Show " INSTRUMENTS yY El ra WARHEAD MAN of missile is thing that's thrown Military missiles throw warheads Research missiles' throw instruments (sample: satellites) Soon missiles will throw man into space Payload by Kevin missiles Air-to-a- ir are smallest in missile family Fired from on© aircraft against another their role is air defense I I Air-to-grou- nd missiles bombs V Here in simple terms are Brown extend range and accuracy of can also carry larger warheads missiles I Ground-to-ai- r I replace antiaircraft f mm m I Ground-to-groun- d I siles include guided mJ Fit I VI Falcon F-- 1 0 1 B Lw ef? " i V" with Genie the age of rockets and missiles America's giant aircraft industries which turned out hundreds of thousands of fighters and bombers for World War II and Korea today are devoting more than half their production to missiles Other firms are wholly involved in manufacturing components airmen claim manned aircraft will While old-tinever be replaced the demand for missiles increases steadily decreases for pilots and planes The dramatic impact of the earth satellites launched by rocket-powermultistage missiles only emphasized the presence of these weapons of the future Details of these incredibly complex vehicles— some missiles may contain as many as 300000 individual parts — are understood only by experts But there are basic principles which the average person can and should understand Here in simple terms is a primer course on rockets and missiles me ed Wit re did It all begin? In China more than 700 years ago As early as 1232 — long before the invention of guns — Chinese were firing rockets in warfare They aren't even new in America In 1812 at Fort McHenry "the rockets' red glare" inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star Spangled Banner" Until modern improvements however rockets were too erratic and much Family Weekly June 29 1958 B-- 50 bomber drops Rascal less effective than firearms The first really successful rocket — and the direct ancestor of today's missiles — was the German V-- 2 used to bomb London during World War II What is a rocket? A toy balloon is a simple rocket When inflated it has internal pressure that wants to get out Release the nozzle and the balloon spurts away Basically a rocket is just a highly refined toy balloon: a pressurized chamber with one opening The pressure created by burning extremely powerful fuels acts in all directions Pressures against the side walls balance each other but the pressure toward the nozzle is released resulting in an unbalanced pressure in the opposite direction This obeys Newton's third law of motion: a force in one direction (toward the opening) creates an equal force in the opposite direction (toward the front) A common misconception is that a rocket moves because its exhaust "pushes" on the outside air Just the reverse is true: the exhaust merely escapes it's the "push" on the front wall that drives the rocket forward If it needed air to push on a rocket could never operate in outer space where there is no air However to define rockets used in modern missiles it would be more accurate to call them rocket engines They perform the same function as jet en- - Nike-Hercul- —y ""yT'-- v fv-l- T Ouddenly almost bewilderingly we are living in 26 LI ? ineir — ' "—" -'b 1 1 I Lacrosse es gines By itself a rocket is just a Fourth How maiy kinds of rocket engines Two solid-- and liquid-fuele- d of July toy art there? Solid fuel is a mixture of chemicals which when ignited can burn by itself It looks like a block of chalk and can be stored in the rocket engine ready to fire at any time Liquid fuel is more powerful and longer-burnin- g but also more complicated Actually two liquids are needed a fuel and an oxidizer The fuel must be mixed with the oxidizer before it can burn just as gasoline must be mixed with air in a car engine Liquid-fu- el systems are complicated because the fuel and oxidizer need separate storage tanks plus pumps or some other pressure to force them into the rocket chamber for firing This extra equipment adds extra weight and takes up extra space Also unlike solid tuel liquid fuel can't be loaded into the missile until just before take-of- f Solid fuel because it's compact and convenient is widely used in smaller missiles Liquid fuel because it produces more power for longer periods is used in larger missiles which can accommodate the extra equipment What is a jet eRgine? It's the other kind of engine used in modern |