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Show ROOSEVELT MAKES TIE MOST IMPORTANT SPEECH Of HIS TOUR Declares for Tariff Changes to Be Made by a Commission Removed From Political InfhienceGovernment Supervision of Big Corporations Is Advocated Remedy for Panics Proposed i when I say that I am for the square deal I mean not merely that 1 stand for fair play under the present rule of the game, but that I stanj for having hav-ing those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity, op-portunity, und of reward for equully good service. This means that our governments. National and State, must be freed from the sinister influence or control of special interests. Exactly as the special Interests of cotton and slavery threatened our political Integrity before be-fore tho Civil War, so now the great rpecial business Interests too often control and corrupt the men and j methods of government for their own profit. We musl drive the special Interests In-terests out of politics. That is one of cur tasks today. Every special in-' terest Is entitled to Justice full fair. j aud complete but not one Is entkleJ ; to a vote In Congress, a voice on the bench, or to representation in any public ofllce. Tho Constitution guar I anteed protection to property, and we must make that promise good. But It does not give tho right of suffrage i to any corporation. j Property Shall Be Servant. The true friend of propertv, the true conservative, is he who Insists that property shall be. the servant and not. the master of the commonwealth; who insists that the creature of man - making shall be the servant nnd nor the master of the man who ma le it. The citizens of the United States must effectively control the mighty commercial forces which they have themselves called Into being. There can be no effective control of corpcratlons while their political activity ac-tivity remains To put an end to It will be neither a short nor an easy task, but it can bo done Publicity of Corporate Affairs. W'e must have complete aid effective effect-ive publicity of corporate affairs, so that the people may know beyond peradventuro whether the corporations corpora-tions obeyp the law and whether their management entitles them to tho confidence con-fidence of tho pnblic. It Is necessary I that laws should be passed to prohibit ! the use of corporate funds directly or ' indirectly for political purposes. It is still more necessary that such laws should bo thoroughly enforced. Cor- j purate expenditures for political pur-puses. pur-puses. . and "especially such expenditures expendi-tures bv" public service corporations, have aifppitfd one of the principal fourceb of 'corruption lu bur political affairs. Government Supervision Necessary. it has ' bc-om.o entirely clear that j i we must have Government supervis- I ' ion of the capitalization not only o ! : public service corporations including ! ! particularly railways, but of all cor-I cor-I poratlons doing an Inter-State busi- I ness. 1 do not wish to see the Na- I ! Hon forced Into ownership of the I railways If It can possibly be avoided. ' and the onlv alternative is thorough- going and effective regulation, which fhall be based on a lull knowledge of all the facts, Including a physical valuation of the property. This physical phy-sical valuation is not needed, or at least is very rarely needed, for fixing fix-ing rates; but It Is needed as the basis of honest capitalization. Franchise Should Be Limited. I W'e have come to recogulze that ' franchises should never bo granted except for a limited time, nnd never i without proper provision for compen-I compen-I satlon to the public. It Is my person- I I al belief that the same kind and de- ' j gree of control and supervision which j should be exercised over public ser-I ser-I vice corporations should be exercls-! exercls-! ed also to combinations which control con-trol necessaries of life, such as meat. ' edl and coal, or which deal In them on an important scale. I believe that the officers, and especially es-pecially tho directors, of corporations should be held personally responsible when any corporation breaks the law. I I Combinations In Industry are the I result of an Imperative economic law , which cannot be repealed by political i legislation. The efTort at prohibiting ; all combination has substantially ' failed. The way out lies not in at tempting to prevent Fuch combinations, combina-tions, but In completelv controlling them In the interest of tho public I welfare. For that purpose the Fed- . eral Bureau of Corporations is an ng- ,' eucy of the first importance. Its : power anJ therefore its efficiency, as well as that of the Interstato Commerce Com-merce Commission, should be large- j (Coutlnued on Page Eight.) I Osawatomle, Kan., Aug. 31. Theodore Theo-dore Roosevelt delivered the follow ing address address In this city today: I There have been two great crises j in our country's history; first when It was formed, and then again when it was perpetuated. The formative pe- , rlod Included not merely the Ilevolu-Lonar Ilevolu-Lonar vv-ar. but the creation and adoption of the constitution and the first dozen years of work under it. Then came sixty years In which we r.pread across the continent years of vital growth, but of growth without rather than growth within. Then came the time of stress and strain which culminated In the Civil war, the period of terrible struggle, upon the Issue of which depended the justification justifica-tion of