Show p- p JL HOW d OF HAIR SHOWS W VS i RACIAL rIP HIS ti oj v J Tr r. 4 r 1 1 1 7 J Q 7 y yc c f f. Q 0 Q w b r 14 16 It I in Size of the Pigment Pi ment t r Showing the Variance in owl 35 rt Granules Granules- in Hair from a Negro 14 i ry and a Chinese 16 f I HAT old expression not not to differ by so by-so so much muchas T I as a hair has always been accepted as indicating indicating indicating in- in practically no variance variance Now scIence science ence comes along and shows that to vary by as much as a hair may mean all the difference inthe in inthe inthe the world A study of the causes of difference in hair color and structure which in many cases cannot be seen by the unaided eye already have been of great value in throwing light upon many perplexing problems in science business and in inthe inthe the detection of crime crime In fact as Leon Augustus Hausman Ph D. D points out in the Illustrated World this study of hair may prove to be of as great value to the investigator of crime as has the development of the science of discovering the Variant characteristics of each individuals individual's finger finger- prints Certain it is that the distinct racial differences differences differences dif dif- in hair so far brought to light will prove of immense commercial worth in determining the various species of animal furs This detailed study with the microscope of the structure of animal and of human hairs is gradually gradually gradually grad grad- engrossing the tho attention of the scientist the commercial tester and the criminal gator The possibility of aiding in the accurate determination of racial relationships by a microscopic microscopic micro- micro study of the hair was first recognized by a French professor Dr Pruner-Bey Pruner who however confined himself to the shape of the section cross-section of the hair shaft Since that time Prof Hausman Hausman Haus Haus- m man n says that has lias made some contributions to the knowledge of the structure of animal hairs particularly those in use as commercial l furs This investigator found that one of th the most valuable and delicate criteria for determining the species of fur from minute samples is the character of the pigment granules to which the color of the hair is primarily due This structural element in inthe inthe inthe the hair shaft can also bo be made use of in aiding In the tho determination of af racial affinities he says For the examination of hair samples the has numerous optical aids at nt his hisTo y To disposal chief chie among w which ich i is n ft compound microscope micro- micro Y Scope arranged for viewing objects by what is known know as reflected light the light being cast down upon the object by a portable arc lamp With this device measurements accurate to the tenth place of a micron could be secured One micron is approximately equal to 1 of an inch The color of human hair is due to to pigment materials located in the cortex or inner shell of the hair shaft Fig 1 shows a diagram of atypical a atypical atypical typical human hair to show the relation of its structural parts The central pith or medulla of the hair composed of loosely-aggregated loosely cells is surrounded by a firm horny transparent portion portion por per tion the cortex which in its turn is invested by the cuticle or outer skin made up of many irregular overlapping plate-like plate scales It is within the tho cortex that the materials giving color to the hair shaft are dep deposited during the growth 1 2 6 I I n i 1 1 a aTo To Show the Similarity of Medullas l and Scales in Hairs from Various Races Left and Right the Variance in Granules Figs 2 and 8 English Blonde Blande Figs 4 and 10 Chinese Figs 6 and 12 Papuan of New Guinea of the hair This material may be either diffuse in form or gathered into granules of definite shapes and sizes It is the shape size dimensions and color of these granules which give to the the clues of race for which ho he seeks The general character of masses of hair upon the heads of p people of various races says Prof Hausman Hauman has long been used as a basis of race classification together r with other less conspicuous ous criteria The character of the head hair mark marked d by color and texture has been found unusually unusually unusually un un- usually persistent for the different races apparently apparently remaining unchanged either by duration of time or by wide divergences in latitude and alti alti- tude Thus the American Indians and most of the Mongols Eastern Polynesians and Malays are to be distinguished by almost the same type of af black lank coarse and lusterless hair But how is one to distinguish between these races or rather how is the criminal investigator or anthropologist to distinguish between the race derivation of minute fragments of hair which are the only evidence available in many cases To do this he must have a knowledge of af the characteristic characteristic characteristic char char- structure of the hair shafts of the different races The c scales and the medullas or central pith of the various hair shafts do not offer affer characteristics definite and well marked enough to base determinations upon Figs 6 4 show typical hair shafts from several distinct races of mankind In each case two case two hair shafts are shown the one treated