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Show hi(:'-m 'WM .WSS P " m c,, MTTTTYT-,- J$8TZL- WmtnrJmfH ' . In the years that have since elops? iTOWrgT the use of the lead pencil has ueco , t Ti-i . , "Ifn lUZtyi&lmK f&&&H&i$M4&d - ffl Hf :' greatly developed and the product lav -JXT LUMP of graphite from Ceylon. This process Is performed by forcing rV;f! IWMtd WZffi&&Z I'wed until to,lay the pencil Las di PA a handful of clay from Austria, a the mass of graphite nnd day through a v. ,. &ty&&m&&f E?M:W': :V- l . fTO JV-uV ' idaced the pen and Ink for many pur- ft' 'cw sticks of Koft red cedar from "die," which Is Just the diameter of Ihe y Hit . hm ,o3fl ' l0hCH- In tbo --hoht the lend pencil J . KIwMu. properly worked together f'Milred "lead." A very hard snhstnnc :U X"X. I - ,1 Xi?0 gi tWMt -'1 '' Ti "'VUt'' . i&X' H almost completely displaced tb eld by spcctsl machinery nnd skilled ,il,llo, "pphlre" used It. making the 4MU-& ?A i :i W" iL&lZt. ' M? -t $l - inM f iS ? tin to pencil and the Invention of the "In- labor produces the lead pencil of common ,Uo- h t In the bottm of o MXO ' rfc J fCfe fi'AS rTli IWrf " t ' ' Y$Wf WMM I dellblo" pencil has supplanted the pen, vse Just why or when these "writing cylinder about IS Inches long Jrf ZZZZM . ' &th ri U Mn Mr4 of legal uo In slco- sticks" cen.e to be cnilcd "lead" pencils s -'lw la diameter, with :fc&&gT . J&ffi" ' s?---1 53 fid. iT - 4?>MVU " receipts. Where the writing If ex is not on the record; at least, there Is nn Vflll's rnoro ,,,n" nn I'h thick. The ma- lW:fj Wi ---4eL1i: : ; ' ZlZZhW f Ali--. ef:if7rSM p.e.1 to the action of the son and rah bod in them. Tho principal ingredient Is lrr,al ' rst packed Into the cylinder by f &f$T?g T-. A'T M it-y-'r4a f. 'Hfl -:'" K TK'fe, "waterproof" nnd wentherproor' peo- mineral ,-allc,j Ophite, said to be a """d nd then pt der n hydraulic lt.fet ' mm His gh better resnl.s than in formation similar to anthracite cal con- prcss' n pl-mger presslug the putly-like I . rr-tS-1" ' :'yjf :v:V--Ketj2 ond Ink. For manifolding nnd cepy- tnlnlng large ir cent, of carbon In J!"" tb'0,,e,, M the bottom; Z$&&t&&Z$ : b'irposes the "copying Ink" pen- whleh U mixed a little Iron ' nnd sand' fmm "ll, n 11 ' a louff, pliable rod f; ' (f& ' 01 ell Is far superior to n nnd Ink and I G.aphlte found In Ceylon Is almost pure lu " ,,os u,"1,?r iho l-ress. tv ' -n ?! l JRSbtli&U'i? ;. t&ji&ftt I'd'ig generally adopted by railroad com- r.rb..n tl.55 per cenl.l. and Is cuisldTed , the contents of tho cyllMdrr have $;c'?'v' ' s "s-J ' r?l?S(8SBHl ?Z&ftW&&vi&'Z.&- ?&M. f&ISti Panics and large mercantile houses In to be the very best obtainable for lead V" P"-"'1 "rough the die the l..,x full i' K-'" iCl S)!:' l"- whe business many copies of bills ! pencils. Good graphite H ol-o found In cf ",l''t' -''"""d pencil "J,.d" Is passed to Xt& f9'f ' - -IJ-F: orders are required tynuany nnd In various parts of the ?. ?,,rl dually uncoils It ,,s she K&teJZZZ&l V'' " ; ' 'f'--;Vi3'3 Artists requlio pencils of varying de- I i.lted States, but the cost of refining the 'vaks It Into lengths t,f about two feet t..,Mti- ..,q;. f. "tf&X. Zmr .y . f. ;U 't?fF& grees of hardness and the lead pencil brrao prorlnct Is oo crcnt that pencil rnok- f" " wo,",, 'niy. Another girl lnl.es tr ' " '' " ' --i m,iker supplies theru In many grade. crs prefer to use the imported material ,'ls '" ,vl",' " ' AMed and cuts fho dZT '-Spci : There nre blj, clumsv, flat pencils for 1 , ,P0 l'Uo I""'"'" h'DKlhs. which nre next 3 jOcJZCJ je&Z& carpenters, and dainty, delicate laken alone graphite U too soft to bo lacked on end lu crucibles of flre-c-lny 'J pencils with silk cords ond tassels for .Mstlnctbui of Introducing the manufac-lure manufac-lure of lead pencils lu America, ahool 1S-.0. . In the years that have since elnp?ef the use of the lead pencil has heeo greatly developed and the product lui-Iioved lui-Iioved until today the pencil Las d'-placed d'-placed the pen and Ink for rainy purposes. pur-poses. In the schoola the lend penr" has almost completely displaced tbe eld flnte pencil and the Invention of the "In-deltbl')" "In-deltbl')" pencil has supplanted the pen, it being considered of legnl uso In spaing spa-ing receipts. Where the writing Is ex posed to the action of the son and rail "waterproof" nnd "wentlicrproof" pedis pe-dis glo better