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Show I THE BULLETIN. BINGHAM, UTAH Babylonians Were Fathers of Science, Says Orientalist Knew Much of Medicine and About Astronomy Keeping Up BfijSciene t Science Service. WNU Service. Wide Usefulness of Bags Despite the Tin Can's Rise Paper Lining Prevents Sifting of Contents By ROBERT D. POTTER New York. The tale of the tin can's rise to a well-earne- d niche on America's family cupboard shelves is well known, but the advances in another packaging method the bag are little noted. This is because the bag is seldom used by the average family except as a temporary con-tainer from the grocery store and possibly for sugar, salt and flour. Dut bags are not "dead" in any sense, for they still help build the homes of America and its highways, as only two examples. Burlap, commonest fabric for rough bags, was first imported in volume from India just before the turn of the century. With the pres-ent Import tax, bur-lap still is considerably lower in cost than domestic cotton fabric. In 1936 some 870.000,000 yards of burlap were imported from Europe and India. Rome Modern Improvements. , Bags have now been so Improved that manufacturers can claim to of-fer any degree of protection from air, acid, dust, oil,, moisture, odors or vermin. The crinkled paper linings for bags allow them to offer serious competition with rigid containers. Materials that formerly sifted through cloth bags can now be shipped satisfactorily and cheaply. These linings permit shipment with-out contamination of the contents from foreign materials or outside odors. Multiwalled bags, first introduced only a little over a decade ago, have taken over the greater part of the world's cement output and vir-tually all the packaging of hydrat-e- d lime and gypsum plaster. " The puncturing of bags, during shipment, is still a problem of the industry, however. Little from the railroads seems to be available in obtaining clean freight cars. The shipper must clean the car himself, remove nails and lay heavy paper. In fact, much ship-ment by bag that formerly went by rail is now being sent by the small-er, but more trucking Industry. By DR. WALDO II. DUBBERSTEIN The Oriental InstUute, University of Chicago Chicago. Assuredly the ancient Babylonians deserve the title of "Fathers of Sci-ence." Through 3,000 years of doc-umented history we can trace their slow steps toward mod-ern science. We today have no reason to feel smugly su-perior in our advanced knowl-edge. The really hard steps in progress are the first ones.-Thos- e were taken for us thou-sands of years ago. Four thousand years ago, Babylo-nian surgeons set broken bones, made major and minor body Inci-sions, and even attempted eye op-erations. A pictorial representation shows the physician with his Inev-itable case and bandages. Sicknesses were known by specific names, and symptoms were record-ed. Magical and religious elements of Babylonian medicine are easily over emphasized, while honest med-ical prescriptions are overlooked. There is a reasonable purpose in Babylonian magic. Once gods and demons had been accepted, then charms and Incantations for their control were also necessary. Had magic been omitted, the patient would certainly have lacked confi-dence In his physician. It was part of his professional "bedside" tech-nique. But scores of simple medi-cal prescriptions have no magic in them. Some even have real medici-nal value. Mathematics and Astronqmy. Mathematics was obviously prac-tical in a complicated business de-velopment such as Babylonia expe-rienced almost 5,000 years 8go. An-cient textbooks offer simple and complex problems. In the oldest texts are found addi-tion, subtraction, division, multipli-cation, and fractional numbers. Square and cube root tables, as well as multiplication tables, were also compiled. Even the theorems com-monly ascribed to the Greek Pyth-agoras and Thales, who lived In the Sixth century B. C, seem to have been known, empirically at least, In Babylonia 4,000 years ago. Astronomy began its climb to-ward a respectable science as an assistant to that pseudo-science- , as-trology. Vet by 2000 B. C. Babylo-nian astronomy had assumed much of its later form as a practical sci-ence. The necessary adjustment be-tween the lunar and the solar year was made by Inserting extra months,. All this demanded specific astronomical Information. The path of the sun through the heavens had been charted through the 12 con-stellations, whose names still sur-vive In our rodiac. At least 71 stars were carefully studied and named. They Knew Some Chemistry, Too. Chemistry as a science developed out of practical needs and practical experiences. Metal smelting was practiced before written history, more than 5,000 years ago, and it was