all that was done earlier, and which marked the second great perieid of growth and development within. The name of John Brown will be forever for-ever associated with this second period pe-riod of the nation's history; and Kansas Kan-sas was the theater upn which the first act of the second of our great national life dramas was played It was the rcsoit of the struggle in Kansas Kan-sas which determined that our country coun-try should lo in deed as well as In name devoted to hmh union nnd freedom; free-dom; that the great experiment of democratic government on a national scale should succeed and not fail It was a heroic struggle; and, as Is In-exltable In-exltable with all such strucles, it had also a dark and terrible side. Very much was done of good, and much also of evil; and, as was inevitable In such a period t revolution, often the - fame man did both good and evil For our great good fortune we, the people of the United States as a whole .-5.tv aow. aff ord. . ',o- forget.-tLe -vll. or at least to remember it without bitterness, bitter-ness, and to fix our eo'es with prldo on Jhe good that was accomplished. Even in ordinary times there are very Jew of us who do not see the prol-lems prol-lems of life as through a glass, darkly; dark-ly; and w hen the glass Is clouded br the murk of furious popular passion, the vision of the best and bravest Is dimmed. Looking back, we are all of us ribw able to do Justice to the valor and disinterestedness and tho love of the right, as to each it was given to see the right, shown both b the men of the north and the men of the south in that contest which was finally decided by the attitude of the west. We can admire the heroic val-r, the sincerity, the self-devotion, Fhown alike by the men who wore the blue and the men w ho wore the gray, 'and our sadness that such men should have had to fight one another Is tempered tem-pered by the glad knowledge that over hereafter their descendants shall be found fighting side by side, struggling In peace as well as In war for the uplift up-lift of ihelr common country, all alike rfsolute to raise to tho highest pitch of honor and usefulness the nation to whlrh they all belong. Ar for tho veterans of the Crand Army of the Republic, they deserve honor and recognition such as Is paid to no other citizens of the republic, for to them 'he republic owes Us all, for to them It owes its very existence. Yoyalty Must Apply to Present. I do not ppeak of this struggle of the paut merely from the historic standpoint. Our Interest Is primarily In the application today of the les- ' sons taught by the contest of half a rent.iry ago. 11 is f little use for us to pav lip loyalty to the mighty men of the past unless we sinceredy endeavor to apply to the problems of the present precisely the qualities which in other crises enabled the men ' of that day to meet those crises. It is ' half melancholy and half amusing to ee the way In which well meaning people gather to do honor to the men who. In company with John Prown, and under ' the lead of Abraham Lincoln, Lin-coln, faced and solved the great prob iems of the nineteenth century, while at the fame time these same good people nervously shrink from or fran- ! tically denounce those who are trying to meet the problems of the twentieth century in the spirit which was accountable ac-countable fr the successful solution of the problems of Lincoln's time Indebtedness to Lincoln. Of that generation of men, to whom we owe so much, the man to whom wc owe the most Is, of course, Lincoln Lin-coln art of our debt to h.m is "uf-cause "uf-cause he forecast our present struggle nnd saw the way out. He said; ' I hold that while man exists it is his duty to improve not only his own condition, but to assist In ameliorating mankind." And again, 'iabor is prlor to and Independent of capital; capital Is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed but for lnbor. Labor La-bor Is the superior of capital and de-' serves much the higher consideration. Capital has Its rights, which are as worthy ot protection as any other rights. . . . Nor should this lead to a war upon the owners of propert). Property !s the fruit If labor; property is desirable; is a positive good In the world Let not him who Is houseless pull down the house of another, but let him work diligently and build one for himself, thus by example showing that his own 6hall be safe from vio lence when boilt." It seems to me that In ibose words Lincoln tool: substantially sub-stantially the attitude that we ought to take; he showed the proper fcense of proportion In his relative estimate of capital and lalior, of human rights and property rights. Above all, in this 'speech, as in many others, he taught a lesson In wise kindliness and charity ; an indispensable lesson to us of today. Put this wise kindliness and charity never weakened his arm or numbed his heart. W'e cannot afford af-ford weakly to blind ourselves to the actual conflict-wr.un faoea us-today. ' The isgue is joined and we must fight or fail. i Equality of Opportunity. In every wise struggle for human 1 betterment one of the main object?, and often the only object, has been to achieve in larger measuro equmiry of opportunity. In the struggle lor this ' great end nations rise from barbarism to civilization, and through It peoples press forward from one stage of en- i llghtenmeot to the next. One of the chief factors In progress Is the destruction de-struction of special privilege. The essence of any