| Show I 1 PAPER MAKING HOW IT IS DONE I 1 I 1 the first step i in n the manufacture re oi of pap paper or is je he sorting of the rags into four or five different qualities tile rags gage of commerce Y which we m port fi om palermo trieste este ares mars marseilles iud and bremen usually arrive an ive washed I 1 and sorted buit 4 a great part pait of domestic do mestie rags are sold to the mills in a mixed and requite require to he be picked ovar over before they eau can ut he use used d city rags usually need heed to be teli w air kwa washed shed before sorting while lewith with I 1 country rigs r tills this operation is hardly eldr ever necessary 1 1 it may be well to say here that only a bout boat ten tea per cent of the rags employed iu in our aur paper mills are imported in the cities rags are area I 1 collected by chiffoniers chiffo and by the agents of the junk dealers and nd nearly all pass through the ahe hands of this class or of merchants before they reach I 1 the mins in ills country bags rags are collected by the te agents I 1 F ants of the mills and ald by ti tiamen timen and other de 1 of peddlers ped lers who buy them at tin an a average I 1 j rate of two cents per pound payable I 1 in n their I 1 wares and gell dejl them to the mill owners at about double this sum in ili cash tile the rags after being sorted boiled are cut into info shreds and prepared for the 1 I 1 dusting roach I 1 n to the trade by the rather I 1 Atar startling fling appellation of th the ti devil tidevil 1 the processes of sorting and cutting are carried ou on entirely b by women v an ali active woman woman can cut and a I 1 id sort a I 1 U hundred dred d weight in a day the devil iwa lik e ta tle e barrel in which the wicked 1 rival was rolled down the hill in ili the fairy stor story storys is a cylinder alae placed e d horizontally and having on its inner I 1 I 1 surface a great number of sharp st steel adelor or iron spikes with which while it is revolving the rags I 1 1 01 1 while it t is re rc i jt it which effectually lly elz clears its contents conten t of dast aasi this dust which amounts ats to noti noticeable ceWe per con cen tage odthe rags Is carefully saved for the manu i I 1 facture of inferior qualities of paper er the rags araks iare I i are next put into a boiler having a pressure of atrom seventy five to one ll 11 hundred u adred pounds to the square inch wid and boiled for twelve hours being now reduced to lo a semi pasty state and made ca I 1 pable of mingling freely with water they are drawn draw off of into stuff engines and the alie work of I 1 washing and begins in good earnest I 1 I 1 the tha tuff engine is an oblong cistero cist erty rounded rou ro milded at ai tile angles a partition extends about tw two thirds I 1 of its langah leaving a space at each end and the 1 whole easido is lined with lead A cylinder made of wood ind and furnished with a number of blades I 1 I 1 or cu CD tars parallel para ile to the axes and projecting about I 1 ai a inch above its surface extends across the I 1 I 1 engine engina from side to side immediately beneath I 1 thee the cylinder is placed a block of wood mounted I 1 with utters like those of the these teeth bearly ineat meet tile teeth pf af the ayli cylinder in dar d during uri arg its ia devol ae never allowed to touch I 1 the th engine eigene is sup with water aiom birom a ahro pump p I 1 by a ripe which deli delivers it into a small cistern near nearo 0 o with the engine I 1 A stopcock stop cock col regulates ali e pu supply cly or of water and a gratha covered with hair c cloth oth is fixed fired across the ama cis cistern thirn to intercept any filth that may be floating floa tug in tile water wa ter the quality of the the vater vatar is indeed one of the most important matters to be attended to ili ii the manufacture of I 1 papas pap as it is ip impossible 1 to malie make white paper i wil mudd muddy y or discolored water the beati beat water i to botlo tie engines q a that which comes direce fy from van 04 rid the dext next best is is that w abich bich is fur u fislid wring t td by ri a stream proceeding proceed ng fram a take and nety the outlet Ordin ordinary iry and especially email I 1 j li 0 o streams tire apt abla to iu in tima tibne of fresh 1 et I 1 the rags raga being put into the engine fillod filled with water wro are vi drawn awn by the rapid rotation of tile the cylinder between tile the two sits sets which they are torn iirth the very finest filaments the silme same motion action aided by a sight inclination of the bottom 0 of i lille filhe engine on ottone one side of the partition drives them round and round so that aale pass between the cutters at teri or efte fifteen minutes being each time reduced toa a still finer pulp the cylinder lindea ofine of alie engine innoes from to revolutions rev a jtb fe provided ithe there re is is i a sufficient supply of bf water wafer power the vibratory noise noire of tile tho engine is very r great f and asnef af OUTre our readers adas who hava visited h P paper aper need to be reminded of it noise is 18 bot advill anac for when tile all cylinder byl iader revolves times ai minute about 40 teeth each of passes over from 12 to 1441 14 the block at emy I 1 itma fees nearly it aly cuts inu ini aa m mute bacht of which produces