| Show l Af J A AA A tt Att AAA AA AAA A AI A AA AA AAA 4 ft o 1 f I 4 t t II 4 4 AA 4 f A IC S t 1 i mi 1 i ilifE r Cn TT niT S T r T r JT S 7 7 7 d TT lifE FIEL FIELDS S OF 01 UTAH 1 d d i t I I w t 1 9 I t t a t 2 o aK t it 1 2 l i i l i ti ii rJ j ti t Ji f m j l 1 i tm Il i il t tI u t tu HD Interest recci mid at III present i n 1 tillo of ot In Utah iw territory H tory lory of ot tho local fu to tore regarding re tho Ihl occurrence oral tha tho of ot By y oil In III tho term teim Is hero la mean meanly ly Iy liquid cd II an nR of hydrocarbon which an II ii ut f the HIP elements II carbon at or these 11 ro probably lIO lh in III which are on the ilia o Hydrocarbon compounds h I t I 0 I 4 j Illy aroused 11 with withIn 1 In the U I I contiguous co n illy r Information riC nr oil In III gen Cell pr ll llIn In n which tho the de lly this sub ut a n tp are corn com and thol varieties de I 1 proportions or up nt it of ut tho con conI I occur In III na i j though In III ft 1 general WilY way wo may lIa hao haon a n partial understanding of the tho matter It II lias lIay been that I IH III vegetable mattei AH All the many varieties of ot coal widely IY from flo ono at uC atford ford evidence of their origin and the th natural process of lIf wOOlly woody tissue US Into coal hai hns boon Investigated and to tn a 11 certain ox ex tout tont can cuu bo 0 Imitated by artificial menus Thin Is not a n process of ot decay In the ordinary Kenst tienso of ot tho Iho term It U may be bo described us M n nl partial l decomposition followed by a a n among the constituents tho change chulI o taking place only when vegetable matter Is kept out of ot con contact on tact with air 1111 In III tho presence ol of fresh water In n 1 somewhat analogous manner or matter II tt 01 either plant ui or both hoth If away from tn air but Jul with mil uit nt r IK IA known to undergo a 1 of or la III ho the formation of one or ur mote more of the p troit of hydro cat ban The bodies of ot Osh nud other animals found In Inn a fossilized In III the thu ty t of rocks the tho sub HII H HH i H I 1 X I 1 r j 1 1 I I j J t r Jr oo oooo oo y I J y y t T X Xo XI XI 1 o I I Ian an Rafael Oil Property Fauth of f fP I IIO IO P flee U a I l r 1 T jotI H HI Hj H turo as ns solids liquids and gases and each Jf t classes may nm be ho produced the tho constituent elements clementI In the from laboratory of ot tho chemist Solid ons occurring In are aro generally classed as ns bitu nature mens mons Including the mineral mine Ill I waxes al 01 alno cla BO no tete and asphaltum which ar ure and at ordinary maltha mal tho or mineral tars tors But Dut beside those there thore aio alo viscid liquids lUll and naphtha an us Ini petroleum proper also the many of at natural gas gns Petroleum also known as ns rock from the fact that It may be obtained by distillation from certain and other bituminous ro ks and as coal conI oil all from the belief once that It Ills Ie a 0 product of ot the natural lint ural distillation tion of coal cOlli Is a n dark colored liquid usually or brownish when by transmitted light licht and green greenish greenIsh ish when fleen by b light It II has boon found so limpid antI and clear an anto I to be suitable for tor purpose i without artificial distillation or other refining treatment tr but usually It oc occurs curs as a dense deuse thick liquid containing ii IL large larso proportion of ot heavy oils which ar are separated se In the refinery and ond aro aroused used us lubricating oils and for fuel AR AB a n rule the products of at tho eastern air fields arc rich In Illuminating OH poor In lubricating material tho opposite condition la Is characteristic of ot oils the western parts of ot tiro United States HI a Crude Crudo Is refined by distillation tion and 1111 othor treatment tram from which result rang ranging rangIng a wIde variety of products ing from the volatile benzine and gaso goso gasoline line through the tho different 11 grades of ot kerosene with varying qualities of at In Inflammability flammability lI to the tho V and solid paraffIn waxes As a 0 byproduct sev several eral varieties of Jf paraffin oils lire aro ob obtained and the final residue loft In tho retort Is a 1 black porous coke not cs different from the tho coke collo result resulting I ing In from the distillation of coal Those holo products lire are analogous In I composition nUll imd properties to tho nat natural na ural occurrences which have been in 1 part already alread noted As 8 to tho ultimate origin of ot petrol petroleum petroleum eum the tho exact process by b which tho oil la Is found In tho laboratory of ot na nature nature ture little can be said saltI with certainty 1 i H H Hi H I I tH H H I I Blanco being U In many Instanced ces III most completely This has led lel to tha supposition that fossil Huh Ush aio lU the of bitumen and There Is little reason rOlson for tor specifically cally naming fish bodies In this connection us any ony organic matter matt or appears of ot such auch transformation under favorable conditions though marino fossils ere ate tho main source of ot supply for foras forns as ns stated sin ted the association of salt sail water la 18 so general us ua to war warrant rant the Inference that brine Buch as IOU soa water walor is requisite In tho of ot formation