| Show Invite all your friends to come to Ogdeh for the Pioneer Days' 'celebration to be held today Monday and Tuesday and let us make the event so enjoyable for" our visitors! that they will want to come again d- & - mmm mm a JL V A — n r- Long - r""a Q V - - Mound s in Pa rts IOI tie Sjtate Tell "About Fast I M IT ! COMICS SUNDAY MORNING JULY 22 1934 SECTION MAGAZINE -s r1 e in V-d Two world-wid- e news gathering organiza tions The Associated Press and The United Press provide "he Standard - Examiner with news of happenings in state nation and abroad J mm M (TOT JLJLJi — Conjectural Appearance of Early Lodges At Willgrd Utah river-Kan- ab 1932 expedition City Grantsville Willard Plain conand Promontory field partiesStewducted by Professor J H ard 1932 1933) Utah has been the scene of 'several "pioneer" rnigrations if the people who venture into a new and (to themj un- be termed jlmown land may " ! jpioneers j Hundreds and even thou- sands of years agonew peo- Great basin ples came tothe In time they were displaced by other peoples and in turn 'tially the white men came a hundred years agd more or less and wiped out' most of the previous inhabitants For the lack of a better word des-" term Amerind is usd to lived jgnate the people iho here prior to the cbming of the whites I Tms xerra includes both the ancient peo and ornaments- a people who discovered how to wrest a living from the wilderness long before wanton hand of "civilized white man came and destroyed the fine bal ance long maintained between the aborigine and his "natural surroundings MOUNDS STUDIED For many years since the coming of the white settlers private inaiviauais ana scientific institutions have studied the ruins or "mounds" that remained when these ancient houses burned or fell down from de cay when abandoned A sur prisingly large amount of ar tifacts some skeletons and an appreciable amount of pot tery nave been recovered from these sites in many parts of the state The finds in the southern part have been richer for! several reasons The drier climate has preserved more (remains the shelters in the cliffs have been less exposed to the elements of the weather the population seems to have been denser there ano consequently pore material things remain The culture reached a higher level farther south and lastly being in a more inaccessible region there has oeen less vandalism and loot- mg of the sites the culture Apparently reached a very high point in the San Juan country and from there diffused gradually in all directions as ideas and artifacts were copied or exchanged from tribe to The Shoshonean types Inhabiting j Uto-Aztec- an ! 4 - TT-ihn- T VsJ - - v V i- - - - JV 'V - if 4 ' St r V i rn 1 f£ I earth lodges pre-histo- ric ) basic economy in these trying times Sinew and fiber served as thread One of the most important household artifacts was the metate (proy) or large nounced v grinding 'stone and the mano or hand stone used for crushing corn and seeds Mortars and pestles of stone are not uncommon One or more sets of these grinders are usually found at every house site CHIMNEY ALSO DOOR One of the peculiarities of the ancient houses of the type depicted in the picture here ' was that the door was in the top and served as a combination' smoke hole and entrance Proper ventilation was secured through a ventilator at one side of the house consisting of a small tunnel too small for a person to enter but permitting a good draft of air to enter In front of the tunnel was a large flat stone used meh-taw-ta- J t es - refrigerators so a small house was all that was necessary since they likely occupied it only in cold wea'r ther at night or in time of attaefc Being sealed with mud there were few drafts and a small fire could keep the abode amply :warm m-- — t free' Midnight —Dances in Ogden ballrooms Storage cists or stone slab lined pits were 'used to store excess food stuffs for the winter season Seed jars with tight lids have been found with their contents intact but the ancient seed has not sprouted when tested by the university investigat ors Tiny storehouses lined with rock and sealed with adobe were carefuly fixed so squirrels trade rats and mice could not pilfer the stores within Contrary to popular opinion when left to their own devices undiS' turbed by the white man primitive people are not lazy Life was pretty difficult at times in a semi-ari- d region such as this Certainly one would have to work hard to wrest a living in p wilderness where there were no convenient corner grocery stores to run to for food If one wished sandals he had to make them if he wished