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Show FAMOUS ji PEACE TREATIES ij By II. IRVING KING j (Copy riKlil r.i!! lv lite Mil luiv Ni-fts iit S mlirate.) TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH, 1905. Japan's Ability to Fight the European. If the war which Japan waned against China In IS'.M demonstrated In the world lliiit ;i new vcr Iisi'1 appeared ap-peared in the Pacific, still it was si r-guod r-guod by the western nations that she had only. fought with Asiatics. They fcpoke rnlhcr pa I rouizingly of her military mil-itary exploits iil'ler the treaty of Shi-iiioiiiisel;i Shi-iiioiiiisel;i ; fifu-i the Irealy of Portsmouth Ports-mouth they spoke with an admiration no less sincere because jjriu I u'i ni y bestowed. be-stowed. After Shiinonosel.'i Japan was a i' i 1 1 i ;i 1 1 14 younger brother; after Portsmouth kIii; was a nation to he treated Willi as an eiiu I and one to make alliaices with. No sooner had France, Germany and Russia foecod Japan after Hie treaty of SlilinonoKeki to ret recede to Cliina the best (.'mils of the unr, the peninsula peninsu-la of Lkio-liing, than China turned iironnil and leased I'ort Arthur and Lluo-lung In Russia hy a lease which was only a cover for a direct cession. This little deal between Kussia and China rather chagrined the other two powers which had joined with Russia hi forcing Japan to retrocede Liao- tuny. Germany at once demanded as 1111 equivalent that China leave to her the city and bay of Klao-chau on Hie same terms as those by which Russia held I'ort Arthur and China did so. France, being an ally of Russia in the triple entente, valuing that alliance very highly, swallowed her chagrin at j her false diplomatic move in joining In llie coercion of Japan, while Great Britain demanded as an offset to the Russian occupation of I'ort Arthur a lease of the Chinese naval station of W'el-hnl-'wol on the north shore of the Klinn-tuiig peninsula, l'e-chi-li. Now Held by Japanese. To dispose of the subsequent fate of these British and German acquisitions acquisi-tions here it may be said that England did nothing with Wei-hai-wei and finally final-ly gave it back to China, while Germany, Ger-many, on the pretext of a murdered missionary, formally annexed Kiao-ehiiu: Kiao-ehiiu: and the surrounding territory and heavily fortified the place. It was captured by the Japanese in the recent -.var and is now held by them. As soon as Russia got I'ort Arthur she turned it Into a fortress as nearly Impregnable as she could make it and constructed a great commercial port In the neighboring bay of Tallien-wan. iShe concluded a treaty with China which gave her control of the Man-churlan Man-churlan railroad and "linked it up with her Trans-Siberian railroad. The R.oxer uprising of 1S99-1900 gave Rus- j sia and excuse to pour troops into Manchuria. Manchuria became, in fact, i a Russian province, and Russia began j to encroach upon Korea. Japan, naturally alarmed, demanded that Russia evacuate Manchuria, and Russia repeatedly promised to do so, but never fulfilled her promises. Japan saw a great European power confronting confront-ing her in a thivaloning attitude; perhaps per-haps threatening her very existence as an independent nation. On February Febru-ary of 190 1 she severed diplomatic relations re-lations with Russia and two days latei Admiral Togo made a torpedo attack upon the Russian fleet lying at I'ort .Vthur, followed by a fleet attack the following day. 1'y these two attacks the Russian fleet at I'ort Arthur was practically put out of commission. On the day of the last attack a Japanese llect defeated the Russian squadroD lying off Chemulpo. Japan Declared War. The next day Japan formally declared de-clared war. The subsequent events of the war were the bombardment of Vladivostok March G; bombardment of Port Arthur March 21 ; occupation of Wiju at the mouth of the Yalu river April 0, and the passage of the river and the defeat of the Russian army opposing on May 1. The Japanese army was now in Manchuria Man-churia and another Japanese army occupied oc-cupied Korea. The Japanese navy utterly destroyed Russia's -sea power in tlie Pacific and the Japanese army, after a series of victories, laid siege to Port Arthur. Another Japanese army drove t lie Russians northward in Manchuria Man-churia and administered a crushing defeat at Mukden. The Russian transportation and supply sup-ply corps utterly broke down and became be-came useless; grand dukes at the Man-ehurian Man-ehurian headquarters reveled in carloads car-loads of courtesans and champagne while the soldiers needed food and clothing, and there . wes an orgy ot official graft. Tort Arthur made a valiant defense but surrendered on January 1, 1905. Provisions of Treaty. By this treaty Japan and Russia mutually agreed to evacuate Manchuria, Man-churia, excepting the Liao-tung peninsula, pe-ninsula, which was taken over by Japan. Russia transferred her lease of Port Arthur to Japan, as well as the railroad connecting Port Arthur with the Manchurian railroad. The Man-churian Man-churian railroads were to be used foi commercial purposes only. Russia ceded to Japan the island of Saghalin a great Island