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Show I FAMOUS PEACE TREATIES By H. IRVING KING (Copyright. v.tVf. by the Mrt.'iure News paper Syndicate.) " ' TREATY OF PARIS, 1856. Ending the Crimean War, of Whose Heroes Florence Nightingale Is Alone Remembered. One ! those treaties intended to "settle forever the question of the Near East" was signed at I'aris in 1S5G, closing the Crimean war; ihe signatories being on the one side Turkey, Tur-key, France, England and Sardinia, and on the other Russia. About all that remains now in popular popu-lar recollection regarding the Crimean wai- is Bayard Taylor's "Song of the Camp" and Tennyson's "Charge of the Light Brigade." Of all the reputations reputa-tions made in that war that of Florence Flor-ence Nightingale alone survives. Two poems have outlasted all the treaties and protocols to which the war gave rise and the name of a nurse is remembered re-membered while those of the generals who provided her sick and wounded are forgot. Among the statesmen who conclud ed the peace treaty the most brilliant bril-liant and widely acclaimed was the Russian, Count Nesselrode, whose fame is now perpetuated only by the delectable pudding which bears his name and which a Paris cook invented in his honor during the peace conference. confer-ence. A curious incident of this war was the entrance of Sardinia Into a conflict in which she was not the least concerned and the only lasting result of the war was the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, which French arms enabled Sardinia shortly after to establish es-tablish in gratitude for Sardinian aid Ui the field and council chamber. Began to Shake "Mailed Fists." The origin of the war was no less Angular than its results. It sprang from a dispute between the Greek and Latin churches over the custody of the holy places In and around Jerusalem. Jerusa-lem. The Greeks had srrndunllv en- over half of his subjects in European Turkey. Turkey declared war on October Oc-tober 5, 1S53. The Russian army was already on the Danube and lighting began. France and England formed an alliance with Turkey; Austria assumed as-sumed a position of watchful waiting. The allied fleets entered the Black sea while the Turks drove hack the Russians until they had them north of the Pruth, and Austria, under an arrangement with Turkey, temporarily temporar-ily occupied the principalities. The western nations now formulated formulat-ed their "four points"; as much discussed dis-cussed then as the "fourteen points" more recently. They were: The czar's protectorate over Serbia and the principalities to be abolished ; the navigation of the Danube to be free; the treaties regarding the Black sea and the Dardanelles to be revised "In the Interests of the balance of power"; pow-er"; the czar to withdraw his pretensions pre-tensions to a protectorate over the Turkish subjects of the Greek faith. The custody of the holy places had already been settled. Czar's Acceptance Too Laje. The czar informed Austria late in 1S54 that he accepted the "four points." But it was too late. France and England determined that the war should go on until Russia was so crushed as to be no longer a menace in the East. An army of French and English had landed in the Crimea in September. The Russians were defeated de-feated at the battles of Alma, September Sep-tember 20; Balaclava, October 25, and Inkerman, November 5. The siege of Sebastopol began In October and lasted last-ed nearly a year. The allied troops croached upon the preserves of the Latins. Napoleon III. in 1851 demanded demand-ed of Turkey that the property of the Latins be restored to them. The Czar Nicholas threatened Turkey if she Interfered. In-terfered. The czar and the emperor, who hated each other personally, began be-gan to shake their "mailed fists." England suddenly realized that a conflict con-flict was impending between Russia and France for paramount influence in the East. The czar made advances to England, saying that Turkey was "the sick man of Europe." He proposed pro-posed a Russian protectorate over the principalities (Roumanla) and the erection on the Balkan peninsula of independent Christian states ; Constantinople Con-stantinople to be neutralized, England to seize Egypt, Cyprus and Crete. It Is interesting to compare these terms with what afterward actually happened and with what Is. now advocated with regard to Constantinople. Diplomatic pourparlers began. England tried to avert war by Inducing France to modify mod-ify her demands, but without success. Early in 1853 Russia mobilized her army and sent an ultimatum to Turkey Tur-key demanding the