to eat cornmeal he had to grow the corn and grind the meal if he wanted meat he had to make his weapons then find the game and then kill skin and carry it home And if he wanted a house he had to cut the logs with a crude stone axe or burn the base of the tree dig a pit place the framework of willows and plaster It with thick mud Life was a struggle There were times of severe drouth lack of game and "depressions" worse than any seen in recent times PRESERVED FOR CENTURIES Scientists do not know whether the houses were purposely burned a death ocby the owners-whe- n curred there whether enemies set fire to them or whether they occasionally caught fire In some accidental manner At any rate most of the ruins investigated show charring! indicating that the house was burned and the adobe then baked hard thus preserving it for centuries Perchance only the burned houses remain and those abandoned naturallyhave long since turned to dust1 When the house fell the roof and walls covered the bodies of people their utensils weapons pottery and grinding stones Often these are found just as they left them buried under several feet of ashes adobe earth and vegetable debris Thus a mound was formed Today people sometimes mistakenly call these mounds "graves" but more often they are simply the ruins of houses To protect as many sites as pos sible from amateur diggers and vandals the United' States government and the state of Utah have laws prohibting the molesting of such sites by unauthorized persons Well meaning but often misguided persons who go out hunting "Indian things" can do untold damage to a valuable site thus destroying forever Its value to science Scientists investigating prehistoric ruins base their work an stratigraphy or the sequence of the strata in which the artifacts of various cultures are found Thus a bit of pottery found hv an undisturbed layer of earth below a higher layer must have been made at an earlier date by reason of its position It the site is disturbed by unskilled persons the findings will not be authentic and cannot be accepted by science Much valuable material for archaeology has thus been lost forever Plowing of fields grazing by stock grading of roads and changing river channels have destroyed other sites and it is highly important that the general 'public leave the mounds alone until trained workers can inv f Monday July 23rd 9:30 a m — Pioneer Pageant of Progress rade of the old and the new west pa- - 2 p m — Midway attractions Lake street and Kiesel avenue X 2 "p m Patriotic addresses City hall park Governor Henry H Blood Senator William H $ King President Heber J Grant of L D S 1 " j an Baseball game American Legion junior teams representing Ogden and Brigham City Lorin Farr park Admission free 2 p m until 6 p mi— Air circus Airport Ogden Races parachute jump acrobatic stunting demonstrations Admission free 8:30 p m — Pioneer pageant Ogden stadium direction of Daughters of Utah Pioneers Admis-'sio- n 10 a J j semi-subterrane- Sunday July 22nd ric V in diameter' were and usually had an earthen bench or shelf running around the room Mats and skins probably served for carpet and bedding and with their few possessions it was possible for an entire family to be accommodated in one room We must remember that these people had no large furniture grand pianos mission style dining tables and electric PIONEER DAYS PROGRAM ! -- as a deflector to keep the air currents from striking the fire directly and to disperse the fresh air around the room These houses were nine or ten feet v is pre-hiato- er of some of the "real early pioneers" of Salt Lake valley probably looked This picture is an artist's conception of the house types based on archaeological findings at WUlard Utah Note the houses were partially underground a hole on the top served as door and chimney They were built of mudplaced over willows and logs Sometimes the fingerprints and handprints of the ancient builders can still be plainly seen in pieces of the caaked adobe just they were placed there a thousand or more Utah people who lived in these houses not only hunted and fished but practiced some agriculture years ago The country and'perhaps if we knew more about them we could learn to improve our They learned to adapt themselves to a semi-ari- d How the -- V i 's- I ! a stocks of North America and closely allied to old Aztec Probably much of their culture pattern diffused up here from the south Likely they got corn from Mexico where it prob ably originated from the i"teocintli grass the wild ancestor of the maize The ancient people who lived here before the