struggle for healthy liberty hae always been and must always al-ways be to take from some one man l or class of men the right to enjoy power, or wealth, or position, or Immunity, Im-munity, which has not been earned by the service of his or their fellows. At many stages in the advance of humanity this conflict between the men who possess more than they have earned and the men who have earned more than they possess is the central condition of progress. In our day it appears as the struggle of free men to gain and hold the right of self gov- ! ernment as against the special Inter- tests, who twl6t ihe methods of a free government Into machinery for I defeating the popular w 111. At every I stage and under all circumstances the' essence of the struggle is to equalize opportunity, destroy privilege, and give to the life and citizenship of every- Individual the highest poselblo value both to himself and to the com- I inon wealth. Practical equality of opportunity for all citizens, when we achieve it, will have two great results First, every man will hae a fair chance to make of himself all that in him lies, to reach the highest point to which his capacities, unassisted by special prl j. lege of his own and unhampered bv the special privileges of others, can carry him, and to get for himself and his family substantially what he has earned. Second, equality of opportunity opportu-nity means that tho commonwealth will get from every citizen the highest service of which he Is capable. capa-ble. No man who cairles the burden or special privileges of another can give to the commonwealth that service serv-ice to which it is fairly entitled. I stand for the square, deal. But leans. Our common lnteredls are as broad the. continent I speak to you here In Kansas exactly as I would speak in New York or Georgia, for the most vital problems are tho.se which affect us all alike. The national government belongs to the whole American people, and where the whole American people are Interested, that Interest can be fluardcj effectively effective-ly only by the national government-The government-The betterment which we seek must be accomplished, I believe, mainly through the national government. The American people are right In demanding that new nationalism without with-out which we cannot hopo to deal with fo. v problems. The new nationalism nation-alism puts the national need before section of peisonal advantage. It ia Impatient of the utter confusion 'hut results from local legislatures attempting at-tempting to treat national Issues as local Issues It Is still more Impatient nf the Impotence which springs from the over-division of the government powers, f the Importcnoc which makes It possible for local selflphness or for legal cunning, hired by wealthy special spe-cial Intcrestffl, to bring national activities ac-tivities to a deadlock. This new nationalism na-tionalism regards tho executive powvr as the steward of the public welfare. It demands of the Judiciary that It shall be Interested primarily In human hu-man welfare rather than In property, Just as I! demands that tho representative represent-ative body shall represent all the people, peo-ple, rather than any odc class or section sec-tion of the people. I believe lu shaping tho ends of 'he government to proiect piopc-i'v a well as human welfare. Normally ,and in the long run, the ends are the same, but whenever the alternative must bo faced I am for th men and not for the property I am fa; from underestimating the value of dividends, divi-dends, but a rank dividends below ha-man ha-man character. I know well that the, reformers must not bring upon the people economic ruin, or the reforms themselves will go down In the ruin But we must be ready to face eni-porary eni-porary disaster, whether or not brought on by those who will war against us to the lnlfe Those who oppose all reform will do well lo remember re-member that ruin in its worst form if inevitable if our national life brings us nothing better than swollen lor-tunes lor-tunes for the few and the triumph in Imth politics and business of a sordid and -sc'fish materialism If our political Institutions were perfect, per-fect, they would absolutely prevent the political domination of money In any part of our affairs. We need to make our political representatives more quickly and Sensitively responsive respon-sive to the people whose servants they are More direct action by the people in their own affairs under proper prop-er safeguards is vitally necessary'. The direct primary is a step in this direction di-rection if it Is assocated wth a corrupt cor-rupt practice act effective to prevent the advantage of the man willing recklessly and unscrupulously to spend money over his more honest competitor. It is particularly Important Import-ant that all moneys received or expended ex-pended for campaign purposes should lie publicly accounted for not only nf ter election but before election as well Political action must be made simpler, simp-ler, easier, and freer from confusion for every citizen. I believe that the prompt removal of unfaithful or incompetent in-competent public .servants should be made very easv and sure in whatever way experience shalLshow to bo most expedient In any given class of cases. One of Ihe fundamental necessities in a representative government such as ours is to make certain that the men to whom the people delegate their pvwer shall serve the people by whom thy are elected, and not th? special interests. I