Doubtless the bodies ot land animals and plants would undergo the change oY anso If It burled buried In marine sediments but such an occurrence would be exceptional Land and fresh atol plants animals are found roun In and lako In and marshes or occasionally In II deposits as ns In liver deltas and bars but only by accident would they be carried out to dea be bo deposited with the marine sediments It Is therefore to tho tha salt water forms of life lite we look as ns the probable ot thu tho series 1011 os of ot by liy petroleum IH and HH Its allied sub Attention has hns been bee II of at lain hi Ie to tho tiny tin plants known as diatoms as all petroleum producers Th e plants ate are so PO small an aw to be distinctly visible only under a powerful pO but they exist In such numbers as ali t con when in a fossilized state ex extensive formations Corm Those diatom diatomaceous deposits arc known own as ns al nl earths they consist of at the tho or skeletons of oe the tho tiny the organic substance having disappeared through decomposition Diatoms abound In both hoth fresh tresh and salt saIL saltwater water and extensive marine deposits of their shells shell II aro known Chemical In Investigation has shown the ready rea c man manlier lier lIel by liy which oils allied to petroleum may be produced from till tho diatom mi u stance the possibility of ot such a n process taking place In nature Is I ap all apparent parent However HOlover there thero Is 11 danger don er In being too definite In our na as nato asto to the particular source of or this t of ot chemical though wo are Jus Justified titled In the belief bellet thai organic matter fo nM HII oj r X 1 I i j i 1 1 I i iy I J I i y y I yf f I Iy If f y T oo oot I t W il and Derrick of Fossil Consolidated Oil Company J Jat at Fossil Wyoming J JH H II 1 tK 11 I I I H H H H Jo I M HH iI H j I IiI l I I 0 H H I 11 j If 1 oo oo I r 1 1 t I II 1 I oo I I I If I ii E I II I f 1 I oo 1 1 f I It t j jI I jj j 1 T Too oo v j jI jI I j 1 I I I I JI 1 1 I I I 1 I Y r rI I 1 I I 1 H HI j jI I DR JAMES E T I J I I HH H H l HI t 1 i rl i I H H I H I I I H Hot of ot Borne kind Is 19 the tha material which petroleum ami other h lions jons aro derived and that t tho trail formation Is effected In connection wit with It was once HUI IO lowed OI that petroleum In a It product i of coal distillation a nil already lII tho common name coal conI oil Is tint to this True thi ro rov III II v marked between and Its derivatives and the from coal by chemical troal FI Is 1 Horizontal and folded A Horizontal layers In III till the In III which they tho c H U n or folds C Troughs or synclinal folds ment But Dut there appears In nature n no common 01 necessary nece son c or coal and coal conI oil and moreover tho Is often oct n found at aln a 1001 geological horizon than that at which the coal coni oc occum cum CUI the th rocks In which II are not such as bear evi evidence dence of the tho effects of ot Intense heat hent But Dut whatever the ma nay be our present Interest Ills rathen rathe Iother In n tho mode of at occurrence of oC the 01 oil In learnIng tho means Incan by which Wo ve may recognize and roach tho pe petroleum accumulations In tome j the tho occurrence of oil la very ery similar to that of ot under l waters In other respects thor ther nr ire striking lid Important difference between the two Thus wo know that tha water ut r accumulates In porous rocks rock even nt n 0 distance beneal I Ithe be the earths under avor bl conditions The essential conditions condition me that the tho porous beds eds shall be he and floored by rock that t Is III to water thus confining the liquid an ltd Its escape either olther or downward The porous beda hede ma may become thoroughly saturated with nt or cr holding the same us n would do and If It the Fig 2 Folded eroded strata strataS S S Surface after A fold foldS S Synclinal fold Dotted Indicate former of strata now ie moved liy strata are nrc Inclined go 80 an all tc to she give considerable elevation or 01 the tho confined water unter In III the lower parts paris will 1111 be under great pressure will lUll push forth with force If the tho Impervious root roof stratum be pierced as by b a tl natural al III fissure or ur by b an artificially driven pipe Water t from Mich uch a natural Unsure i a Unsure spring a U pipe driven through the upper confining l the of the Is 19 an nn artesian well If It Iho edges of ot hudi UH UK been are exposed on n 1 hillside for er example the tho water will us as a 0 eoj or dribble or as nil a n regular hillside Now l ow In tho name Rame way petroleum oc occurs curs ura in porous rocks confined by h Im layers and In the Slime same way nc oil ull as natural springs or through pipes driven n down own to tn tho orous rock But Dut the analogy between water anti and ill occurrences will not 1101 hold huld In all 1111 par The water Is III imren Iren ital and by J lie strata nay may be kept constantly unlimited t o bat It II may ma be bl drawn upon with little lawer of ot exhausting the Oil OCt me mp the ot 01 aseh und anti when d are ar spee llY drained with no nu probability of be the supply by bya a repetition of ot the slow of ot The rhe sumo KUmo IT De e respect to 10 natural gUll us 1 It ItIs 1 Is 9 therefore Improbable and as nH shown 1 y