| Show I cig Q Explain How Lon ill You WO Kj X r i t i i p J f 0 y I Are off of c I lust Just What the Chances r I I Your Sticking to tIle the Work Word lv I t I 1 j v You Are Doing and What b I Reasons Are Most Likely to I y 4 t w tw Il k q About Abour 0 a C Change lange I j jw f t w I i tin r I 1 SI I r rL L r Science finds that diving and other occupations which give practically s I unlimited opportunity for originality and initiative are the kinds of work in which c there is the least P shifting from one 1 job to another j L 4 is a IH 1 F FLU Dislike of the monotony of machine oper operation tion Ov Overs In industries it is found that thatis thatis is one important reason why so many worK worK- work work- 9 women are much less lees likely to be beers LU ers are arc continually changing positions i permanent in their jobs than a jv men doing the same kind of A RE AE you going to hunt up a new newa 1 r war work k aHa inh thi v ar or are ae I rK you going to stick to the he old ond one workers particularly particularly par- par particularly The reasons reasons why many girls and young women so BO frequently fre- fre frequently fre frequently seek new jobs have at last been discovered at Bryn Brn Mawr College by Professor Am Amy llewes Hewes and a group of students student of ot economics These have hav been carefully set out in tallIes tables together with figures showing the time jobs are held aver a of with t that you can now con con- consult cona consult con consult sult these charts chart and see for yourself just what your chances are of continuing to grind away at the same old desk or machine or of finding something more interesting g and and profitable The proba proba- probabilities probabilities probabilities have hae b been n worked out as IUS pre pre- precisely precisely pre precisely as poker hands hands- 9 You dont don't need a fortune teller telle to give you the dope Professor llewes Hewes has prepared p it all for you and it is b pub pub- published published pub pub-i by the Women's Bur Bureau au of the United States Department of Labor You Youcan Youcan Youcan can cast your own job horoscope Most of you who will seek new positions positions positions in 1927 will do so BO for tor the good reason that you desire shorter horte hours and more pay The Tho next reason in its fre- fre frequency fre frequency quency will be that yori yo will b be dis- dis discharged d dis discharged charged or laid off The third thid and fourth causes for quitting will be that you will be fed up with your present tasks and that you dislike the persons who run your shop According to the recent study made at Bryn Mawr twenty-eight twenty out of every seven seven ninety workers will be taking a anew anew anew new position or out of work after less than a year In the old one Jobs held less than a week were not con considered dered in computing these averages Of every seven ninety workers twenty venty twentynine twenty nine nine will hold their jobs from one to from two to two years ears two twenty-two three years three from three to four four years four from four to five years two from five to six years two from six to to eight seven years two from seven years one from eight to nine years and only four ten years yean or over It was found that these are the prin prin- principal prin- prin principal principal cipal reasons in the order of their their frequency why workers change jobs Wages and hours off lay-off union busi bust bustness business ness nen dislike of management dislike of the wearisome monotony of machine operation change of residence discharge discharge dis- dis discharge charge to get mor more education sanita- sanita tation sanita-tation tation imd and health star starting ng of regular work strike needed at home to see other cities illness no promotion lock lock- lockout lock lock- lockout lockout out While the Bryn Mawr survey y was among women workers the findings are considered applicable to men as well ell to toa toa toa a large extent Men Lien however have other reasons for forgetting getting sick of their jobs A business r s K f 1 J t It trance The en- en trance of into sa d occupations occupation formerly fol followed lowed exclusively by men has given the employment problem many new and puzzling aspects man of national reputation who vho cried to find out how much bossing the Ameri American can workman will stand told Professor Protessor Hewes that he had discovered that the tho workers worker's and frequent change of employment were to be ex- ex explained explained ex explained as the result of his surrender of the control he formerly exercised through the use uso of his tools Modern ways of running industry have seriously upset the tle workers relations to his job job- jobA A boy no longer serves an apprenticeship apo ap- and gets married and settles set set- settles settles down to a whole life spent in a single trade Nowadays a change chango from job to job and even from industry to industry is easy for the work is specialized specialized and In general C can n be bo learned quickly It often se seems ms to the worker that he must change in order to reap what advantage the situation holds for him