maintenance of the status quo regarding the holy places and a Russian protectorate over the subjects of the sultan of the Greek faith. To have granted the latter would have deprived the sultan of authority suffered horribly in the trenches and the czar boasted that his two best generals, "General January and General Gen-eral February," would retrieve for him the fortunes of the war. While things were at their worst for the allies the fresh troops of the Sardinian army arrived. On the 8th of the next September Sep-tember the Malakoff was taken by storm and Sebastopol surrendered three days later. Czar Nicholas died of a broken heart and his successor accepted an invitation to treat for peace. Delegates met at Paris on February 25, 1856, the "four points" were made the basis for negotiations and a treaty was signed on March 80. Russia gave up her claims to a protectorate pro-tectorate over the principalities and over the Christians of Greek faith in Turkey; ceded the mouths of the Danube and declared that river free to navigation under an European commission. com-mission. Merchant ships were granted grant-ed free entrance Into the Black sea but men-of-war were barred. Russia was prohibited from maintaining a war fleet on that sea and agreed to dismantle her naval stations on its shores. Russia waited a favorable opportunity and when the Franco-Prussian Franco-Prussian war broke out informed the powers that she abrogated that part of the treaty regarding the Black sea and there was none to say her nay. TREATY OF LUNEVILLE, 1801. A Treaty That Ended an Empire a Thousand and One Years Old. I before it the peace which he had concluded. con-cluded. The treaty of Luneville was almost identical In terms with the treaty of Campo Formio, concluded between France and Austria in 1797. By it France was confirmed in possession pos-session of the left bank of the Rhine as far as Holland and the independence independ-ence of Switzerland,. Holland and the Cisalpine republic, which had been formed .out of northern Italy, recognized. recog-nized. I Seized Other Territory. i I Prussia, who as usual, had been j playing fast and loose, in return for ! the territories she gave up west of the Rhine seized four times as much territory in other parts of Germany. The Holy Roman Empire, which virtually vir-tually came to an end at the peace of Luneville, had been in existence for a thousand and one years, since Charlemagne had crowned himself Emperor of the West as the successor suc-cessor of the Cflesars. Three years after the peace of Luneville the Emperor Francis took the title of Emperor of Austria upon Napoleon proclaiming himself Emperor Em-peror of the French, though lie did not formally abdicate the crown of the Holy Roman Empire until 1S0G. The second coalition consisting of Russia, Austria, England, Portugal, Naples and Turkey began war with France in 1799. Napoleon was in Egypt and the directory saw Its armies ar-mies defeated in Italy and on the Rhine. Hastening back to France Bonaparte overthrew the directory and made himself first consul in November No-vember of that year. Crossing the Alps the next May he won the bat-'jis bat-'jis of Marengo and Montebello and restored the French power in Italy. Meantime Moreau had penetrated Into the heart of Austria. On June 19 he won the battle of Hocbstadt and on December 3 administered a final and crushing defeat to the Austrians at Hohenlinden. Russia had entered Into amicable relations with France. Prussia had remained neutral; only a few of the smaller German states Villowed the Germnu emperor, Francis Fran-cis of Austria. Moreau was within five days' march of Vienna, master of an immense stretch of territory and of all the enemy's magazines. The emperor had asked for an armistice and Joseph Bonaparte had met the Austrian envoy, Cobentzel, at Luneville Lune-ville in Lormrne to negotiate for a peace. Hostilities Resumed. The armistice was prolonged but, Austria refusing to negotiate without England, hostilities were resumed. Napoleon gave orders for a vigorous prosecution of the war, both in Italy and Germany. Joseph Bonaparte and Cobentzel remained at Luneville making mak-ing negotiations which were changed every day by the progress of the war. At last, abandoned by the neutral powers, Isolated in Germany and sep-j jrated from England, which alone remained re-mained hostile to France, the emperor yielded, and on February 9, 1S01, Cobentzel Co-bentzel signed on behalf of Austria the peace of Luneville. For the last time an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire assembled the imperial diet yid as the heir of the Caesars laid V |