through experimentation with fire that early man learned much about the properties of many min-erals. Detailed formulas for making va-rious kinds of glass are preserved. A recipe for lead glaze colored with copper Is dated 3,500 years ago. It was their practical compila-tion of observed phenomena, as well as their discovery of general truths, that made the Babylonians pioneer-ing scientists. Shortest of Radio Waves Being Used at Ann Arbor Ann Arbor. The shortest continuous radio waves ever produced are being used in experiments at the Univer-sity of Michigan here. They are only 6.4 millimeters (about one-quart- er inch) in wavelength, report Drs. C. E. Cleeton and N. H. Wi-lliams of the department of physics. So tiny is the tube used to gen-erate the waves that it is assem-bled under a magnifying glass and its outside dimension is less than one quarter of an inch, state the scientists in their report to the Physical Review. Radio radiation generated by the equipment is being used for studies of the molecular structure of gases Including water vapor. The mi-nute rays have many of the proper-ties of light and travel in straight lines when focused by a concave mirror. Pieces of black paper, hard rubber and wood are trans-parent to the rays. Not for Communication Use. The possibility of using them" for communication purposes is remote since they are rapidly absorbed by the water vapor in the atmosphere. It Is by a study of this absorption, in fact, that scientists are learning new facta about the molecular makeup of water vapor. The radio waves represent about the limit of radia-tion which can be produced from vacuum tube sources. To get short-er waves the dimensions of the ra-dio tube must be decreased and ul-timately becomes a mechanical im-possibility. For waves shorter than six mil-limeters it is necessary to use either the radiation from a quartz mer-cury arc lamp or spark sources in air. The wavelength region from one-tent- h millimeter to six milli-meter waves is about the last un-tapped "no man's land" of infra-red research, for only a few iso-lated measurements have as yet been made in this region. Briton Sees Great Advance in Battle to Defeat Cancer New York. A "great ad-vance in the struggle against cancer" was reported by Dr. W. Cramer, of the Imperial Cancer Research fund, Lon-don, to the American Journal of Cancer here. This is the fact that the increase in cancer during the last 20 years, in England at least, is almost all in the age groups over 65 years. This Is true for cancer of the or-gans most frequently attacked by cancer, such as the tongue, esopha-gus, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas in men, and the uterus in women. The only exception is in the case of breast cancer in women. Here there is a significant increase even in the earlier age groups. "To the average person and his relatives," Dr. Cramer points out in reporting this encouraging ad-vance in, the fight against cancer, "the question of importance is net whether he dies from cancer or some other disease, but at what age he dies from any disease what-ever." The increase in cancer mortality is not so frightening when it is re-alized that cancer is not killing any more people before they have ap-proached the Biblical span of life than it did 20 years or more ago. 3 fUen and White Meet Once More on Medicine Lodges Historic Ground I Celebrates Uic Seventieth Anniversary of the Peace Treaty That i Helped f Open to Settlement an Empire in the West r ft s u l(hi li i1 iiiJH.ii''ii.rAl.mii'lli,1 ivA, t niMfiin,,,! minmiii Tffln "i i 4 stood at rest, waiting for the ne-gotiations to begin." The conference and distribution of gifts dragged along for two weeks. Finally, after the terms of the proposed treaty had been fully explained to the Indians, the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache chiefs signed it on October 21 and the Cheyennes and Arapahoes on October 28. The Indians agreed to accept reservations in what is now Oklahoma, although retain-ing the privilege of hunting buf-falo in Kansas as far north as the Arkansas river, to refrain from further attacks on the whites and to withdraw all oppo-sition to the construction of rail-roads and other roads and the building of forts in the western country. In return the government sol-em- ly promised to "set apart for the undisturbed use and occupa-tion of the tribes" the reservations designated in the treaty, to pro-vide certain annuities for these tribes for a period of 30 years and to establish agencies, schools, etc., for their use. However, con-gress was slow in ratifying the treaty and it was more than a year before some of its provisions were carried out. Angered by this delay, and seeing in it another evi- - The Peace Treaty Monument in Medicine