him- Ue lIe goes where the competition for help Is keenest It is specialization that makes the worker discontented d He lIe can no longer take pride in making anything Ito lIo can make good money just doing one simple operation hour after afler hour and andt I aC C r 4 r f J i t Jj ir da day after da day buthe but he gets wear weary with they thel the deadly m monotony 0 not 0 n y and quits because he wants a change of scenery Women Women together with men swap jobs for reasons which had bad not be been n meas meas- measured measured measured and with results which were not known until the question was tackled at Bryn Mawr It occurred to a 0 group of students at the Mawr Bryn-Mawr Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry to make use of an unusual opportunity to study this problem as it was pro pre pre pre- presented presented in the tha combined industrial experience experience of the assembled st students dents Accordingly the operation co-operation of the seven seven nInety students students who compose the school was enlisted They were interviewed inter inter- interviewed viewed concerning the circumstances of all the changes of jobs which they had ever made The group studied was widely representative representative representative The students student came directly from jobs In eighteen different states Including not only the great industrial states of New York Pennsylvania and Massachusetts which together sent more mono than halt half but also those of the Pacific Coast New England and the South The foreign born bond numbered thirty six or nearly two fifths of the total ninety ninety- seven women reporting The group of seven ninety-seven workers re- re reT'S TS T'S HIT 1977 D tr rah lob lob- ported reasons for 59 changes of jobs jois which had been made at different times giving only one rea rea- reason reason reason son the most important one for the change chonge in each case One half of the seven ninety-seven students were less leas than twenty-six twenty years o of age the largest group being in their twenty twenty- twenty third third year A large majority over three three- three quarters quarters had completed a grammar school education More than a third had gone to work before they were fifteen and nearly three-fifths three six fifty before they were sixteen About four-fifths four of the women had earned less than 10 weekly in their first industrial job and only a little more than 8 S per cent had received a weekly rate of as much as 14 Almost one half of the workers had held jobs in three or more industries The union workers were more scattered than the union non-union workers that is only fifths two fifths of the latter as compared with almost three-fifths three of the union workers had held jobs in three ox or more industries The average duration n of If the jobs held may may be taken as an Indication of the rates of change Since the jobs held less than a week are often terminated for lor wholly different reasons than are arc the longer ones the averages excluding these very short jobs will be first con con- considered considered considered N Nearly arly three-fifths three of the group fifty fifty- seven fifty seven had held their jobs on the aver aver- average average average age less than two years More than a quarter twenty-eight twenty had jobs of average av- av average crago av-crago duration less leas than a year and for six of these the average was less than six months months The short jobs appear to have been less characteristic of those workers who had been in industry ten years or more than of those whose experience was shorter Not quite one-half one of the for for- former former former mer twenty-one twenty out o of six forty-six as compared with tenths seven-tenths of the workers thirty six out of one fifty-one who had been in industry less than ten years showed ah an an average duration of five or more years at their jobs and four our as much as ten years The number of years of school train train- training training training ing did not seem to have haTe much relation to tho the length of time a job was h held ld for example Cl 61 per cent of those who had reached high school before entering industry showed an average duration of oless less than two years as contrasted with about 56 50 per cent of those who had gone to te work from the grades Also six of the ten who had completed t d high school at at averaged lee le than one year at their jobs The garment workers appear con- con Inc InI rne nc c The problem v of making telephone operators and other workers s whose efficiency comes after lon long and expensive training fairly permanent in their jobs is one of the serious problems of the business world as a group of short-job short workers Only one of the two thirty-two workers on garments showed an nn average duration of as much as three years and thirteen had an an n average of less than 1 n year They form a contrast with the thc textile workers of whom nearly half halt had an average duration of three years or more From the experience of the ninety ninety- seven ninety seven workers studied it was not possible possible possible ble to make a case ease for the favorable