Shoshonean peoples were potters Their pottery- - was" baked not in an oven but in an open fire made of manure which burns slowly and evenly but with great heat Thepots we find show excellent pat terns beautiful curves geometric designs and 'a high degree of work manship in the later cultures Colors were limited being chiefly black on white red and buff or yellow Both mineral and vegetable colors were fused Just before the advent of the Spaniards into the southwest true glazed ware was developed but the coming of the white man with his persecutions enslavement of the Pueblos diseases and vices so dis couraged the natives that the art of glazing was discontinued For the sake of convenience the have adopted a set archaeologists south-westeof standard arch aeological period as follows: 2000 to to 1500 years B C to looq B C is two period known as basket-make- r 1000 to 400 B C basket-makthree 400 B C to 200 A D Pueblo one 20O A D to 800 A: D Pueblo two 800 to 1300 A D Pueblo three (Great Period) 1300 to 1540 Pueblo four 154Q to 1934 A D Pueblo five (historic period) The early basket maker peoples were long headed and made little baked pottery They did not have the bow and arrow nor the stone axe They had the domestic dog and the domestic turkey They were ic and lived In probably caves Later they made houses pot tery woye cloth of cotton and in creased their stock 'of domestic plants They wore sandals Then came the Pueblo peoples making better houses and pottery imple ments weapons with more varieties of food plants characterized by round skulls These were followed or displaced by the Shoshonean peoples who wore moccasins lived in wigwams were more nomadic living more by hunting and fishing than by agriculture and were char acterized by long heads again ' Which of these above listed left the petroglyphs pecked in the rocks and the pictographs paint ed on the rocks in many places throughout the country we do not know Certainly to date none of these petroglyphs have been deciphered (and the modern day Amerind apparently knows little or nothing about them Another question arises how are the approximate dates for prehistoric periods arrived at? That has been partly solved by a study of tree rings in the beams sof the houses in southern Utah Arizona Colorado and New Mexico Professor 'Earl Douglass of the University of Arizona has devoted years of research to dendrology and by comparing the growth of rings over dif ferent periods of time has been able to tell the approximate amount of precipitation in the southwest for every year from 1933 back to the year 600 The method Is simply thisr In a year Of normal or excessive precipitation! a tree grows consider ably In a dry year there is little growth A tree that is— say for instance— 200 years old in 1750 will parallel the growth cycle of a tree that was 100 years old in 1775 By checking the parallel years and measuring the amount of growth the calendar is gradually pushed backward year by year THE GREAT DROUTH A very interesting occurrence is brought to light In this tree ring study From 1276 to 1299 there OCCURRED 23 YEARS OP SEVERE DROUTH Trees show serious injury Streams dried up Springs vanished and the peoples were forced to congregate around the few remaining water sources Perhaps this was an Incentive to build the two three and even four storied houses of the Pueblos further south Exchange of ideas stimulated pot tery and design Always preyed upon by the warlike Navajo (who originally came from Athabaska) and the Comanche and" other tribes the Pueblo peoples were worse beset than ever to guard their tiny corn patches Perhaps the great drouth holds the reason for their decimation and decline At any rate we can learn something from them in the study of the past How did any survive at all? Even today remnants of $hose peoples 2uni Hopi Acoma etc live high on mesa tops and often carry water long distanc - i ged with pitch pin gum or clay Then if the basket were filled with water it could be made to boil by placing hot stones therein pulled from the fire with two green sticks This method of cooking persisted among some of the western tribes long after the coming of the white man here m ples and thoses living Meats could be roasted before the the past century and known open fire or boiled In a pot berries v names trannna could be eaten raw dried or stewed I and corn could be eaten in a variety The questions arise from of ways parched boiled or cooked by these the remains left small cakes as the modern into " cient peoples what j can we day dwellers of the Pueblos do These early inhabitants were a know