to show the scales the other to show the medulla and all aU 1 HOW a BABY LEARNS to TALK TALI OW a baby learns to talk was explained by HOW H Dr S. S A A. Kinnier Wilson in a lecture delivered delivered de de- livered recently at the London National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic Long ere the child chUd has begun to articulate said said Dr Wilson his ears have become accustomed accustomed tomed to many and varied sounds included in which are the sounds of words mere noises to the child without any meaning Some of these sounds are repeated in his hearing much oftener than others so that he gradually learns to distinguish them and to associate them with certain objects animate or inanimate We have no reason to doubt that b before fore articulate speech begins the infant is using both hemispheres of the brain for lor vision and both for audition The next step is the endeavor to imitate b by Y articulation the sounds he hears constantly reI re- re I Why Some ome Insects p Have Rubber Heels HE cushion air-cushion of which you hear so so much n I in all aU kinds of mechanical devices and inn instruments instruments in- in not pot to mention the cushion in the ther the rubber heels of your shoes is by no means a new r nor o or an ori original nal invention Many ins insects ts have them and especially the grasshopper which was in ex- ex S1 ti ence nce during the carboniferous period when coal is formed ms t s tt 1 All AU softer parts of an insect a are re enclosed in a ro re or ar less hardened covering which is com com- my called the tho outer s skeleton leton Within this N. N ML all muscles and meaty parts are formed and a yien ien en the grasshopper lands after jumping it i w would Wild uld receive a slight jar if no means of absorb absorb- i l' l j it were were vere provided 1 r J Of bf f course the joints take care of part or of the he K ock and the few like bristle-like hairs found on the i extremity also do this But even these are to absorb the entire jar Therefore Na Na- to work and evolved an air cushion lis is cushion air-cushion is situated at the extreme tip tarsus and just beyond the two claws of e pot The claws help to keep the insect in p p. rious riou positions where without them then it w v d q d iny invariably slip By their means it can find 1 gm tn f grasses je c ilir d r oh ohof of the grasshopper is a round filled ti wair 1 air and arid also provided with a few liese se ih a lan larg measure absorb the shock w eIff hein Ee inset n t lands on some ome rock or boulder t i t 5 r- r iff i by others athers and in this way the movements necessary for the articulation of these sounds or words are learned Again we must believe that both hemispheres are being utilized for speaking movements Before he learns to read or write therefore his inner language consists of the memories of f certain sounds closely linked to the memories memories of certain movements and the former of these is also intimately bound to the visual ideas of f certain objects When his nurse says wow bow he will look for or point to his little toy dog and when it is shown him he will say bow Thus as early as he begins to think at all he is developing his inner language When the child reaches the stage of learning learning learning learn learn- ing to read and write his inner language becomes considerably more complex He learns to write by letters and by syllables which are the signs for sounds be it noted since our writing is pho pho- In this way he acquires a visual picture for each sound made up of a letter or of or combination combination tion of letters and so he reaches the stage of a visual knowledge of letters syllables and words He learns to write however with one hand and that the right hand Hitherto as we have seen the presumption has been that both hemispheres have been utilized for hearing sounds for articulating sounds and for reading signs that stand for sounds When he writes signs that stand for sounds we must suppose he heu uses u es largely if not entirely a part of his left hemisphere only as far as the phys physiological mechanism is concerned W VS rIP HIS M r 1 00 cu p r r OS J Fig 1 The I-The The Structure of a Human Hair 1 M Medulla I CO Cortex CU Cuticle P Granules CS Scales very highly magnified It will be noted that while there appear to be well-marked well distinctions in the character of the scales and especially especially especially espe espe- of the medullas yet these can be used only in general averages and not as a basis for distinguishing dis- dis between single samples Under the highest powers obtainable with the modern madern compound microscope however the character of the pigment granules within the cortex of the hair shafts is seen to differ in a marked and nd constant degree Figs 8 12 8 10 show the same series of hairs as do Figs 4 2 Note the wide differences in the character of the patterns patterns patterns pat pat- terns which the pigment granules form These are arc magnified portions of the cortex of the hair enlarged much more than the Figs 4 2 Still further magnification reveals the fact that not only do the pigment granule patterns in the cortex cortex cortex cor cor- tex of the hair differ with race but the shape dimensions and color values of the individual granules themselves differ markedly Figs 