effect of wage on the length of time n a ajob aJob Job was held About one half of the workers forty nine forty were paid at a weekly rate of less than 21 at the time of the interview the remaining remaining eight forty eight being beine bein paid at rates of 21 2 or more a week A larger proportion of the paid lower lower group had held their jobs on an average of two years or more than was the case with the paid higher-paid group 51 61 per cent of the former a as compared with 31 per percent percent percent cent of the latter The large number of jobs held by one worker often meant meeting many new faces and getting frequent Changes hanges of surroundings to say nothing of relieving relieving relieving ing the tho monotony of aho labor labo- by finding new working places and I learning arnin new v processes More than half halt of the work work- workers workers workers ers had held six or more jobs lasting a month or lon longer er and of this group about fifths four fifths had worked for eight years or more The rhe stories told of the different jobs showed that the worker frequently made madea a change br th very purpose of securing securing securing ing variety A garment worker who made a practice practice tice of securing odd Jobs during slack periods took Jobs which included such varied occupations as waiting at table uble clerking in a ten five store working In a sweater factory investigating investigating investigating gating for a charity organization sear sear- serving searing serving ing as an invalids invalid's companion and decoying decoy decoy- decoying decoying ing trade to a B Russian tsa t tea shop by impersonating im- im impersonating Im Impersonating personating n a Ru Russian sinn refugee aristocrat She had held eighteen jobs of ot one week or more and innumerable Jobs of less than tha-l a week in an industrial life lite of sIX sill years Some of these changes hanges were r within the garment in- in industry in industry industry itself and amI these I were mainly for the opo op- op opportunity seldom seldom pos pos- possible pos pos- possible possible sible with one employer of of becoming familiar with numerous processes processes proc proc- esses and with the operation operation op- op of different ma chines chines j Jobs of one week or orless orless less were found in the I histories of ten workers employed at the time J of the study in four tour in- in industries industries in industries Again the gar gar- garment garment ment went workers were conspicuously con- con conspicuously the holders of the the short jobs Those jobs which v lasted but a I single day were the most numerous numerous numer- numer ous ous but it t was difficult to get an nn accurate ac- ac account account ac account count of them The girls had held so many jobs that they could not remember them all nil HEight Eight of the ten workers workers work- work Mers ers had held jobs which lasted less than n a week Il These eight estimated ed U 0 that together they had held o of those jobs lasting less than a week Four hundred and five file of such jo jobs s shad had been held herd by four garment workers work rs nearly half of the jobs having in other industries during slack periods in the garment trade Of the total of f reasons given for changing jobs the largest number due to anyone any one cause was in the wages wages- wages hours hours and classification The Tho desire to see other cities and restlessness In- In Indicated indicated In Indicated a slight attachment of the worker to her job The Tho garment industry was as the only one in which layoff lay off was a more fre fre- fre- fre frequent frequent frequent quent cause for tor change than wages and hours together In the textile industry layoff lay off accounted for Cor or exactly the same number of changes as did wages and hours hours The picture painted at Bryn Mawr In In- In the prevalence of the short jobs which are filled by women workers These time short-time Jobs have become so numerous as liS to suggest lh the replacement of the old old- time old me steady worker by one who is in process of becoming a II pure casuaL If It it Is found says nays Professor I that frequent changes of employment are Inevitable under modern Industrial organization then new methods of em- em employment employment em employment management and different In- In IndustrIal industrial in industrial relations and tactics from those now In vogue in many places will have to be worked out The employment problem problem is beginning to receive the careful attention it de- de deserves de deserves serves Both Doth employers and employees are coming to realize that their failure to solve it means enormous waste of time and money and constitutes a serious hindrance to their success Nowadays one of tho the highest salaried and most Important executives in every I progressive business is a man or woman who has hu g given en special study to employ employ- employment employment employment ment problems and do does docs nothing but select workers adapted for this particular particular particular lar business and to keep them so well satisfied that they will not be constantly leavIng for new positions i r |