Lodge, Kan. l, th .jfj J I fig "v - , ! Law WATSON I Qspot where red 1 once held K Smost important I the history of the r. "t, white men and I be meeting to I V even which , .ee there nearly three- - of a century ago. I :eis in Barber coun-- i where Elm creek 3S j Medicine river, and I .October 6, 7 and 8 city of Medicine em sstegirg a pageant enacts the signing i ledicine Lodge peace October, 18C7. if, in the celebration of Indians I I ,es, Comanches, Kio-- I i Apaches, descend- - ie red signers of the ! A troop of the Sev-- I airy from Fort Riley, also be there be-oldi- ers of this regi-tipe- d escort the white (doners to the treaty eaty was a consequence ;e "peace policy" in-juring the administra-reside- nt Andrew Johnson, ore a policy of necessity i choice. The govern-fa- r policy," adopted to 'A to the Indian raids that ed the frontier after the r, had been a failure. So reat White Father' in ion, after his military had whip his erring red chil-xid- ed to conquer them iness. At least, his ad-ji- o were advocates of the ace policy," told him that be done that way. :ingly, Col. Jesse H. Leav-- i agent for the Kiowas manches, was instructed aniel Greene Taylor, com-- r of Indian affairs, to ring together all the tribes for a council. Leavenworth ;on George Bent, the half-- ki of the founder of Bent's the Arkansas, to use his with his mother's as well as the ribes, to get them to as--at a Wichita village near :th of the Little Arkansas At i conference there ae of the leading chiefs 5ve tribes, Leavenworth a of his orders and asked name a place where they meet with commissioners m coming from Washing-cak- e a treaty. After some Indians designated the ' of Elm creek and the river. Here a great elm trees provided a i camping place where drink and bathe in the waters of the Medicine aw their ponies to graze wet native grasses which a the valleys. ! meantime Thomas Mur-rintende- nt of Indian af-- f that district, had arrived urned where great quan-- : wpplies were being 1 'T distribution at the accompanied the party and two of the leading national weeklies were represented by "special art-ists." John D. Rowland, later prominent in Colorado history, was there for Harper's and James E. Taylor, well known for hs spirited drawings of incidents in the Indian campaigns of the next fews years, represented Frank Leslie's, Among the Indian leaders were such famous chiefs as Little Ra-ven, Spotted Wolf, Yellow Bear, Storm, Powder Face and Ice of the Arapahoes; Black Kettle, Bull Bear, Tall Bull and Grey Head of the Cheyennes; Satanta, Sa-tan- k, Stumbling Bear and Kicking Bird of the Kiowas; Young Bear, Ten Bears and Painted Lips of the Comanches; and Wolf Sleeve, Poor Bear, Iron Shirt and Crow of the Apaches. Although Black Kettle, Bull Bear and the other Cheyenne chiefs were present to talk with the representatives of the "Great White Father," their main camp was pitched several miles up the Medicine river. They weren't taking any chances on another Sand Creekl In fact, despite the commissioners' military escort of some 6,000 men three troops of the Seventh cavalry, two com-panies of infantry and a battery of Gatling guns the Indians were so numerous that they might well have exacted revenge for that massacre if they had been so minded. A Thrilling Spectacle. Two weeks later they staged a demonstration which probably caused the white men some un-easiness. One of the teamsters who had been freighting supplies from Fort Larned was Billy Dix-on, later famous as a participant i already pitched along the two streams and that he expected more than 5,000 Indians to be present by the time the commis-sioners .arrived. They reached Medicine Lodge on October 14. A Congress of Notables. Famous as is the Medicine Lodge treaty in western history, it would be memorable for the number of notables who had a part in it, if for no other reason. Among those who helped in the preliminary work were Kit Car-son, the renowned scout and guide; Jesse Chisholm, the half-bree-d Cherokee whose name is immortalized in the most famous of all cattle trails; Col. A. G. Boone, grandson of the immortal Daniel; William Matthewson, the original "Buffalo Bill"; Black Beaver, the celebrated Delaware Indian scout; and a number of other frontier characters of lesser fame. The commission itself, headed by N. G. Taylor, United States commissioner of Indian affairs and chief exponent of the "peace policy," was composed of Senator John B. Henderson of Missouri, A. S. H. White, secretary, Gen. Alfred H. Terry, Gen. C. C. Au-gur, Gen. W. L Harney, Gen. John B. Sanborn and Col. S. F. Tappan. General Augur was added to the commission to take the place of Gen. W. T. Sherman, who was re-called to Washington before the party left Fort Larned. Sherman, it will be recalled, was