paramedics accepted $680000 after the countys appeal was dismissed The case though is still under consideration Campbell is weighing whether to issue a permanent ment as unwelcome sexual advances requests for sexual favors or other verbal or physical acts of a sexual or d nature Campbells complaint perfectly reflects the general confusion about the difference between harassment and discrimination Most of what happened to Sadler and M inchow had nothing to do with sexuality But they clearly were discriminated against Men too can be discriminated against on the basis of gender male-dominat- sex-base- msm r without sex being involved fact men can suffer just as mu in a workplace women That notion became p of the law on March 4 when 1 US Supreme Court unanimou ruled Title VII covers same-- s harassment Justice Antonin Scalia wn for the court: The prohibition sexual harassment does not n esssrily speak to an indi vidua See Next Pat s&mmm NEW MEDICATIONS STUDIED Investigated Research Drug Trials Currently Being Conducted DO YOU HAVE ASTHMA AS A RESULT OF ALLERGIES TO YOUR CAT OR DOG? Qualified volunteers receive up to $1 050 for participating in an investigational research drug study Volunteers ages 12 to 75 who are aHergic to cats or dogs and are using daily inhaled steroids (Azmacort Vanceril Beciovent Aerobid or Flovent) and Proventil Ventolin or Maxair for asthma symptoms are invited to call YEAR-ROUN- D & CONGESTION RUNNY NOSE? Qualified volunteers ages 5 and older using inhaled medication to control their asthma symptoms will receive FREE lung function tests lab work physical exams study drug as well as up to $300 compensation Participants receive up to $315 Volunteers 12 years or older suffering for at least two years from d symptoms of congestion and runny nose are invited to participate in an investigational drug study year-roun- DIABETES HEARTBURN with Volunteers needed ages 30-7- 0 at least a tnree month history of diabetes being controlled by diet alone If you or someone you know suffers from heartburn symptoms you may be qualified to participate in this investigational research drug study To qualify you must be at hast 18 have heartburn symptoms at hast two days per week and receive some relief by taking taking antacids Qualified participants will receive up to $140 Do you suffer from OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE? Volunteers are needed to participate in an investigational research drug study We are seeking adults 40 years of age or older with at least a six month history of osteoarthritis of the knaisr who are regularly taking medications RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ai Qualified volunteers receive up to $560 for participation in an investigational research drug study Volunteers ages 21 and older suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for less than 10 years and taking a stable dose of methotrexate (75 to 25mg per week) for at least three months are invited to call Qualified participants will receive free blood work physical exams and up to $1 20 for their time OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION STUDY Qualified research participants will receive Participants in tNs investigational will receive up to $500 for their time research drug study SINUSITIS Sinusitis participants receive up to $180 Volunteers 12 years and older experi- pricing symptoms of facial pain nasal discharge and tenderness over the sinuses are invited to participate in in an investigational drug study Piease call for further information about this investigational drug study CALL 532-45- CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA compensation for their time plus free mammograms pap smears bone density blood work and physical exams Healthy women agas 45 65 who are ASTHMA Research participants with asthma receive up to $300 ages 2 to 11 using daily medications to contra! their asthma symptoms are invited to call Children years are invited to call 26 7 60 sk 47)6 pw Monday thru Friday Jar information regarding these investigational research studies Intermountaiu Clinieal Research ms 1000 Kr Salt Lake City VT 606$ S Fashion Bhd 755 Murray VT (Children's asthma and osteoarthritis of the knee studies only) ?G NATIONAL BRAND PRICE BUSTER SAVE Plaintiffs Prevail: A Salt Lake City jury in 1996 however was not so reluctant After hearing of 200 OVER BRAND NAMES ON SIMILAR MATTRESSES WHY PAY MORE - BUY FROM THE FACTORY! Manic Depression this roller coaster reminds of your emotional state you may be eligible to take part in a medical research study for an investigational medication and receive free diagnostic tests To qualify you must be at least 18 years of age and have been diagnosed with Manic Depressive Disorder To get more information about Q taking part in this study please call Pharmacology Research Clinic at: If 261-893- 0 Pin Futon Futon Bunk Bed 'nmtnwm' FIRMER MATRESSES Twin Set Twin Set Set Queen Set King Set Full K Set Only EXTRA FIRM Twin Set each ig Fii each ORTHOPEDIC COMFORT Twin Set Full Set Queen Set Celebrities tell why they like the lions Bank Internet branch Bank day or night 365 To day a year at mvwzioruthankcom enroll call 1 - r- fc m 03 |