experience that liat any one une supply of either of ot time fuels tuelA will be permanent p How Howver Ho IVr ver an oil rel Is of oC un likely kely occurrence In a n region of ot oil will usually bo bound hl found und areas of rated rocks roelle each ench of ot which la Is In a n an on res of the lull uld The rhe force with the H J t H H HH H II 11 v hell such a n is III Hist tapped la 18 of ot the sua ure which tho has bu confined the tho diminishing olun of till thi rapid tIle the HUI lIp ply The Ire rl u IJ partly I Ill lc that Is duo due to tho or to I leela I vels bi bit t I IH IN aurely lurel largely to the expand force fOlce of at tho mi un Some Sume of the bo t In till In have havo at III lint on lilT I ga galone lone Ions pOI por day n but bu l such uch a II yield IB IS phi pho and ant hut but temporary l After M tp I tl th low under natural pressure has ei ell has hn b bl on en resor ell d to 10 and to this operation a L we may continue to I I for tor years bv hilI t will finally run The geological structure best to 10 the act of ot oil It I an Indira ed that of ot II layers rl below by Tl fhe commonest tl ile cot Con lI and the usual layers t v liu uio 1110 compact clays It 11 Is however that the thu locks not have been heen greatly disturbed lU then toro fore we fall to find oil all In groat moun tain ranges rano where the 1111 strata ha hao ben been tilted and broken In consi conse consequence quence metamorphosed by hy the heat h nt nr pressure to which they the have been mil If It such rocks wore were chal ell with oil before the uplifting and frai 3 Folded eroded strata A An valley aUr 8 H Synclinal hills Dotted boo bovo the surface ho the former extension of ot tha tho before luring Incident to mountain moun lain the fissured strata would have allow tho escape of ot volatile liquids and ond gaMes gasc and only anI tho solid hydrocarbons woul remain Gentle folding of the tha strut appears rather to facilitate the th mutating of ot oil oft In parts but hUl ex disturbances of ot tho strata pro promote mote the of at the liquid Until comparatively recent times th the belief ery generally hold that oi accumulated In large fissures ami rfd sub caverns and that the lucky prospector was he whose WhOM dill pierce the tho loof of at such a el ex Is unsatisfactory when ap applied plied piled to oil In genera though doubtless such n at a irn lIny In rocks would be fill cd ell with the Tho rock strata Ii In which oil Is 19 most commonly found and conglomerates are not noi notor of or the kind suitable to cavern forma limestone which may alto carry carr carrill ill Is frequently cavernous hut but the o nil accumulations arc not contained Ii In large open spaces hut but In the tho pores of ot tho llone Such caverns an may Inny would woul tho local collection of ot oil all and the ol produces Its le b means of ot explosions fired at al tin tho ottom of the tho well Into such ea hIes tho ho oil would percolate from the tho con can rock the yield would thus bo 0 greatly Increased Besides the f structure common to all 1111 oil there aro certain de tle dealia alia which may mn be strictly reliable a nM to the local accumulation ot of oil In n ono region hut but would be Inapplicable lo to other fields The theory thear of ot oil occur cur currence rence which has attracts d wide whIt and during the last decade 18 8 without doubt a II KOIK and gUide to the locution location of ot oil pools In the West Vent Virginia fields and Is III applicable to o some lomo sections of the Pennsylvania plon n Prof Irot Wilbur f p Knight of ot Ih ho university of ot Wyoming has hns hown I II that It II applies also to oil pools In III that I tale Itte stated this thin theory theor that hat the oil has In tho or anticlines of ot the folded while Mille the adjacent or re left lett barren A word an M to the term rind here horo ue II t rocks rock arc lade up liP of Rudiments laid down In lay IllY erK m an nil a II result of oC the th sorting power of ot Under normal conditions die e are horizontal when first depos dellol deposed Itell ed Jill but by hy subsequent disturbances tho ley may ma be tilled folded In a n of at ways When the folds to are aro upward so that crests form inn arches archell with respect to the ital plane In other words when hen the rata on opposite sides Idel of ot the axis of ot dip away awa from other the la Is railed an nn nr or an told fold On tho other hand hon the strata are folded 10 as 81 to troughs the layers on opposite sides of ot the axis dipping eRch th tha fold feld It Ie a anclin Th will ti b r ren t dered plainer by y the accompanying i igram dla gram In III 1 I th till strata nt III A I shown In vertical auction In III the pi lion In III which they went 1 down A the lire are fc I ed cd forming at nt U c ca a I synclinal trough at f l Now No In It In oil Ill tho Iho Is 11 found In tho arc or 01 cr at of o the folds while tho lo am barren This mode accumulation may be 1 due luo to 10 tho f tact that the oil being a nought tho thu higher of ot the foli bells beds leaving the heavier healer Wilier to 10 i III cumulate In III the lower troughs Mo Ioro over the rocky layers In at nt tho will be more than In tho troug owing to the fact that at 11 the erf the Iho lock linn been submitted to 10 tonal or 01 fill etching In the tho |