resnlls than l'n nnd Ink. For manifolding nnd cepy-lag cepy-lag purposes tho "copying Ink ' la-cll la-cll Is far superior to ;on nnd Ink nnd I being generally adopted by railroad companies com-panies nnd large mercantile houses la whi's business runny copies of hills n' orders are reijulred Artists require pencils of varying degrees de-grees of hardness and the lead pencil maker supplies thern In many grade. There nre blj, clumsy, flat pencils fot carpenters, and dainty, delicate HH' pencils with silk cords ond tassels far dam-o programs; thero nre pencils wl,u cob.reil leads of every hue for school purposes, nod pencils that will mark en Klass, porcelain or any highly pc-IUbc-d mttul surface. An "clectlou" pencil I-1 maile witli purple copying lead, a nickfl tip and ring, with long cord and screw eye to fasten It to the voting booth. " that it cannot be carried away. Probably the most curious of nil uses to which tho lead pencil is put Is that of markloS on biirnnu tlesb. Do tors use tbeso pe"-OU pe"-OU to mark the course of disease and to direct thc-nj lu performing surgical operations, op-erations, or In dissecting. In styles ond variations there Is most no limit, r.nd the coloring and gran ing of the lend has been red. nod to 9n almost exact science. Instead of the ordinary or-dinary lend pencil, present Improvement promise to produce nn ever -re.nl v '"riling '"ril-ing Ink stick," which will ultimately re; llee us of the anuoyunce of "dlppln and "blottlm?" I Tf I-UMP of graphite from Ceylon. j5f a handful of clay from Austria, n tT few sticks uf soft n cedar from J U Florida, properly worked together by speclsl machinery nnd skilled labor produces the lead pencil of common vco Just why or when those "writing sticks" cenie to be cnilcd "load" pencils is not on the record; at leait. there Is no bod In tbem. Tho principal Ingredient Is a mineral .-nllej graphite, said to be n formation similar to anthracite coal, con-tnlnlng con-tnlnlng h larire pjr cent, of enrbon In which Is mixed a little Iron' nnd sn nd. Graphite found In Ceylon Is almost pure carbon oS.Cm per cenl.l. nud Is considered to be the very best obtainable for lead pencils. Good graphite Is ol-o found In Germany nnd In various parts of the Ft.lted States, but the cost of refining the hrruo product Is oo jrrcat that pencil mok-bi"lead"fPr mok-bi"lead"fPr l USC th ,n,Prl,,,I WHlerlal Taken alone grahlle U too soft to bo worke.l into pi-ncll "leads." To bring It to the right degree of hardness n perulhir v quality of clay, found only lu Austrla,ls ne.i. .or soft pencils equal quantities -r graphite and clay nre usej, nod to obtain ob-tain the bonier grades more rlav Is added -o the graphite. Before the,r iubstances ...n be used they most be refined. Tbey ami "k .SrUThI ,n, flno Per i i k .k h0 hn'1,Jrltl cxtractcl. after x llch they ore mixed together In the m prTTt,0.M ,n US revolving drums. paole This paste Is put In powerful hv-drnullc hv-drnullc presses whtclr squeeze out the !" W- in nbo" t he lno pouell "leads." J bo sht This process Is performed by forcing the mass of graphite nnd day through a "die," which Is Just the diameter of the required "lead." A very hard substance called "sapphire" Is used lu making the "die," which Is set In the bottom of o sironp t,teel cylinder ubout IS Inches long nnd K or S inches In diameter, with walls more thnu nn Inch thick. The material ma-terial ln first packed Into the cylinder by band nnd thou put under a hydraulic press, a plunger pressing the putly-llke macs through tbo dlo at the bottom; frtm wblcb It rolls In .1 long, pliable rod lu n box uinler the press. When the contents of tho cylinder have Iveru pressed through the .11.- t- box full of idccly.c..lb., pouell "Jead" Is passed to n girl who gradually uncoils It ns she bleaks It Into lengths of about tw feet on n wooiloii tray. Another girl Inkes this tray when U Is filled nnd outs 'fho lend Into pen.ll b-ORlhs. which nre next packed on end lu crucibles of fire-clay Slid baked In ovens nt n verv high temperature. tem-perature. This completes 'the "(e, making process, for when tho llttlo sticks or graphite have been sulllcleutlv baked they are ready to be pbicr.l the wood. The soft red cedar of th South has bee,, fonml to be the very best wood In tho world for making b-ad pencils. Mm-h of th Is comes from Florida, where the sn mills cut tho cedar log Int., uniform s a ,ttie longer than a pencil, as Zllt "8.r X. nD1 J,",t 11 tllfl'- oro than ..roll'!' , kU u"S ','ho """gin -meh IZ 'ft th U"Nt ,D t'POn ; .!n Metory the bundles fully V?onl C. ,,P"" ,U,J VOf-V , nrc-lb-it L fr "Perfection. Those it. Jm M"5 or ""'taln knot, or that II Z fr,nr,T.,t w,,lrn wo,,ld I" tu.ro from making fc.0od pencils, ore dls- caid'. from tho pencil slock nnd nre .used for penholders, which do not re-qulro re-qulro fic(iient sliarpi'iiing. The good p.