Show r a W I Fir Y 7 0 How the Newly Discovered Land Minnows Minnow's Success ill in 8 f Living Out of Water and Traveling Long Distances on the Ground Shows the Way Wag Our Own Arms Iii and Legs Developed From the Fins All l Animals Once Had PTERODACTYLS J- J I E EtL tL j I I Cei Ceina r e na C X p f t 1 rg 5 bs tit towy t 1 d rk A y a irk i a c 1 a y gw g Hi 91 c A I L J i iF iC Ii r p pL F K A Ma F f fJ J 9 C W D A 6 r ata r fp 4 s 4 t t t b I WHALE MAN fA ii S Diagram showing the thc y mgr I IC in the great r C tg t tway way our own arms andA and A legs and the fins of ofa a fish are 4 s st t supplied f fr fW With W MM'S r r 1 r rI T jM a- a at t nerve r 4 40 I d- d f j I a 1 p from the wy r ra s 7 e IJ h ii j i J rat y to The skipper mudskipper ip which was until the discovery g f A t r British Guiana he jave gave months to the of the land minnow the most remarkable j e i closest observation of the land minnow r of the walking fishes It gets over level r g 5 r and its peculiar habits of ground very rapidly jumps from lieu stone atone to tov zy zyg Professor Beebe says that the mm- mm stone and even climbs the roots of trees From Fron ra fb fir ot of o ece Y x f now seems quite gate content to wriggle along alone Y the earth like a worm until t it reaches k fAs r t y 5 J t 4 f an obstruction Then it makes a II fran Iran frantIC frantic r tic concentrated rush rash up into the air and J JOn On the theM M r 4 y clings to the obstruction with Ith Its ad- ad ad adhesive left ta tail Its next mo e rose is to rise 4 gr Austra 4 m W Tiang A A on cn its fins an and ue u-e both its fore and s a A AOn Tian lian g f fp f hind fins to p push itself along g the ground round r A i frilled a aa a progress Its Its progress is an odd series senes of jumps j lizard 5 S and wriggles It is usually aiming at which some spot where here it can lie he under a leaf 6 I is justa just a fA and wait walt for some unwary insect to come y yA A learning l learn k kS S r 9 h along which it snaps up avidly 11 Professor to stand standup sor Beebe reports that some come of these x A AUP UP on r minnows have Ii Hied as long as nine days das 3 its hind hinde e without going back to the nearest water ater r I o legs and K which 13 sometimes as far as as or 11 K A starfish sh with four long arms anus that are placed much like the limbs on the human body and that may help him some day to abandon his home on the beach and move further away from fromI I water I IT- IT OWN in the trackless jungles of DOWN D fl British Guiana where fe few whIte men mn outside himself have eser er gone Professor William WIlham Beebe the dis- dis distinguished dis distinguished American naturalist has dis- dis discovered dis discovered I covered a fish that can live litre on dry land almost as well as it can in the water I This extraordinary creature actually rears rean itself on its fins and covers long stretches of ground ground with an erectness and speed that furnish aery a very sery creditable imitation of the way human beings walk alk This interesting discovery n more than a 11 mere mero curiosity of jungle life life it itis itis itis is something which science regards as Important new evidence in m support of the theory of evolution c now being so rigorously In some quarters The little creature which Professor Beebe's keen eyes have found n iii the South American v I lids and which he has named the tha land minnow is be bc be- be believed believed to lend the strongest kind of sup sup- support sup support port to the theory that all aU land animals lived in m the steaming waters aters that covered the earth ages ago and reached their present form by a slow process of evolution from very differ differ- different L ent types of creatures The curious way ay this minnow uses Its tiny fins as arms anus and legs i is be- be belie be believed lie cd to bo exactly tho the way countless other creatures used them when hen they began their desperate struggle to get getO O oit t of tho the water and make something more efficient of themselves on the tho land It goes far toward showing us how Cry tiery probably our own limbs and those of other creatures that can ean now live only 4 on the tho land began to develop Professor or Beebe Deebe has long been known as one of the leading authorities upon bird life his nia weighty on The Bud d Its Form and Function being considered one of the standard works on the subject During his recent v isit to o I feet ay away we do doThe The land minnow IS is bno by b- J no means mn the tho thoI first fish sCIence f fai ai s h has found fod that can n r 1 live m M A y ya yi a i h lire outside do t the h r w a I j i wat water and make mat rf quite a II creditable w fr attempt at walking