about them? How did sandal wearing people The mos- eat? did What live? they they casin tribes appear to have wearing What did they wear?? How did come later The sandals were gen erally woven of bark fiber or strips they look in appearance of hide and very often: were square What were their homes toed and fringed tools and imple- weanons Apparently these aborigines wore : xnents like? little clothing except in severe So if we attempt to reweather The breechclout probably was supplanted by robes of buffalo construct- from the material bear deer rabbit and feathers assembled by the archaeolorobes were made by split Feather the gist '"and anthropologist a large feathers and twist ting this of them about strands of fiber or Ing region partial picture leather cord and then weaving the a thousand or mofe years strands into a blanket or rug Rem ago ve would in all likeli- tribe nants of these are encountered in j hood have a scene Somewhat caves and dwellings In the south Findings indicate that the west ks follows: in northern Utah grew Since the summer climate here j The valleys werej deep in people corn few clothes and their bodies beans gourds and requires "wild grasses cut by meanderwere inured to cold quite likely it They tilled the soil was only during coldest weather ing streams that ran untram- - squash with crude "digging sticks" when they were theencumbered with watered the garments the marshy shores! of the and probably For weapons they had darts tipped plants: by hand cjarrying the with Great Salt lake Tie "Hint" points (The term flint fluid to each plant in is used tains probably werq covered precious indiscriminately for chert a water bag gourd water chalcedony onyx obsidian or any uuu Ul UOll mtu UlUlb other workable or basket dish stone) Occasionally proof pottery time trees than at the present bone was used for weapons and FISH AND GAME antlers were sometimes sharpened (since 1 overgrazing lires and wood cutting have taken These people lived not only by into "daggers' or spear points agriculture but did considerable Large bladed flint knives some :a heavy toll) and fishine ks the refuse times fitted with wood handles are hunting Herds of bison and ahte piles and the garbage found Crude stone hammers and lope grazed in the njore open heaps indicate Charred remains in axes fastened by thongs to a handle ashes of their fire places and were used by thesfr people toward areas while deer and elk fed the middens adjacent to their place of tne last of their regime in the grassy meadows alon abode reveal the bones of ducks At an early date they used the xre Drusny water courses geese and other wUd birds deer atlatl or throwing stick (named that flowed through groves antelope bison bighorn sheep and from ' the Aztec word for that ox Cottonwood andj willow elk The bones of lish and the weapon) and later the bow spread shells of fresh water! clams show here although comparatively late in Ducks and geese nested in the that terms of archaelogy With the aid rushes and tules Sage hens food they were likewise used for of an atlatl a man can hurl a spear ana prairie chickens inhab Seed jars and occasional storage or dart two or three times further ited the sage flats willow pits reveal corn bean£ and squash than he can hurl it otherwise Re and seeds of suhflowers and marsaDie accuracy and force can grouse drummed a ong the seed grasses These with a wide variety be attained with this weapon of river bottoms and blue grouse of roots ' bulbs and (berries were which numbers have been found lived in the higher (altitudes staple foods in all probability The throughout the southwest The wild onion and curved throwing stick (not a true among the pines in (the cool sego thistle camas edible roots wef-- e known to boomerang) was also used presum Fish fijled the other canyons the white men of centuries later ably for smaller game streams that flowed freely as good foods Some modern tribes ' From the skeletons found It ap without interference (of dams of the southwest studied In recent pears that the people were norm ally five feet to five feet six inches or ditches Doves flocked to years have used a score of varieties tall Some of the skulls showde of seeds nuts grass acorn$ pine the sunflower patches' The yucca cactus frUit and other formity common among the Arner pods hawk and eagle idly circled indigenous plant foods ind with flatenning of the occipial with motionless wiilgs supChokecherries service berries portion of the skull shovel shaped teeth and the presence of berries currants thimble incisor ported by the quivering air hawthorne the "Inca" bone a triangular bone berries wild Inner strawberries the currents until a careless rab- bark in the fitting occipital sutures that arid the tender bit or grouse ventured out of buds ofof cottonwood box elder cottonwood and occurs very often In Amerindian shelter and was seized The aspen in the early sprang probably skulls especially among the Inca its name wily bighorn sheep plung to were delicacies to primitives who whence Tubular smoking pipes are found had limited methods of preserving hi3 safe cliffs undisturbed exfoods for winter tAid (who had to some of steatite (soapstone) some cept for the cougar wolf or rely mainly on dried corn seeds and of bone and others of clay They Vi nrnTT-i- r T? mow are somewhat cigar shaped and the meat for a winter diet! dried herb or tobacco" was tucked That these ancient people were into beaver abounded everywhere the end Rarely Is a pipe found ' fond of the delicious marrow to be 1 If Wfi- fnnlrJ— hoxrA r a true bowl witn JLVjFVJVCVi found in bones of animals is down on "that scene an eon evidenced the For ornaments the people had by the finding of quannecklaces of hollow bird bones pol'we would tities of have observed ago split bones around their ished stones claws carved wood fire sites invariThe bones large villages of smalL tint shells and other materturquoise ably are cracked open to yield the made houses of logsJ willows rich ials were clever at drilling They butter-lik- e marrow within and earth along the courses These people cooked In dishes of holes through hard stones for pendof the streams near conven pottery Broken pieces of pottery ants or necklaces Ceremonial feacommonly called sherds are found ther objects masks small "dolls" lent springs and westward in (kachinas) and bits of polished bone many places near their home-sit- and along the flats fringing the pottery objects probably used in their games have been found lake Here dwelt a comparaCASKET MAKERS basket making and sewing tively peaceful peopll with a Probably before they learned to of For skins they used sharp bone awls culture that embraced the use make pottery they cooked in water- a highly serviceable tool Toward of domesticated plarjts bas- proof baskets Skilled in basketry the climax of the culture apparentthey could weave theni very tightly ly the idea of the needle with the ketry pottery andj stone and any small holes could be plug- - hole in the end was conceived 5 ttf -- ' "i - - yet know the Great Basin area of modern lan times speak the guage one of the fifty-fiv- e language 'V church and Utah and Idaho mayors together with railroad officials invited to talk 8:30 p m— Fifty dollars in prizes for best whiskered men at Ogden stadium Merchandise prizes for novelty whiskers 9 p m Rodeo stadium featuring bronco and bareback riders calf ) and steer roping bulldog- friner and cowbov clown Adults 50c: children under 12 25c 11 :00 p m— Night fireworks display at stadium Admission free to rodeo patrons 11:00 p m— --Dancing at Ogden ballrooms - X 9:30 a nr— Pioneer Pageant of Progress rade repeated at pa- Miles Good- year cabin by Daughters of Utah Pioneers 2:30 p 8 30 p m-- Rodeo m- - -- kered men 9 p — 4 z t Tuesday July 24th 1 p m — Dedication of plaque J at Ogden stadium Fifty dollars prizes for best m— Rodeo at stadium vestigates n The question arises What became of these ancient peoples? That is one of the unsolved problems of anthropology We know that once there lived here a race of (long headed) peoples and later of brachicephalic (round-headepeoples these in turn were an followed by the modern day type who are long headed again Whether these changes weredoli-cocepha- 11:00 p m — Night fireworks at stadium 11:00 p' m— Dancing at city's ballrooms and midway attractions II FEATURES n t due to invasion epidemics inter ples In the National Geographic marriage wars or what — we do not magazine for December 1929 an J tbone and wood tools weapons (Student of anthropology and archaeology at the University of Utah 1931 1932 Member of the reconnaissance Paria MPmber of © ALLIED TO AZTEC Sandals Weapons Utensils and Ornaments Used by Prehistoric Peoples Throw Light on Culture They Attained By BIAURICE HOWE Came ft h - lic d) semi-nomad- article entitled "Secrets of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree Rings" by Andrew Elliott Douglass Sc D He says in part "The successful dating of many ruins of the Pueblo area that the research has enables us now to ?iade possible the increase of rainfall that permitted the j villages to expand and the drouth years that placed upon them the heavy hand of starvation (""With