stretching north and south along the Siberian coast, and gave Japan fishing rights on all thf Pacific waters of Russia. The Russian humiliation was complete. com-plete. Japan had "arrived," and no1 long afterward Great Britain becanif her ally. TREATY OF PARIS, 1800. When the United States was at War With France. Our relations with France have generally gen-erally been of such a friendly nature from the founding of the nation until the- present day that most people have forgotten that wo were ever at war with her.' But we were, from the spring of 179S to September, 1S0O. James Monroe was minister to France in 1790 when the Directory which had succeeded to the "Terror of Robespierre" informed him that the treaty of 177S between France and the United Slates was at an end because America had signed the treaty with England known as Jay's treaty. Mr. Monroe replied that the. treaty of 1773 had already been brought to nothing by the constant capture of American ships by French men of war. France, under the Terror, had regarded the rest of the world In the same light as the Russian bolshevlsts do now. American Amer-ican merchant ships were captured and condemned and sold. Mr. Monroe was too pliant; he was recalled, and Charles Cotesworth f'inckney was sent over In his place. The Directory from purely selfish motives mo-tives continued the policy of claiming exemption from International law which, the Terror had begun in the Lie me of liberty. The French govern-aient govern-aient would, not receive Pinckney and ordered him out of the country. President Presi-dent Adams called a special session of rengress and recommended the prompt formation of a navy and the permission permis-sion for merchant ships to arm themselves. them-selves. Extra Envoys Named. Pinckney was In Holland. The president pres-ident appointed Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall as extra envoys to join Pinckney, to go to Paris and negotiate. negoti-ate. On reaching Paris the commissioners commis-sioners found that Talleyrand was mln-Is'er mln-Is'er of foreign affairs. Talleyrand iient go-betweens to the commissioners telling them that before the Directory would negotiate they must pay a bribe of S2o0,000. The bribe was to be divided di-vided among all the directors except one who, it was explained, was already making enough money by his rake-off or; the condemnation of American ships. And there was another little matter; the United States must make a loan to the French government of $2,800,000. These matters being agreed to the American claims for damages would be submitted to arbitration provided pro-vided America would advance money to pay any damages assessed against the Directory government of Fran. '"he American envoys being some what staggered at these proposition Talleyrand's messenger said : "You do not seem to understand. It is a question ques-tion of money, a great deal of money. Speak to the point. What is your answer?" an-swer?" One of the envoys replied : "Our answer an-swer is "No, no, no not a sixpence." This reply was soon thrilling the United States under the more ornate form of "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute." Talleyrand sent Pinckney and Marshall out of the country, coun-try, but asked Gerry to stay, but upon an imperative order from Washington Gerry, too, withdrew. A storm of Indignation In-dignation swept the country when the president gave to congress the results of the American mission. Bills for increasing the navy and purchasing iron works were passed and the navy made for the first time a separate department. de-partment. The president was authorized author-ized to enlist 10,000 regulars and 10,000 I volunteers. In the winter of 1798-9 an American fleet consisting of the United States, Constitution, George Washington, Merrimac. Portsmouth, Pickering, Eagle. Herald, Scammel and Dill-! Dill-! gence met In the West Indies and j tackled the French men-of-war and ; privateers which sivarmed there. The I Merrimac took the French ship Le j Phoenix of 14 guns and 1 ho Magiclenne of the same number. The Portsmouth j captured the Bonaparte, La Brilllante and La Bon Tere. all small men-of-war. while seven captures of privateers were made by ships of the squadron On February 8, the United States sank the French privateer Amour de la Patrle and soon after the privateer jTartufe. Captain Barry in the United J States bombarded and temporarily si-I si-I ler.ced the batteries at Basse Terre on j the Island of Guadaloupe. Captain j Truxton's squadron, cruising off Porto I Rico, captured nine privateers and a I third squadron under Captain Tingey, cruising between Cuba and Iiayti, captured cap-tured or sank six more. Another naval na-val force made captures olT Havana. In all 00 French p'-ivateer were sunk', or captured. On the 91 li of Febru ary Captain Truxton in the Constellation, Constella-tion, In a battle off St. Kilt's lasting two hours, captured the, T.''rc;ieh frigate frig-ate Insurgent. Adams sent another embassy ta Fiance wherj Napoleon bad now come into power as first consul and on Scj-i-timber HO, 1 So() a new irealy wan signed. Both parties to Ihe treaty abandoned their claims for d'.'nages. |