| Show THE PATHS OF THE SEA MAURY MACHI delivered his interesting g i instructive tive and novel lecture upon the tile paths t 1 s of tile the deain ea 1 in dr suttons Hut tons lons church washington square on monday evening oil being introduced to the ilia audience by tiie the chairman lie wa was s greeted with loud applause vand yand proceeded to speak substantially as fo follows llowd the of the sea are aro very much tile tiie work ork of chance and circumstances when gold was first dis discovered in california and tile the tide of population began to pour from the east to the west our vessels sailed ail all the way round cape horn they were then upwards of one hundred and eighty days oil on their passage They sailed saied through liew new seas and rind by a course as yet little known to ii navigation but becoming actual acquainted gated with the winds and seas they made the tiie passage in one hundred and twenty days so it was with columbus lie he sailed to the south and west skirting his w way ay iy along til he tie reached he ilia continent conti nellit and that route was continued up to our declaration of independence pen dence ey y that route charleston was the halfway half way house between usand asand us and add the old world our commerce flowed through south carolina the carolinas were the chief commercial colonies their exports were greater than the exports of all new england columbus left spain and stood southward till lie he met the northwest trade winds and wafted wafred ire ive westward stward to them he lie reached our shore in 1775 dr franklin crossed tile the ocean otean to eli ell england g and during that voyage discovered disco vered verea the tile difference of tile the temperature between the gulf stream and the surrounding sea ile he considered it of great import importance arice and would not riot therefore make it known but kept it for political purposes tile the influence of this stream lad had bad often been felt but its nature haa hab never before been known when cortez came from mexico ir iii put hi upon the gl gulf guif ulf stream and upon its current floated his ship out of the gulf to the open sea esa buttee temperature of the stream had never been icen known before it was discovered by ar er franklin the discovery was consider edof great importance for at that time the tables by which latitude and longitude were reckoned were very inco incorrect rieti A very large reward was offered b by tile the british gov government 1 for some corr act and i simple in method I 1 for lor calculating the position of a ship I 1 at sea bea ea this stretched along our chak coak coast me ine a border bordering hig band und akzin would tell uhe tile tiie navigator that diet diem lieras ras approaching the shore of a new hemisphere and so when outward boundas he passed beyond iti it it would inform him that lie was far from shore upon on the broad atla atia atlantic 1 ic tile the lir lecturer here traced tile tiie the course of the tiie G guff gulf u stream on the map saying the stream is BO so distinctly marked that the very line of its extent can be I 1 pointed out sometimes you call can see half bulf of your ship lying in in the gulf stream and half of it without in comparing the paths of the sea pea used by a former age to the paths now used we should not forget the difficulty aney ay had to contend with then their ships were very clumsy and could not be well navigated or directed such a thing as a barometer had bad never liever been conceived of now we are able to a storm is coming on though it is yet a long iong way off by the ilia use of that delicate feeler of tahe the atmosphere mo sphere which not only forewarns the mariner af its approach but frequently tells him whence it comes and at how rapid a speed thus enabling him to get away from it entirely one discovery one invention begets another and none is lie begotten gotten before it is wanted sea steamers would have been of ol no use in those times when so little was known about navigation but as soon as a correct system of circulation was established then the he smoke of 0 the steamers was seen upon the sea indeed vessels used to got gat so far out of tile the way is not to know whether they were on the atlantic or pacific ocean I 1 have bare a well authenticated history where a vessel having sailed a long time lime and been driven about by high winds the cap captain taht taft th thought ought she had llad reached the pacific ocean and so turned north the tile next day lie ho met another ship and asked where he was the answer was if yulu keep south for fora a day you will reach reath cape capa horn laughter columb columbia sailed from spaine in th the e month of august if lie had attempted it in winter he lie would not have discovered Ar arnerich america for instead of finding the trade winds to help belp him westward tle Tie would have faund a strong northwesterly wind wind in large ships be he never could ila lla have v e arrived here in january indeed on returning in that month lie was almost ship shipwrecked w reeked the vessels that went west and those that went east both kept their own reckoning and religiously noted their sabbaths Sab atlis baths but oil on mee meeting alting aud arid comparing they found that paradox two sundays coming together jhb