credited with that frank, if brutal, decla-ration that "the only good In-dian is a dead one." Presumably General Harney subscribed to that sentiment, too. Twelve years earlier he had won a reputation as a successful In-dian fighter by attacking the camp of Little Thunder, a friendly Brule Sioux chief, and by killing nearly a hundred men, women and children. Both Harney and Sanborn had been members of another peace commission, which included Wi-lliam Bent and Kit Carson and which had made a treaty with these same tribes at the mouth of the Little Arkansas in October, 1865. Since neither the whites nor the Indians had kept this treaty, both of these generals can be forgiven if they were cynical as to the value of making another here at Medicine Lodge. Other Witnesses. Entitled to the same cynicism were Gov. Samuel J. Crawford of Kansas, ex-Lie- Gov. J. P. Root and Senator E. G. Ross, who were also present at Medicine Lodge. Within a year some of these red warriors would be raid-ing through Kansas, killing set-tlers, burning their homes and carrying women and children away into captivity and Governor Crawford would resign his office to lead the Nineteenth Kansas cavalry in an expedition against thelostiles. And then, ironically enough, this expedition, led by Gen. George A. Custer, would at-tack a camp of the Cheyennes on the banks of the Washita river in Oklahoma (where they had a per-fect right, under the terms of the Medicine Lodge treaty, to be) and kill their chief. Black Kettle, and with him 13 men, 16 women and 9 children. . Other witnesses to the treary W. Wynkoop, Su-perintendent were Maj. E. Murphy, Colonel Leavenworth and Col. J. K. Ran-kin, representing the Indian de-partment, and John Smith and who acted as In addition there was present also a considerable press gaUery"'composed of represent-atives from the leading newspa-per- s of the country. 'Outstanding among these was Henry for the New Sk TribunTwho later became famous as an African explorer Bennett of when James Gordon the Herald sent him to the Dark Continent to "find LJingstone A photographer 7 J.w.'JEtfWre " "rV ' j ' .j It 2 Z ft t i ft vb 1 I ? i ' CHIEF SATANTA dence of the white man's bad faith, war parties from some of the tribes resumed their raids in Kansas and in Texas. Even if the government had lived up to the letter of its agree ment, it is doubtful if peace would have prevailed throughout the re-gion. The authority of chiefs over their followers was slight, at best, and a leader who may have wished to live at peace with the whites could not always con-trol his young braves who wished to win honor on the war trail. Then, too, as George Bird Grinnell has pointed out in his book, "The Fighting Cheyennes," "the giving of a few presents and the signing of treaties by a few chiefs would not appease the Indians, whose livelihood, the buffalo, was being destroyed and driven away." The clash of conflicting interests was inevitable, and when it came, nothing could restrain the Indians from raiding the settlements and the government could not turn a deaf ear to the settlers' demands that military force be used against the marauders. , Importance of the Treaty. So the "peace" that was made at Medicine Lodge proved, to be a hollow one and another ten years was to elapse before the Indians were anally conquered and forced to remain within the bounds of their reservations. How-ever, the Medicine Lodge treaty was important because it gave the white man a basis for his claims to the right to settle western Kan-sas and certain parts of Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and it cleared the way for the comple-tion of the Union Pacific railroad and building the Santa Fe. When the "iron horse" entered this vast empire, the buffalo was doomed and that meant the end of the Indian, also. Tall Bull of the Cheyennes would lead a few more raids against the hated white men, then die at the Battle of Summit Springs in Colorado two years after he had signed the Medicine Lodge treaty. Satanta of the Kiowas, the "Orator of the Plains," would fight vainly against the fate that was overtak-ing his people and die in a Texas prison, a suicide. Little Raven, great chief of the Arapahoes, would bow to the inevitable and end his days peacefully on the reservation alloted to him by tho "Great White Father." But be-fore that came about, the land over which his tribesmen had roamed for centuries would be coming into the Union as the new state of Colorado and within a few years more Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, once the hunting grounds of the tribes who signed at Medicine Lodge, would be join-ing Colorado in the sisterhood of states. Weatern NaJMpaper Union. Ml CHIEF LITTLE RAVEN in the Adobe Walls and Buffalo Wallow fights