it ife own owin separate te sound the beating bat I 1 t engine t which hick v we shall shortly notice e having half b alls a as more teeth and arf equally 4 alfy enlarged of cutt cutters erg makes aluch grea greater greated tei number of cuts each rapidity produces produced a coarse Humming which may be heard at ft great distance from the he mill so t iab re necessary nes sary to e arryl 6 ti the mann fact tito of I 1 las as it might countries where was fori for i merly ref regarded added as the direct invent invention ioli of the th devil war should be bb obliged to resort frevort vace once more toa W the close covered rag rhen tirs andio and to ing mortars brears after three or op four hours the cylinder d lowered ho so that the rags have been once more comminuted com between the teeth they arti are reduced to a state k known as is half hairstn etui ff and ire then tt usually bally discharged into bleach chests where they lie from 10 to 14 hours houri they have now lost their identity as rags and andai ap oaly asa as a confused and teni tenacious cious mass of pulp I 1 I 1 T Differ different elit manufactures employ different ble bleab ah ing powders but chloride of liine is the basis of all in ili some of the french mills chlorine ga gas gasis s is employed willivery wit with livery very good effect effort and leaves no esi dumin the pulp after the thea blea bleaching elling operation a pe has been thoroughly performed the pulp is transferred to lo the beating boating engine where it undergoes the process of on for several houts hours longer it ischen is then drawn off into a stuff chest which incapable of containing the contents I 1 df three or four engines and is usually rounda to admit of tiler tile use of rotary agitators aaita tors which preserve so the t e pulp p u p of a uniform u consistency for or printing printis paper the sise is usually given in ili the beating ell engine i ne toward the end of its operation alie he size is formed ofa of alum lurn in ili very fine powder ground ul up with oil of winch which mixture about a pint and a half is thrown in a very few minutes daring the last half f hours boating beating sometimes a little littfe judigo indigo blue or is added when a peculiar tinge is desired this size differs from that employed on OB writing pape eras we shall have occasion to mention I 1 I 1 the old fashioned method of making paper pa was as follows A mould having a wire cloth surface faslet was let dow dowid u into the stuff chest till it wag was co covered vered with a thin coating coaling 0 of f pulp it was then gently raised mi and id the water d drained r off offis the ahe cosit ing of culpi which by this time little had assumed a abc definite consistent consi steny was how now deposited on a layer of fine felt cloth by simply reversing the moul dand covered with a fresh layer pr r jn ID tois this way a heap of paper and i felts alternately stratified was raised height of a foot and a balf or two feeland fee tand then subjected to the pre press as two I 1 men at the vat and A abd y as as la laboi w yer or drifter orif after ter cou could I 1 ta make ke by th this I 1 s me thad su six or el eight iiams e rs in in t ten ell oars J J 0 I 1 n I 1 I 1 i this 1711 i a m ade ur of 7 paper per arl making lifus T bilgo f 0 the nii rinde 1 ode practiced with chec the cylinder uv cuchine mu chine have five beeri almost entirely done uw paw itaf by the introduction of the fourdrinier maclaine ma cliine i which splendid f I 1 piece we e owe to louis robert a 1 french artisan arti pail whose hiven lWe genius aidie d by t i th alie e capital I 1 oc of I 1 Hen henryhand saly i er caper merchants and estatio tiers lo 10 adan the paper afir I 1 first triumph of the machine was realized at dartford kent cou county lity england such is the i beauty and simplicity of f this machine maclane that it if seemed at once to def defy competition a and 11 d improve i ill provo willell ment t the price of paper was at ID once nee lowered one half and it was computed ln in 1834 that di cecily and indirectly the revenues of B england were increased by its adoption n to the extent of a year at that date were two hundred and eighty of these machinas machin ps at work in the united kingdom mayfing malu mak fing ig collect collectively irely 1600 mile of paper a day at the same date there were but twenty in france though this number must now be immensely imm ensly increased as also the number ill hi the united kingdom it is of I 1 course impossible within the limits of a popular article like this and without thecia alie aid of engravings to give our readers a full idea of this machine we will however describe tile the process of making paper by it as briefly as we can refer ferring fening tile the reader for more copious information to the machine ilela ibe lf which it will b bg in his power to io observe at almost any paper mill of imper tance the pulp is first t made to flow irom from the stuff chest upon allro a we frame or sifter which moves rapidly up or so as to force forca the fine fin 0 file filaments of the pulp through the wire while lt it retains bains any knots or other unsuitable metter having passed through the sifter the alie pulp flows over cledge a ledge at a regular even eiren stream stio amand and is received upon an all