Show I and 11 ii Nai G sers L n How Science Plans to Make Them Thera Not Only T t 1 w lr Run Our Power Plants but Also Keep Us and Cure Our Aches and Pains With With With- iV re r y the Valuable p i R y 78 f 7 1 Medicinal p v v v I v vM M Mv v i iri ri S i iff A y Properties rux N R ar 92 ass S Sp t s fc p in t 5 Found i J an w JL l jL l il Mt Z ra w ww rv w un sa sc n 0 6 Their Steam Steam- Steaming ss I 1 t ti l j ing Waters j ff Jing e et ej t tv t J y fe- fe feThe T l Gt i s Y 3 s r t tT M r ww p pl a ti i a 1 u c p e a x 31 t ss'S b w 1 4 e l yG r rw o- o f 1 w a r rr r fD af i t ted ed 7 R f A r A e r s w i l N h 1 1 ir r l w n t y j Th The The e crater of the Castle Geyser in s A Aa i iw our own Yellowstone National Park w of heat a a possible source power and health as a great r r n r t in x as any to be found IR Iceland L hot w water hot a t er V j heat is to solve thes the s i much vexed much vexed fuel problem lein t tern lem for the citizens of Re Reykjavik Rei- Rei the capital of Iceland Why Why bother to Import e pen e pen pen- si e Sl sise e coal when fires raging underground can be utilized as a substitute Though Iceland is a very cold country it has man many live live- lively lively l ly s in the neighbor neighbor- neighborhood neighborhood neighborhood hood of which are molten rocks rock not far r below the These rocks so hot as to be in- in in incandescent candescent give high tempera temperature i ture tare to numerous numerous springs andt and tJ t geysers 3 q geysers It ought to be bo prat- prat to bring water from those sources into nearby f towns and use it et for heating This is the experiment that is 10 to be trIed at Reykjavik Re Within a mile of I that city there are geysers and springs I that boil all the year ear around Some of I them are arc fairly surrounded by ash a washhouses ash houses which have hale long been used by housewives for purposes It IS planned to fetch the water through a main into th the e town a and d pipe it into dwellings and other buildings for heat heat- heatIng heating heating ing as well as ordinary domestic uses The idea is is very Cry interesting for one reason because it is likely in the future to be applied on a vastly extensive scale In the tho legion of Americas America's Yellowstone National Park quite Park quite possibly for heat heat- heating heating ing ing mg but much more importantly for tor the production of electrical power That district is situated directly on top of an exceedingly hot section of I the earth and in siew of its enormous avaIlable resources of cheap volcanic I steam power it will inevitably J become in inthe j the course of time a great industrial I area To get the steam in unlimited quantities quantities quantities I ties all that will be necessary is to bore boreholes boreholes boreholes holes feet or so in depth run pIpes I down and tap the hot subterranean I strata The steam that pours up through these bored wells will be used to drive engines for running huge dynamos to tomako tomake tomake make mako electricity which where here found de- de desirable desirable de desirable can be distributed over wires for lighting heating and running the tho ma- ma machinery machinery ma machinery chinery of factories If this seems beems a visionary scheme It may be proud pro ed quite otherwise by ring ring to the complete success of it in another part of the world i i e in Tuscany cany cany north of Rome where here our oser 01 er an area of about forty square miles are found many boiling springs or so-called so puff ing holes winch emit steam They go godo godown do doan n to great depths where here volcanic temperatures prevail The steam from these puffing holes is Isnow isnow now used on a large largo scale for the pro pro- production production pro production of electrical power But to sup sup- supplement supplement sup supplement them hundreds of addItional ones have been artificially created by boring The steam being supplied by nature free of cost electricity genel by the dynamos which it drives drive is cheap From the central volcanic power station at Larderello current is sent fifty miles to loren l Florence e and to Leghorn and Prom bino on the west est coast of Italy Yet the volcanic heat available in the Tuscan district is of small account com coin 4 pared with what tho the Yellowstone has to offer Boiling Boding springs are scattered allover all allover allover over that region One of them is sug- sug called tho the Devils Devil's Bathtub Hells lIell's Half-Acre Half is a hot spot well known to tourists and in the Fire Hole lIole Basin where hue the Gibbon and Madison rivers I i L-Jt L a f 8 y Y A i to tod tot toM cs y i a sw w d t tip N ki kir r M t y t m b i bh ti 1 p pY Y gj a I ei g n t A a E Y d dt t 2 a r y 4 v ar i a a Yr r r r'S ts s 1 S 'S t tw w r a t y yr t ta As y A a h An Iceland postman K leading a string o f p onies laden v z av o with boxes of mail mailand and announcing F fig i iv v his coming with loud blasts on his horn join loin the whole hole country seems to be on fire The Fish Pot is a little hot spring that emerges from a cone fifteen feet in diameter diameter diameter eter eter on the tile bottom of Yellowstone stone Yellow stone Lake LakeIn In winter the lake is frozen solid all allaround allaround allaround around it and often there