-n.-ll sto- k is next token to I'lg drying kilns where It remains till all the inolsiniu nnd tho oil, which obounds in red cedar, Is extracted. Tho process of manufacture now begins with plinlng and grooving tho slats ou one side for tho reception of the loads, in a big pencil pen-cil factory there arc a number of these planing machines Into which tho ccl.r slali uro fed nntoinntloollv, nnd from which they cme M(?a(jy stream nil nicely surfaced wilh fix little grooves on one Bi.c. From these machines tho tables, where qulck-llngc-red girl, Insort the lends nnd glue tho ebts together "in ells from .sliding off when being rubbed. A narrow belt runs under each end of the row of pencils and keeps them constantly con-stantly turnlne. Tbo workmun, with his j bottles of rubbins oils and varnishes lu I front of blin, picks up a cloth pad, which be dips in oil and rubs rupldlv over the row of pencils till they sUue like satin When rubbed sufliciontly the pencils are put nway on racks to dry. Other grades of pencils are burnished by machines, which remove the rough spots nnd prepare pre-pare them for a final coat of varnish. . one seems to know Just when tho lead" pencil nrst eatue into use. The nnrir-nt CrceitR and Romans used a "stylus"' a hard wood or metal point with which they wrote on wax tablets Whc-u lead (the metal) was discovered strips uf this were used, but It was too hard for practical purposes. The first mine of graphite was discovered In ling-land ling-land about the time of (Juecn KlUabcth. The pioduct was so pure that It could be cut into convenient chunks und used for writing purposes. Then, someone lilt upon the Idea of cutting it into btiips and encasing en-casing them In wood. Itut the supply of pure graphite soon became exhausted nnd then tbe beginning of the present processes pro-cesses were developed. Credit Is given to M. Contl, of France, for discovering the method of hardening the graphite by the admixture of lay. The name most closely associated wllb pencil making Is that of Fnbcr, n Cer man, and II is not unusual to hear lead pern lis spoken of ns "fabors." To Dber-hard Dber-hard Fober, now deceased, ono of tho family of Ocrman Fabors. belongs the tbe middle of those long benches runs a belt covered with glue, on which one set of shits receive the glue. With a little lit-tle stack of nnglnod slats before iter nnd n bunch of pencil "leads" In her vlght 1. ii ml. ,,no crt with a quick mo-tloii. mo-tloii. fills th,. nix grooves In n slat nnd passes It on to the next girl, who takes n glued slat on.' the belt and Ills it on top of the plei-o in which the "leads" lave been placed. These nre piled in presses uud clamped tightly together till the glue becomes dry or "set." The next process Is called "moulding" or "shaping." and Is performed by a Machine that first cuts tho slat on one side s( that it looks like six pencils, either round or hexagon, lu n row. The slat passes to nnother machine which cuts, or shape the other shin nnd scp-urates scp-urates the pencils. Tbe separated peu-rils peu-rils nre now fed into tho hoppers of sand papering machines and pass rapidly through aud Into a big box. when they 1 nro rendy f..r the -urnlsu. Placed lu another an-other hopper they nre fed luto a machluo that puts on a coat of varnish of the desired de-sired color and then dries It. This process Is repeated from six to ten times before tho pencil bus beeq sufliciontly covered with varnish und a One glossy coat is olitalued. For the more expensive pencils there Is a bantl-iiiilshlng process which gives them n higher illsh. After going through the regular varnishing process the pencils pen-cils selected for the ban.llliilsh are pb:eed on a racklike bench, ,,. bv side. In n row nl.out three feet long. This rack is as w:i., as a pem-ll ,,ng and slightly raised ou each tide to prevent tbe peri- |