ng with its fins Inc In d c certain e r t a i n African waters aters 11 lies lues es a fish i r r that has been seen to climb a 11 tree In rr ea I 3 t t u y search sea s c a i 1 c h of some i yf fw tood the food it craved cra But nut y the land and minnow i ti a c see seems m s to have ha Y tw R wu wua achieved ed m o 0 r l o 0 wonderful wonderful things f 4 on land than any g l Tm s of the othel other vane- vane vanel ties hes of walking j i r fish ct II I This remarkable I IJ e em i x 4 v minnow m inn 0 V tiles eS esy 2 4 d when not travel travel- traveling ww 0 ing mg over thet the J t ground m in the P Py back waters of the S r y f k swampy s jungles Iti It i MA rK N is a neat near relation nb d dof of the four-eyed four i minnow that is sob sob so yv u i b v y b 4 com comI common mon in this I I yr n law d region but the I lat lat lat- a- a ater i Yr r a ra ter tor fish in m spite of its double set of o The eight eight eight-arn eight armed armed octopus devouring a crab and showing what an pedestrian eyes has never this known creature might be if it should ever learn to use au ajl its limbs for walking purposes purpose to un- un any ony pedestrian expeditions Science thinks thins the minnow probably took its first step on land millions of years ago At first it could doubtless manage to live lie only a brief time outside the water but gradually it learned how to breathe through its gills Now It can live lie for rune nine days ard and perhaps great deal lo longer loer er without feeling any ony necessity for a plunge into one of the Jungle pools The Tho human buman mind can hardly realize what a long time and how many mil millions lions hons of experimental ventures on the part of countless generations of min mm- mm minnows flows were necessary before they adapt adapt- ed themselves to breathing through gills and traveling over the ground On Dr Beebe's latest jungle Journey he and his companions found something like forms of animal and insect life which were ere hitherto unknown to SCIence and which the they studied in their natural natura habItat It is when scientists get at the lower forms forma of life lifo amid their natural primi primi- primitive primitive primitive tive surroundings that they surprise some of these secrets of ot evolution and andare andare are able ablo to trace the development of one species into another This TIns patty pat ty was as able to study ere lere the iguana and l When they saw the iguana which is II a reptile spring from the branches of a tree and trust itself to the air they un- un understood ui the instinct that lifted so many reptiles to the bird stags of life The hoatzin IS 13 almost a connecting link between bet reptile and bird for it IS part one and part the other vel very other other plain plain- plainly plainly ly Iy a holdover from the time timo when hen am- am ani mals emerged from the sea Professor Beebe and thousands of other scientists firmly beile believe e they have traced h aced the e evolution of man back to the fish and that there can be no dOlbt of the tho process even oven though every link has noty not y 1 et ct been found fit The discovery of a fish that walks some bat as we e do even though it has fins instead of at aims ms and legs is thought to be ono one more proof of the contention that man has developed in the course of mIllions of years vears from the lower ani- ani animals ani animals mals The fish has left traces of hIS structure upon man which are lire so Sl as to be unmistakable It sometimes happens that a child is isborn isborn isborn born w the ti-e tl e spaces bet between een the cart cart- cartilages cartilages lages of the trachea not entirely grown grownup grownup grownup up Here even esen the la layman lav man can see a close 1 resemblance to the gills of the fish of which the trachea is a development develop develop- development development ment Scientists have hase traced carefully all of the development de of the gills and find End that these ha have hale e become the basis of the jaw of man and of many important parts of the head and throat as well ell as of the car ear Why should nature go bO to all the trouble of making parts of the gills in inman inman man which are lire of no u use e to him what hat whatever ever eser if they were not rudiments that have been preserved ved from earlier and lower Hr types of animals Professor J Arthur Thomson pouts oat Olt that there are ale over ovel a mil mil- million mil million lion species of living animals about half of them insects and that it is 13 sexy ety wonderful how these animals can he be arranged in a very plausible gen gen- gen tree hee and how structures fun fun- fundamentally fundamentally fun fundamentally the