14 and 16 show the granules from two jet black hairs minute samples of which would be impossible impossible impossible sible of identification without recourse to their pigmentation characters characters A FAIRYLAND Made of PLATE GLASS 9 VISION of fairyland was reproduced in the A movies by a scene taken in a setting built entirely of plate Glass of five five- five inch eighths thickness w was s selected How a a huge force farce of carpenters working g from irom d drawings proceeded proceeded proceeded pro pro- to a cover a big tank and much of the surrounding surrounding surrounding sur sur- rounding studio space building a floor is is described described described de de- de- de scribed in Popular Science Monthly At on one one en end of this platforms platform glass glasa workers simultaneously in installed installed in- in stalled a solid plate plate-gl plate glass plate stairway t As soon as the platform was was in in ih readiness other glaziers proceeded to cov cover cover r the ent entire re wooden floor with large slabs of more plate Plate glass walls 20 feet in height were set Bet in n li sides this this' room place plue along two two- es of the stair stair- S. S S way forming a third side and the remaining side serving as a gateway for the cameras Beneath the transparent stairway a complicated complicated complicated system of lighting was wa installed installed-in in such a away away away way as to provide a striking picture of flickering lights playing on the waters beneath the glass steps Where the steps debouched on to the glass floor two wide shallow pools were constructed Rising from tit ti surface of these pools were eight octagonal glass pillars each bearing upon its apex a large basket of glass blown-glass fruit over which the water from fram the enclosed fountains played It It required d two wa days and nights to film this episode and the whole vision will flash sh on the tey t three ree minutes I t Y J tt f 19 2 5 iti i fJ i I. I II i. i sp J G r t l' l How to Water-proof Water Shoes and Avoid II the Disease Danger in ill Wet Feet I ET feet are not only most uncomfortable ble ww WET but as everyone should know and heed are a decided menace to health While Whilo there is scarcely anything more disagreeable than going about with wet shoes yet even the most forehanded are caught occasionally in a storm without rubbers and wet feet is their portion as with those who dislike and seldom wear over over- shoes Although rubber overshoes and boots will keep water out they also keep the perspiration in Moreover they are cold in winter and hot in summer For these reasons as well as because of their excessive weight rubber footwear is objectionable objectionable objectionable ob ob- to many persons but dependence for keeping the feet dry must be placed on rubber overshoes and boots or waterproofed leather shoes The rhe bureau of chemistry United States department department department de de- of agriculture has recently completed a series of experiments on the care and use of leather and recommends waterproofing the shoes that are worn in the winter and spring months Leather shoes and boots as a writer in The Osteopathic Magazine points out when treated to make them water resistant allow the entrance of some water owing principally to the difficulty of completely waterproofing the seams scams Such footwear foot foot- wear cannot be expected to keep the feet perfectly perfect perfect- ly dry if worn for a long time in wet weather nor will it take the place of rubber overshoes or boots for walking in water slushy snow or very soft mud They are very satisfactory however for protecting the feet during rain or snowstorms and for use on wet pavements or wet ground They also keep the perspiration in but are not as objectionable as rubber in this respect The application of oil or grease to light col ored or russet leather darkens it more or less and also makes any leather more difficult to pol pol- ish Where this is objectionable only the soles of the shoes should be waterproofed The uppers can be made quite water resistant by the frequent application of good wax polish The Tho occasional use of af castor oil ail on shoe uppers will increase their water resistance as well as their flexibility and durability without greatly interfering with their being polished If the oil is applied lightly to the clean dry shoes and How MODERN FIGURES Were DEVELOPED from HEN you do a problem in jn arithmetic you yau WHEN use what are called Arabic figures the theRoman theRoman theRoman Roman numerals which are still to be seen on the face of some clocks were found too clumsy and too complicated complicate for ordinary purposes Though one set of numerals was originated in the East and the other in Rome both have the same origin and the story tory is interesting Primitive man when he wished to record a a number simply made a corresponding amount of af strokes down-strokes to write say he had to make hake tiN tJ 2 Nt W 3 1 5 1 r 6 6 Earliest Forms of Figures from Which the Modern Arabic Numeral Were Developed strokes This was a laborious business for both the writer and his reader each of whom had to count the strokes carefully From this point the two systems slowly developed developed developed de de- de- de ea each h in its own way The originators of the Roman |