society islands received their reckoning from cape horn and the sandwich islands from the east of asia so a ship in passing from one to the other must either hitch back their lime jime ime one day or hitch it up a day if I 1 f we had bad a telegraph line stretched from manilla Bl anilla to california thence to this city und and another to india by the persian Gulf the atlantic line being also completed then if you should send a telegraph message to a correspondent in manilla aranilla by the California and pacific line hue and another to your friend in china by the tile atlantic I 1 line ilia and request them to inform you of the exact time at ut which they receive them suppose you send the ine sages atiq at 12 11 li ii on monday and your friend in china will answer 1 I received your instructions twelve hours bours after date or at midi midnight light oil on monday but your sour our correspondent at Al manilla anilla with reply 1 I received celd your message twelve hours before the late date that is at twelve oil on sunday night itis it is to be hoped the third attempt of the french government to lay their lines of telegraph in tile the ean will be successful when that and ana tile the atlantic line are completed we we will have the happi happl happiness ness of witnessing the tareo old continents in conversation with the new now the In mariner ariner as lie reaches the trade winds finds himself wafted wafred along by vy air tile the softest sweetest purest in the world there is no sh sky ty more delicious no heavens more beautiful in the pacific ocean tiie ilia trade winds are the finest they are perfectly develop developed edth ed eath th there ere is nothing to to change or defect them ail an open boat might float upon them as easily and safely as upon a sonny sunny rivers placid bosom v the breeze is just sufficient to keep the sails filled it is constant aud and never rises or falls suddenly a gale gala is unY unknown hown of all the tha lovely scenes one meets with at sea the most enchanting are among the islands in the south so 1 uth pacific along the course of the trade winds there sky earth and air combine their thein splendors in such a whole as doubly double to delight th the a mind and raise the heart to admiration the land and sea breezes are other characteristics of af the ilia sea at valparaiso in the summer afternoons there is always a strong gale blowing fl flom om the ilia s sea a the waves paves rise and beat against the i sho re the ships drag their thein anchors the promenading in tile the streets is stopped and nearly every outdoor pursuit is prevented suddenly there is dat a gibat eat calm the fishermen launch their little boats upon tile the tide vilich which a moment before was angrily foaming and breaking against the shore bubnow but now as ns calm calin ils as if it had find never known a storm the weather invites abroad the ladies promenade the tho streets in ball costume for now there is not wind enough to disturb the slightest curl and all oits hits change in so sudden that one cannot realize it Pre presently sentry when the short twilight has scarcely passed anay an ay the stars stand out ers irs as jf if held by g invisible fingers the constellations are fixed in their places and there is li beauty unsurpassed alone ia in the night watch after the sea breeze was sunkyo sunk to rest I 1 have stood upon the tile deck gazing admirably upon the stars which shine with a lustre unk unknown nolva noiva to this latitude tile the sky looks solid like a vault of steel set with diamonds you fear feal to speak lest ole the slightest noise dball disturb the deep profound glancing the eye alove above and ellid around you arp are are dazzled vadi the firmament the moon and stars stand out and do db not seem to touch the vault but bat at the same sanne time the western sky is beautiful odion orion is there and just about togo down and sup with his brother br otil r the constellations co ris lis of I 1 r stars tars se seem in like holes hoies torn in the ro be af night through which the astronomer speer into lug the deep leli boope no one who has uever never beheld these skies can can have any idea of their magnificence grand grana grandeur eur euy and nod beauty beauly bullet us pass from the tile deep above to the deep below the lead is let down to tiie tha bottom of tile the sea and aud audit it is curious to see gee seethe the work that is going oil on there beautiful coral islands are built up here there perhaps a part of one if it we ive could dissect it would be de found to llave have come down tile the mississippi from llie tile rocky mountains or to have been borne upon the bosom of 0 tiie ilia he great amazon from the tropics of south boutil america or indeed parts in that island may have llave came bame from every part fart of the tiie world by routes which if we could trace them would seem eem wonderfully long and strange in the cell which one of these animal culi cull has built bulit for itself we should reco recognize golze a part of the table rock from niagara and sand from tile the holy mountains it may contain matter from the tile euphrates from the sunny plains of southern europe from the tile battle fields of the danube and the nile or from the he soil of classic italy we I 1 know all this because mariners