same appear with Ith sa- sa sacred va varied a- a TIed ried and function The Tho pelvis of man is first found de ile de- de developed eloped to a similar shape hape in nt the whale hale The seal and whale hale which many man think of as fish fish but are really mammals must have liae come cone from legged four-legged an- an ancestors ancestors an ancestors In the seal all aU the bones of the hind legs are shortened up and di- di directed directed di directed back backward ard until they seem to form a tail tall Man persons call it a tail but it 13 is the remains of the hued hind legs The seal and whale hale both have well fOI formed cd hands covered cohered CO ered by the fin fin- shaped fin shaped sac We know but little sa says s Professor Professor Professor sor Beebe in his hi recent lecent work v ork on birds of the tho direct Ill change from from a fin to a hand or foot although i there are some soma fishes living at the present day with Ith large finger bones m their pectoral fins However it came about it is certain that when the fish amphibians of olden tIme venturing into shallow v water felt more or less solid mud under them and tried to move about upon it theIr fins must have become pressed Dressed down down- downard downward downward ward ard and before the they could safely ash themselves about on dry land or lift their bodies clear of the ground the stiff rays fin-rays must have hae become split spilt up un into a fc thick trick bony rays or toes We We know that these were originally five in number on all four limbs and hene el amon among In living mg creatures we wo r the Above Above the wing winK of the a pI flying reptile compared with those ofa of a modern bat and bird Their likeness of structure science believes shows a common ancestry Below the which the whale for hand uses a fin and the human hand band showing a resemblance which science regards limbs as strong evidence that mans man's developed from fins find a lesser number tha the reduction has been brought about by some subsequent change in the life of the animal ammal The 1 requirements of light flight demanded II a like fin stiffness in the wings of birds and therefore many of the smaller bones of lizards lizards counterparts of which we find in our own wrists and hands al are aio e in m the bIrd fused together The Tho upper bone arm-bone or corresponds exactly to our bone of that name and when hen we e feel tho two t long bones of forearm and look for them m in the bird we find both very sery plainly 1 represented the largo large one with notches where the great feathers wing are fas fastened being called the ulna and the tho smaller straighter bone the radius In our wrist aro are eight little littia bones winch are joined to each other so li dt-li- deli delicately cately that we can move and turn our hand band in m every direction Buthen But when hen a abird's abird's birds bird's wing is extended if the wrist was as wasat wasat asat at all flexible the pressure of air on the great wing feathers would turn wing tip tip ing-tip around and make malo flight impossible impossible impossible sible So but two t of these small Email bones are free in our chickens chicken's wrist although m in the small chick several more moro SI sit m in mall all III are aio e separate Vi When hen e v study the leg of or other ani ani- animals animals mals and of birds we e are sometimes vied at th their lr apparent difference from the human leg but this is 16 because we e generally mistake the place of the tho knees and in iii that way ay lose the 1 blance The leg of or a chicken says Dr Deebe Beebe is attached fo to the great bone of the thigh girdle The foot is not sery ery different from that of a lizard but there seems something very strange about the tho I d leg Can it be possible that a 11 chickens chicken's knees bend backward back Much of a birds bird's leg is concealed by bythe bythe bythe the feathers and when hen we e see the bones as far up as liS the hip lup Jointe joint we e under under- understand understand stand our mistake at once and see that thata a bird has knees which bend in the same samo way ay as our that own own that is is forward in in an opposite direction from tho the elbow The knees of a bird are usually concealed I within the tho skin of the bod body as in the legged sho legged legged t-legged ducks duck and are never nevel vis- vis visIble visible vis visible outside the ible plumage For this rea- rea reason reason rea reason son the femur or thigh bone is in birds relatively very short even in the tho long long- long herons and flamingoes the ca- ca catra c ex extra tra length of limb resulting in the elon elon- elongations of the ne next neat t two lower Joints 1 |