believe that every na lonal officer, elected or uppolnted, should be forbidden to perform any service or receive any compensation directly or indirectly from Inter-sUite corporations; and a similar provision could not fall to be useful within the , states. ROOSEVELT MAKES THE MOST IMPORTANT (Continued from Page One.) ly increased. We have ft right to expect ex-pect from the Bureau of Corporation ul fromthc Interstate Commerce eonnnlrion a very high grado of 1 ubllc service. Wc should bs as sure of trie proper conduct of interstate railways and the proper management of Interstate business a we are now ure of the conduct and management of. the National bankH. I The Hepburn act, and the amend-I amend-I ment to that act in the shape In which I It finally passed Congress at the I last session, represent a Ion? step I in advance; aud we inut f;o yet further. fur-ther. Special Interests Too Influential. There is a widespread belief anions: our people that, under the methods of making tariffs which have hitherto obtained, the special interests are too Influential. Probably this is true of both the blK interests and the llttb? I interest.?. These methods have put .1 j premium on selfishness,, and naturally the selfish big interests have gotten more than the selfish little Interests. The duty of Congress Is to provide a method by which the Interest of the whole people shall be all that .receives .re-ceives consideration To this end there j must be an expert tariff commission, wholly removed from the possibility I of political pressure or of improper I business Influence. Such a commission commis-sion can find out the real difference between coat of production, which is j mainly the difference of labor cost ; here and abroad. An fast as Its rec-; rec-; ommendatlons are made, I believe in j revising one schedule at a time. A penerai revision of the tariff almost Inevitably leads to log-rolling, and : the subordination of the general public pub-lic interest to local 'and special In-I In-I terestn I. The absence of effective state, and I especially National, restraint non iin-I iin-I fair money-getting has tended to ere-I ere-I ate a rmall class of enormously wealthy an J economically powerful ! men, whose chief object is to hold I and increase their power. The prime I need is to change the conditions I which enable these men to accuinu-laie accuinu-laie power which It Is not for the general welfare that they should hold j or exercise. Wc grude no man a j fiM time which represents t his own I power and sagacity, when exer 1 clsed with entire regard to I the welfare of his fellows. But the fortune must be honorably obtained and well used It is not even enough that it should have been gained without with-out doing damage to the community. We Ehould nermlt it to be gained only so long as the gaining represents benefit ben-efit to the community. This. I know Implies a policy of a far more active governmental Interference with social and economic conditions in this country coun-try than we have jet had, but I think we have got to face the fact that such an Increase in governmental control is now necessary. Dollars Should Be Earned. No man should receive a dollar unices un-ices that dollar has been ralrly earned. Every dollar received should represent j a doilar's worth of service rendered j The really big fortune, the swollen fortune, by the mere fact of its size, acquires qualities which differentiate , it in kind as well as in degree from , what Is possessed by men of rela- j lively small means. Then-fore 1 believe be-lieve In a graduated Income tax on blc fortunes, and in another tax which is far more easll collected and far more f flVeilve a graduated inheritance tax i on big fortunes, pioperly safeguarded against evasion, and Increasing rapid-1 ly In amount with the size of the es-j tate. 4 Periodical Panics. The people of the United States j yuffer irons periodical financial ponies to a nerce substantially unknown j among the other nations which ap- preach us In financial strength. Then j Is no reason '-iiy we should suffer vv hat they escape It is of profound Importance Im-portance that our financial system should he promptly investigated, and so thoroughly and effectively revised ;is to make it certain that hereafter our currency will no longer fall at critical times to meet our needs. Army and Navy. It is hardly necessary for me to re peat that I believe In an efficient army j and a navy large enough to secure for us abroad that respect which is the surest guarantee of peace. Justice and fair dealing arnnng iiuiiotjs rest j ' on principles identical -with tho-n : which control Justice and fair dealing deal-ing amoDg the individuals of which nations are composed; with the vital exception that each nation must do its own part In international police work. National fiendehlps, like, those between men, must be founded on respect re-spect as well as on Ukinc. on forbearance forbear-ance as well as upou trutt. in all this it Is peculiarly tho duly of the United ' States to set a good example. ( Conservation Means Development. Of conservation I haJI speak more ' at length elsewhere. Conservation j tneutis development as much as It I 1 does protection I recognize the right j and the duty of this generation to de-1 velop and use the natural resources; of our laud, but I do not recognize the ' right to wote them, or to rob, by wast'il use, the generations that come after us. The natural resources must be Used for the benefit of all