marinero ma have told us of the islands these coral have built up they seem to have been at work in file flie thelea yea sea eve ever r since the waters were mere gathered together li in ona one place and looking at the work they have done the islands they have buil hull buildup tup we have a proof of their eternal dilli dillig gence ence euce i and perseverance per it appears that we hadano had BO idea of bf the operations that were carried on in the depths of the sea till we begin to explore it with lead and line and now nove it seems a great charnel house everybody who has stood upon the shore of the sea has desired to fly away aw ay upon its waves and an dearn earn what there is beyond aitor it or if possible to dive below and dearn what there is beneath it until recently all was conjecture about the depth and formation of the bottom of ahe abe sea it was supposed that it might be as deep as a mountain is high but the character of the bottom they lef left t that to poets brains to picture some supposed it scattered over with gold gems anchors dead mens bone bones ac but brookes lead teaches a different story it shows that all buch euch things are covered up and buried deep down many feet by shell shtil shelly saud sand and animalcule animal culi everywhere where this thin admirable sounding apparatus aratus of brooks has been it ha has s brought up shells sheils and the carcasses of the dead A single quill may bring up thousands nay millions of these shells they are so mail small e that it requires the minutest microscope to discover them they cannot be e seen been when alive the bottom bottom of the deep is covered over with their carcasses carcass esthey they have obeyed the commandment which was iva s given on the fifth day multiply and bring forth abundantly 1 never before now does history give filjac an account of any attempts being made to measure the depths of the sea chance circumstances caused me to attempt it and thinking it might result in good I 1 continued the attempt 7 I 1 congress the then ra passed an act directing the secretary of the navy to set apart and direct oue one vessel to continue contina a these sou soundings for ilia tile pur purpose of assisting in perfecting these discoveries and also albo to allow the whole navy to assist in making tho the tho investigation in so far as ar they could without interfering with their proper duties in order to get at the bottom of tile the sea they got some common twine and tied a thirty two pound ball to it then letting it down into the sea they waited to see how much line would run out and considered dered the length of that line measured the depth of the sea at that point the twine and ball were left in the sea As soon as the deep sea soundings were commenced we found we were in af anew new field we found that system would not do experiment showed us that when the cannon ballway at the bottom the twine continued io to run out and that the larger the tile slower the twine woul drun run tile the difficulty of getting it down was not because of the increased density of the water sinca since that can only be compressed very slightly but because that it had to drag a mile of twine after it then we used the same kind of twine and the tile same weight weight of ball fo for every experiment autive but we found sometimes that the twine w would ouid never run out A vessel one day was sent out to take soundings or measure the depth of the s sea a at a particular spot they began ikjin at sunrise 6 and as the captain was a very patient man they stayed there till sunset the twine still out so they irame name came back and said they guessed there was no bottom there laughter this was before we d covered discovered is the under currents by the use of proper leads we now know the structure of t the he bottom of the sea along the north pacific as US well as along the atlantic the most peculiar thing tiling in the north atlantic is a ridge from newfoundland to england which i called the tha telegraphic pia pid plateau tile the deepest point along that route is about two miles having learned this we must next get some plan to prove to the people that we had llad reached tile the bottom of the sea and huew knew its composition and geography og raphy we tried to bring up the shot to winch which the twine was fastened but the twine was not strong enough and if we used a larger one it was too heavy lizay for the shot to carry down hence wa we have the invention of brookes excellent apparatus lieutenant Lieutella nt maury here bera presented a sampie sample of it and explained it to the audience the shot is hollow with a alongi long iong eed reed running through it there are quills irr in the reed now the shot is I 1 left eft at the bottom but the quills and reed are drawn up the apparatus is so arranged that the ri moment loment the end of the reed which extends six or eight inches beyond the ball boue touches iles lyes lles the bottom tile tiie shot falls off and the rest can be easily drawn up provided with these instruments and facilities h a s ship ilip I 1 was vas sent out to the ocean to take soundings and it di discovered better than gems and pearls at the bottom of time tire sea it discovered the telegraph ie plateau which is to unite units the old and new world tile the quills on |