endless web of wire gauza which pre ants an ail uninterrupted surface of five or six feet long the wre wire web moves moves forward with a motion so regulated d qs as taken it in i aon connection lection with the quantity of pulp allowed to flow upon it to determine the th thickness of the paper at the same time a shaking motion is giyen given from side to side to tile the wire net which aids in spreading the pulp evenly and also in ili the separation tiou of the I 1 water which passes through the wire by which means means the pulp solidifies as it advance sand is at the same lime prevented from flowing flo trigg over t io cai iq q by straps which regulate the width of th the he pope paper I 1 L 5 im FL p ni A q quits ul L r the PI afire f v ire i it t is 1 pressed r e s se d b by a r roller ol 01 1 e r li isi noe covered ov eed wit with felt 1 t and u d is then t he taken t u k e n i rp by i a p e endless n d web of the sarlie sape ln miteria teria which lor lorms in 7 a abidin an inclined plane and gradually moving forward d aa absorbs a moisture the T le pulp is naw ab nb w seized by a pair of rollers between IKee bv tween ii which it 4 pressed ased and then it upon another inclined pt plane of felt which in its turn conducts it 16 d another pair of pressing foll rollers tile pulp isnow is now become paper and only requires to be made ary dimand and smooth to effect these objects the conducts jit over the polished sui surface face of a large ed ad by steam from this cylinder i it t passes to a second which is still hotter and from tills aliis to a thi thirds 1 ir d hatter botter than cheso the second e ond after this it ls Is subjected ca e te to the prep pressure sure of a woolen cloth which on oil one side while it on the other it t is by another oller toiler j to a reel from which ii id taken up i by endless tapes and passed through ti tho lai aut cutters IT 18 1 ble which li deliver it in sheets 0 of f the required size on an a frame tended by two girls who keep the pile of paper in ili shape and co count unLit it ot off by quires ana reams main s the cutter did not belongs belong to the original P i a fo foul T I 1 brinier machine but u t were ill invented vente ty by T B p crompton Croth of farnzo rth I 1 englantin Eng eni il landin haid J u 1821 the arbing cylinders are likewise an improvement pro on oil tile the original bourdi hoei fad tt ell clime life I 1 I 1 the size sise used in preparing writing ug paper ViPer for the pen is made of pieces of skin cuti cub offey off by the curriers carriers curri ers before tanning or of cheeps feet brany other substance P po coptain paining ing a argo of gelatine the these theo o substances are baided bailed in copper vessels to fo a jad jey y to which little littie alum I 1 is added e J the e paper pap oi I 1 ji s then dipped jp in tile the size the latter ei bein being pro properly diluted with water after bei being ng it is ig taken to the ars A A ej 1 I io a I 1 I 1 ear I 1 i as dra drying ingroum in groom room wll when ill thoroughly 4 ory dry U ats is examined by women and the die I 1 imperfections where faey viey fc of kliots I 1 aie are f picked ike lout out with sharp knives kirves elich each she sheet e i I 1 lam bety between een the 1 ey 0 4 z and ud th elight hl aad is a laiq laim iii the pile tf of perfect bof f Z t a 4 sheets according its quality I 1 4 finish then counts into reams reams and aits its it s it in I 1 1 1 R packages packy e for market abod finisher acda cin pre I 1 pari reams ami or ad in a day aamli bank note paper differs from other vari elfe in ill being w fiade ade of entirely new stock us usually tally niev ner russian aien duck which is ii made about aa per cent ili in cattin ig and du dusting pisses passes pases es hife it is dulled for 20 hours arid and afterwards in fhi he eli arigi gines nea undergoing e mid arid bitin 36 ger it also lies in ili the Ws vats 36 86 fohir hours S is 19 used didd it as we tk least variation from tom thel the p prope r er quality would fr refi render it unfit to ec ai he for whick it ai is ta the ie a fi setd are ex am ami i dak ath the utmost pbs sib sible ae in and areM thren between C 0 az ad beards between atrich wt rich it js is p pressed r ose dm for or 04 as I 1 I 1 hot liot plate st I 1 being included between the boates at pra proper intervals the unusual calento gether w with th the a etense eq enbe ense attending afie of dr bank deter all 11 hut but very co considerable I 1 capitalists from undertaking it there bre are of this articola athe i Stat esthe tife that ney al abw bont h manc fiester 1 il J i there are 6 in the united states 7 0 paper mills iri ili actual until al operation allodi allowing liga 4 engines tolef toledith ith m mill billni ni aal e heiti baui t I 1 is dach I 1 engine eleine ivill kv SOO pounds of piar r a i a day dy he quantity 1 of ape 3 year bear will be di as follows i I 1 0 of f mills number of engines 3 efio number numb ar of po pounds ands of paper per day 9 SOO nu Nd niber of a f paper in ia ilie he I 1 year I 1 I 1 I 1 27 0 arft ta hilife alue of this paper betit average I 1 ahi ry ahrag three athion doll dollars irs it la i esti mateff that ohe ana a fidia of f raes j gk a 4 to in make ake one lie adu I 1 it of capr paper ai kopting top ting I 1 these fadda we find that pou |
