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' 111 "A:::-:- 4i ' f:'' s!Iii :'1-- - - ': lt4 001-11r':'- -- '1:":-- :':::'::::: ' I titit': '''' 9 !iTt::"''tC'''::::'!i''':li'-'7::!- F- j Ail :!:::I'Ni:'::A::':"''4:9 -- :99N N 0 - :A N 44:414 - Hoe atli -- - '- --7- t einb-- P tillr----- ( 1 ::! with neutrinos Most of Those coming down are likely muons with strong penetrating power which came from above the surface of the earth It was during a test run of a portion three-wee- k of the labin 1967 that oratory's detectors Dr Keuffel and his associates Dr Haven E Bergeson and Dr Richard O Stenerson observed the phenomena that triggered the brisk flurry of excitement among theorists BEFORE THE test run physicist thought neutrinos muons and other related partickks originated when cosmic rays — mostly protons from outer space — collided at ultra-higenergies in the top of the atmosphere with oxygen and nitrogen nuclei These collisions are believed to produce pions and kaons the "strongly interacting" particles basic to nuclear theory The muons would then result from the decay in flight of these pions and kaons According to the theory more muons would be produced with pions coming toward the earth from an angle at great altitudes This is because pions in rare air have a better chance of escaping further nuclear collisions than those coming straight toward the earth through dense atmosphere BUT DURING the three-weetest the Utah physicists ob- h k The Salt Lake Tribune Z served as many muons making the vertical plunge through their detectors as they did those coming from an angle "It came to be known as the 'too few skew mu effect'" says Dr Bergeson "and it was greeted with a certain amount of dismay among high energy physicists who felt the field was well understood We are certain now however that at very high energies new interactions are which were place taking undreamed of before" One Harvard professor tried to explain away the Utah find- ings by saying the particles observed were not muons at all but some mysterious particles from outer space which he named "Uons" in honor of the University of Utah group This explanation however was later discredited by many other theorists "Assuming the Utah finlings the picture of how cosmic rays are generated in the atmosphere appears to be incomplete" says Dr Jame D Morken professor of physics at Staufoyd University and a leading atomic theorist "The particles must be coming from something something else unknown" are correct WHEN THE APPARATUS is operfinally in full trouble-freation early this spring the Utah scientists expect to record up to two neutrinos a month Less e Sunday March 2 1969 than 50 "neutrino events" have been detected so far on the earth these in deep underground mines in South Africa and India "But in less than three weeks of operation in 1967 our detec- tor is telling us more about weak interactions than 10 years of studying neutrinos" Dr Keuffel said By Aug 26 '::":::'":1''' :z:::":::- 111:::::::'i:3:::"(' "Nei :'i::i::::IH:ii::':-11- cl c4 04 The Utah neutrino project is funded by a series of grants from the National Science Foundation It has attracted a number of prominent visiting professors to the University of Utah some of whom have stayed on as temporary staff to work on special research problems AMONG TIIEM are Dr Biorken:: Dr Seinosttke Ozaki of Osaka City Univerity Japan and Dr Rohm t B Coats and Dr John L Osborne of the Uni- versity of Durham England Durham is one of the universities cooperating in the neutrino research in India Dr Ozaki is working at the University of Utah on a National Science Foundation Senior Foreign Fel- r::1--: CtiLi OR when the Interna- tional Cosmic Ray Conference is held in Budapest Hungary Dr Keuffel expects to be able to report on neutrinos as well as to substantiate previous findings with morn data lowship 11 4- - outimm -- 13 kl I b0 0 1 li " ) 1i 9 (j0''" :4 The large picture at the top of the page gives an overall view of the main room of the lab Gas cylinders and water tanks are at the left and in background and the control board is manned by Dr Haven E Bergeson At rear is Mr Larsen Above Watts and Larsen man the handcart at the lab entrance to propel themselves to the portal of the former mine tunnel 5 0 |