during the war of 1874-7-5. He describes the demon-statio- n as follows: "I shall never forget that morn-ing At a distance of about two miles from our camp was the crest of a low swell in the Plains. The background was blue sky a blue curtain that touched the brown Plains. For a moment I was dumbfounded at the sight of what was rising over that crest and flowing with commotion to-ward us. It was a glittering, fluttering, gaily colored mass of barbarism, the flower and perfec-tion of the war strength of the Plains Indian tribes. The resplen-dent warriors, armed with ag their equipment and adorned 11 the regalia of battle, seemed at 15,000, number was estimated I cannot vouch for its accu-rac-y. "As they came into plainer view the Indians spread their ranks wider and wider, to create an impression as Possible, and inspire us deep y 5th thete power. Now they could S heard chanting and singing. arrived within a quarter 5 Jmae camp, the Indians charged Se a whirlwind, firing charge was ab-rupt-iy their halted, and the Indians . .. , p W- - S. HARNEY tjincluded a herd of Cbi ht3 and ?2n'etoverfromthf Jwhich the War de-- 4rSlf?r distri- - 1 month more W umule ams W Port rU,ingihia ma-n- ds 10 toe Murgathered ttere tm pVn hand to ""a 431 lodge, were Household Question? For the Seamstress. Befor stitching heavy materials, lik khaki, duck or canvas, rub hart soap over the hems and seam The needle will then penetrate th material more easily. To Soften Sugar. When biawn sugar ' becomes hard or lumpy, place It in a shallow pan in the oven for a few minutes. Sliding Drawers. Laundry soap rubbed on dresser drawers that stick will make them work easy. Salad Eggs. Hard boil the re-- quired number of eggs, then re-move the shells. Arrange the eggs in a dish on a bed of fresh, crisp lettuce leaves, then sprinkle with mayonnaise and grated cheese. Garnish with sliced tomatoes and a ring of cucumber. Serve with cheese straws or cheese-flavore- d biscuits. Shiny Windows. A few drops of kerosene added to the water when washing windows will make them shine brightly. Cleaning Black Frocks. Black frocks which have become marked with powder may be cleaned quite easily by being rubbed with crumbed, dry, stale bread. Discouraging Ants. Prompt disposal of garbage and other waste materials around the home will aid in the control of ants. WNU Service. How Constipation Causes Gas, Nerve Pressure When yon art wiutlptl tw thino hp pen. FIllttTt Wntn (well up th boweb and pram on mttm in th diemtiv trsot. Tbif nvrra prmaun eaiuei haadnclMt, ft duu, laijr leclinc, billnui pel!, lout of ppetit aud di mnam. SaCUND: Partly diRMtod food atarta to doeay tormina; OAS, bhngiD on ami atomaon (aoid indignation), and heartburn, bloating you up until you aoroetimaa (up (of breath. Then you apend man miaerable daya. Ton aan't aat. You oan't loop. Your etoinacb ia aour. You leal tired out, grouchy and miaer able. To ret the aomplnto relief you aeek yon muat do TWO thinga. 1. You mutt relieve the OAS. 1. You mint elrar tha bowela and GRT THAT PRK8HUKK OFF THIS NEUVEB. Ai aoou aa emending erantea ara weaned out you leal marvelouely refrmhwl, biue vaniah, tlie world look bright again. There ia only one product on the market that civee you the DoUtJJ.E ACTION you seed. It ie ADLKR1KA. Thie efficient eathartio relierea that awful OAS at onoe. It often removea bowel aonreatioa In half an hour. No waiting (or overnight relief, Adlerilta acta on the etomach and both bowela. Ordinary laxatirea not on tha tower bowel only. Adlerika haa been reoommended by many dootora and druggiata (or 85 yrara. No grip-ing, no after e0eta. Juat QUICK reaulte. Try Adlorika today. You'll aay you haro nerar uaad auoh an efficient intcatioal oleanaer. REAL ESTATE TOU can aell, or trade your (arm or ranch) , tor a home or apartment In Salt Lake. Write or wire Bert C. Palmer If Want tnl Sa. Salt Lake City "Alwav a Represented" LIVE STOCK IIVB TOCK PEODCCEMS Write today tor a (ree aample copy of WESTERN LIVB STOCK, the National Range Magazine. An Independent paper published in the Interest ot AIX range live atock producers ot the Weat. Get a copy without cost or obliga-tion by writing: WESTERN LIVE STOCK. 1824 CnrUa St., Denver, Cele. PHOTOGRAPHY ft ATTENTION KODAKERS! ?"i rVg Snort Time Only - Boll UeTeloped 1 llflffnS Plnu o. Beprlnta Wt W lor II .00. iIlII'?, Viae HoL coupon with erery order Hr?za rAROO HATIOMM. PMOTO eo. rare - MertaDafca HOTEL BEH LOMOND I t i ' I U&t j i 4i .ai?2in ' OGDEN, UTAH S5 Keome S5 Bathe . I2.M te UM FaaaOr Booau fer t pereena - - 11.0 Air Caeltd Leanfc-- e ana tabby Grill Beeaa .. Caffae Shop .. Tap Root Bene tt Beta it Kliranla EKxntlree Ewan OpUawe "te-a- " (baaabar ai Coaajuert and AA Club. HOTEL BEN LOMOND ; (Coau aa yea are T. & FiUfertld, llfte r |