is SIC or seven feet of snow on top of the ice But the spring keeps on boiling and gl off steam which melts an opening opening to the surface Near the Norris lunch station is a pool called the Minute Man which for for- formerly formerly for formerly merly could be relied upon to boil and bubble up regularly once a n minute But its plumbing plumbing seems to have ha become dis- dis disarranged disarranged dis disarranged arranged arranged- somehow and it doesn't do its stunt any more though the temperature of its water is near Fahrenheit In 1903 a boy seven years old fell tell into it and was scalded to death The boiling springs and geysers of the tho Yellowstone are arc produced by waters which ascend through crevices in the rocks from depths where the material of the earths earth's crust is so hot as to be in- in incandescent incandescent in incandescent candescent And speaking of plumbing the tho term is rather appropriate as applied to geysers inasmuch as their periodIc operation depends upon a system of pip pip- piping pip piping ing which if it were ere artificial we would regard as decidedly ingenious A geyser pipe is a more or less irregular irregular ular tube which goes do down n from the sur sur- surface sur- sur surface surface face into the bo bowels boels els of the earth arth At some distance below its opening ther there IS a large expansion-call expansion expansion call it a chamber chamber- chamber in which the boiling bolling water rising from the depths accumulates When the cham- cham chamber chamber ber has become filled tilled the pressure of volcanic steam from below becomes oo DO great that the entire contents of the chamber are blown n with tremendous force upward up and out of the top of the pIpe The geyser gesel known as Old Faithful gets Its name Dame from the regularity of the in- in intervals in intervals at which it spouts It is per haps hops perhaps the most impressive geyser in the world throwing a column of hot water and steam hundreds of feet into the air Some years ago a German naval officer VIsIting the Yellowstone Park became suspicIous that the regularly timed eruptions of Old Faithful were produced by hIdden machinery Hanging bout the crater to watch the performance he was caught in a deluge of boiling water and came near dying in consequence Hot water has a less specific c gravity than coldwater cold water Hence Ilene it comes about that an overflow of hot water from flom the Lake Geyser basin makes a scalding hot surface curre current t near the mouth of lot Hot River In the cool water beneath this thil P surface there fj Sf Z V r rZ 1 are t trout r 0 u t tt tf which it is said ail will actually rise vise v x t tto tto to a fly sometimes 9 t ta te tf tt rt j e f t through the hot wa- wa 81 8 11 f 1 ft t a a ato to on top The Tho trick tt t I sw of catching a trout in i t fr t coldwater cold water and boiling t t I t it immediately in m a hot J j t Tx spring a few feet away i is familiar to tourists touris's tt who oho visit the Yellowstone Yellow Yellow- B ft d stone w wAges k Ages ago long be be- be before 4 hI fore the birth of Adam x xa a q F w y the high plateau which tt g t now forms forma the Yellow Yellow- 1 w stone National Park basin tho the sy was a D in m in the Sud mountains There came ia Lipez can can- cana cana can k a big eruption or mOle moie w c ton It is likely a series senes of eruptions ex o expect x p e c t ed trans which poured t that hat by floods of volcanic ma ma- material a harnessing that tonal over all I the ai 1 iI volcano legion i filling the ire in electric h l o 0 r s e c- c basin Thus today day to power can be nearly all nil of the SUI- SUI face sui-face w made available face of the park is A tic c for running all covered to a gJ great eat i the Bolivian ra rail rail- rail loads del depth th thith with ith lava and loads and foe fOI other ot er stuff of volcanic origin lighten c I 1 tIe ties s origin There Thera isa is a bIg and to towns ns mountain of solid glass The puffing created by the fusion holes of cany of silica under tremendous cony cany yield water that dous heat con contains tams boric aCId The Tho sue sue sue- suei I i icess which has hils been de- de decess de derived teas cess of the's the Tuscan s 's rived from that source Tuscan vol vol- vol came vol-came r rt rm t m III commercial qu quantities earl earl- steam h hd y i ties for a century il d eVe ment lop lop- 1 o p- p fit s Originally the w water ater ment which was evaporated in cal cat caldrons n 11 o 0 W sup- sup drons made for the pur- pur plies elec- elec elec When dec When pipe pipes from the steaming teaming geysers pose but later the tho plan for make every house houe warm warn as toast toa t the was adopted of des dis- I 1 i g h tin t i n g women of Iceland will well not need to with fuel and and power dress drell ao so warmly indoors using steam from theto theto the theto to several volcanic wells to fur- fur big cities and many small towns has inspired attempts re reo Italian engineers are boring for steam on the slopes of Vesuvius and also on tho island of which is one of the Lipari group north of Sicily The Islands are subsidiary peaks of the giant and on ac- ac according ac according cording to ancient belief the workshop of the blacksmith god spas was as located It is hIghly eruptive