our people and not monopolized for the benefit of the few. That is one of the fundamental reasons why the special Interests must be driven out of politics Of all the questions which can come before this nation, short of the actual preservation of Its existence exist-ence in a great war, there Is nono which compares in importance with the great central task of leaving this land even a better land for our descendants de-scendants than it is for us, and training train-ing them into a better race to inhabit in-habit the land nnd pass it on. Conservation Con-servation is a great moral issue, for it involves the patriotic duty of insuring in-suring the safety and continuance of the nation. Let nie add that the, henlth and vitality of our people are at least as well worth conserving as ( their forests, waters, lands, and minerals, min-erals, and that In this great work the national government must bear a most important part Advocates Better Farming. i I havo spoken elsewhere also of the great task which lies before the farmers farm-ers of the country to get for themselves them-selves and for their wives and children chil-dren not only the benefits of better farming, but also those of better busl-j busl-j ness methods aud better conditions of life on the farm. The burden of ' this great ta.k will fall, as It should, mainly upon the great organizations of the farmers themselves. I am glad it will, for I believe they are well able to handle It. In particular, there are strong icasous why the department depart-ment of agriculture of the various states, the United States deportment of agriculture, and the agricultural colleges aud experiment statktis should extend their work to cover nil phases of life on the farm, instead of iitnltlng themselves, as they have fur too often limited themselves In the past, solely to the question of production pro-duction of crops j Reaction Follows Excess. i Nothing Is more true than that excess ex-cess of every kind Is followed by re-action; re-action; a fact which should be pondered pon-dered by reformer and reactionary alike. We are fact to face with new I conceptions of the relations of property prop-erty to human welfare chiefly because certain advocates of the rights of property as against the lights of men have been pushing their claims too far. The man who wrongly holds that every human right is secondary to his profit must now give way to the advocute of human welfare, who rightly maintains that every man holds his property subject to the cen-eral cen-eral right of the community to regulate regu-late Its use' to whatever degree the public welfare may require it. But I think we may go still farther. The right to regulate the use of wealth In the public interest is universally admitted, ad-mitted, us admit also the right to regulate the terms and conditions oi labor, which Is the chief element of wealth, directly In the interest of the common good. The fundamental thing to do for every man Is to give him the chance to reach a place in which he will make the greatest possible contribution con-tribution to the public welfare. No man can be a good citizen unless he has a wage more than sufficient to cover the bare cost of living, and hours of labor short enough so that after his day's work is done he will have time and energy to bear his sho,re lu the management of the community, com-munity, to help in carrying !ho general gen-eral load. We l:ei p countless men ! from being good citizens by the con- dltlons of life with which we sur- j round them. We need comprehensive workmen's compensation acts, bcth ' state and national laws to legulate child1 labor and the work of women. ' and especially we need in our common com-mon schools not merely educaiion in book-learning but also practical training train-ing for dally life and work We need to enforce better sanitary conditions fur our workers, ami to extend the use nf safety appliances in industry and commerce both within and between be-tween the slates Also, friends. In the Intc rest of the worklnguian himself' 'we j ttevj I,, 3vt our faces like flint against mob violence Just as against corporate corpor-ate greed: against violence and Injustice In-justice and lawlessness by wakework-trs wakework-trs Just as much as against the law-leas law-leas cunning and greed and selfish' arrogance of employers. I No Neutral Ground. ' National t lllclency has many fae- . tors. It is a necessary result of the principle of conservation widely ap-1 ap-1 plied. In the end it will determine j our failure or success as a nation. National efficiency has to do not only with natural resources and with men. 1 It is equally concerned with Institutions. Institu-tions. The state must be made efficient ef-ficient for the work which concerns . only the people of the state, and the , nation for that which concerns all I the people. There must remain no neutral -ground to serve as a refuge for law breakers, and especially for lnwbreakers of great wealth, who can hire the vulpine legal cunning which will teach them how to avoid both jurisdictions. It Is a misfortune when the national legislature falls to do its duty m providing a national remedy, so that the only national activity is the purely negative activity of the Judiciary In forbidding the state to exercise power In the premises. T do not ask for over-centralization, but I do ask that we work In a spirit of broad and far-reaching nationalism i when we work for what concerns our ' people as a whole. Wc are all Amcr- I |