on frequent occasions Only the other other- day the Bolivian gov gov- government government Ov- Ov granted to LUIS Torti a 0 conces conces- concession concession sion to use tho the steam of the vol- vol volcano volcano vol volcano cano near the Chile Bolivian frontier ini In i 1 t- t f W ij 7 I 10 I J V f J 0 1 jJ M My JL- JL y f mt IJ fro lp f S et 5 x 1 Z f f 1 I AJ J It m 10 I 2 I II II r I d dw w w P v r I I IL i L S t L t 5 P Pa I a r II t I A remarkable view of the Old F Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone stone Park shooting up into the flee air a column of steam and boiling water hundreds of feet high I nish tho the requisite h heat at The water is II drawn into immense pans lined with lead beneath which the steam is conducted through pipes By the development of this industry a number of towns and sil- sil Mi lages were brought into existence in m a region which previously had been uninhabited uninhabited habited T Twenty enty years ago Prince Ginori Coat Conti first hit upon the idea of cf using the vol volcanic canic steam for the production of power He turned the steam from from a puffing hole into a n piston eng engine ne which ran like a charm In 1906 1006 an engine specially bUilt for the purpose operated a dynamo and lit hL the works works of the company of Larde- Larde 1 clio It It has been running ever since A serious difficulty culty at first presented Itself in III fact toe that mineral salts con con- contained con contained tamed in m the volcanic steam attack ri machinery and soon put it out of whacK This trouble was as overcome however by uSing the steam from the puffing holes as fuel to make steam from l pure ure water ater Within the last half-dozen half years large plants with powerful turbine engines and dynamos have been installed and elec elec- electriC electric power pO of volcanic derivation is bang distributed over a n wide extent of terri tern terrItory territory tory Cory As already said the ilie the resources of vol- vol vol volcanic canic steam in Tuscany ar are trifling com coin compared compared pared with those readily available in the tho Yellowstone National National nal Park Although the last el in that neighborhood must have have occurred very long ago t there lre IS plenty of heat left a aj as evidenced by the boiling springs geysers and other phe phe- phenomena phenomena suggesting the infernal There IS unlimited steam underground easily t to tobe tobe be obtained in m imitation of the Italian method by boring The infernal unless one ne is careful may have its dangers Not long ago a ayoung ayoung ayoung young woman a government stenographer stenographer pher from Washington paid a visit to the Grand Geyser Her Her eyeglasses be- be became be became came fogged by steam she made a mis mis- misstep step mis-step step and fell into a pool of nearly boiling bolling water water eight inches deep Though qUIck qUIck- qUIckly quickly quick quickly ly dragged out half of her body was so cooled cooked that she she- died a few days later On another occasion a mother and daughter from Brooklyn rooklyn were walking around the Paint PIl Pot The mother slipped her daughter tried to save ave her herand herand herand and both fell into the shallow water at atthe atthe atthe the edge of the hot pool As a result the mother was crippled for life and t daughter lost the tho use of one arm The waters of the tho hot springs and I ge sers near Re Reykjavik lk in Iceland re re rethought thought to be of medicinal value It is even claimed that they are radio active radio I If that be true Reykjavik may become a spa spa-a spa a resort for seekers health-seekers But how ho about the that connection 1 Are any of of f its many varYing much in chemical chemicals I composition likely to prove of medicinal value No- No Nobody Nobody No Nobody body Knows the matter has been beenS S Ii subject of inquiry Certainly they are heavily mineralized andI and I itc is at least pos pos- possible pos pos- possible possible sible that some of them may possess making health making If that hat be a I fact the Yellowstone at a future day 1 may develop importantly as a resort for invalids as well as for fol wonder seeking wonder toUrists It has bean long known that the tho laya laya- laya like laya-like like mud muoi f find f in III volcanic regions is rich in many a aid ai d other sub s sub states which are aro thought to have gre great t curative value alue Regular courses of baths In this mud are recommended for su- su sat suf frim rheumatism and other dis- dis diseases dis diseases eases with wilh t most encouraging results The he steam and hot water of the spout spout- ting spout ting geysers come from from chemi chemical cal laboratory where Nature fills the mud with power po to heal and of course can hardly fail fall to be with similar valuable medicinal substances f fIn In Iceland scientists are the belief that they are arc rich in those thoe mar mar- marvelous mar radio active elements which as soon as they are better understood are expected to be of such service to to o man mann mankind kind in the cure and prevention pre of dl dis disease ease R n will indeed be a great boon if U Ice Ice- Iceland Iceland land isable is able to show the way ay not only to heat but also to health by the sImple expedient of tapping the g |