careful archaeological study we shall perhaps be able to trace the movement of clans and test tiribal condition which have heen sb often quoted as the early history of theirv people In the combination of climatic conditions with tribal activities we have a rich field for studying the Influence of climate on human history" Elsewhere Dr Douglass says Bearn HH 39 in American archaeology is destined to hold ft place Rosetta to Egypt's compared '!' Stone" House Beam HH 39 was one that flitted in a gap and supplied missing data between historic and prehistoric times It was found June 22 1 x at Showlow Ariz 1929 For his 30 years of study Dr Douglass was awarded a grant of S2500 byi the Research corporation df New York through the Smiths- been checked by Dr Walter Maun der English astronomer who ha rjiade a study off European meteor- back hunlaical conditions going ' dreds of years: i xne reaaer may a&tt jimtvc m sjtudy of these primitive peoples and hy attempt to get definite dates7 he answer is that we may learn mething that may be of benefit tb our own times in addition to leaving the knowledge for Its own w-u- y SBKC j We owe a great deal to the American Indian Many of ' our nkedicines food plants domestic ani-rkaand plants are the gift of the American Indian Some of them such as the Maya excelled in mathematics and invented a zero sign aind a vigesimal system of counting t jat": was superior to the mathematics in Europe at a similar lime Sylvan Griswold Morely of the Carnegie Institute Washington D C in an article In the National Geographic entitled "The Foremost I itellectual Achievement of Ancient America" says of the Maya they rfcord with extraordinary accuracy the dates of the monuments upon Which they are engraved so that n confusion exists between any two days within a period of 370000 ls yiars" KNOWLEDGE DESTROYED Yet these people sawt all of their niLrrhment books filled with heiro- g$TDhlcs destroyed by Invading white and todav oniv tnree remain Mathematics astronomy and the calendar reached a high place in Central America The Inca arid Chlbcha were skilled in masonry metal work government and agri culture The white man tried his bdst to crush the natives change their customsand destroy their art Wtho knows what knowledge was lost rrfen the world are indebted to the Amerind notatoes tomatoes corn sweet potatoes pumpkins squash peanuts popcorn vanilla cnocoiatc avocaao pear Peruvian strawberry tobacco cotton the pineapple beans and other fruits' and vegetables quinine ¥ s i lUlij ipecac cascara ana cocaine' aanuas and zinnias:' domestic turkeys guinea pigs and lamas These plants arid animals were not known iotne Old World prior to the voyage of Columbus arid were soon adopted by the whites and taken back to Europe or to the South Seas lere in Utah the culture that reached such a hi eh plane in Cen tral and South America was reach ing nortnwara gradually in a peri- ol pheral area The Shoshonean peo-Is from the north adoDtedmany of the Pueblo customs prior to the settling of western r America in the last century We r " pott Of the Smithsonian 1931 says "FrQfflT ' institution studies or fof change in (tree) ring types and from miny interesting conversations withthe Pueblo Indians we can rcconct a part or this history oi an adventure In a dry country Ttl is that the nrimitive on the forest border settled pebple to get best advantages or umrer water supply and farm lands They injured the forest by cutting trees fof house building and caused the fofest borders to retreat This in- inted i the srround cover and per mitted the: soil to blow away until thfc conservation of moisture was reased and torrential rains tore u their farm lands ana compeuea them to migrate to new locations This has actually happened in the pajb 40 years Thus we find in this nrimitive history a human cycle of who even as deep meaning for us an Inclination thke Indians show ' es to exhaust our natural resources In the deep canyons of southern without sufficiently generous thought Utah Arizona New Mexico Colo lor tne iuture rado etc are found dwellings high 'tw r has nob had In mind a up among the cliffs and under thoroughly scientific monograph bub ledges These have been called the ha merely attempted to give the homes of the Cliff DweUers for lack iaiman a brief sketch of conditions of a better name Discoveries in in kneient times without making tha these dwellings however indicate stcy too technical mhlioeraDhv: Southwestern Arcn- they were occupied in the same seoviifKrv hv Alfred Vincent "Kidder: and Pueblo quence of basket-mak- er peoples Just as In northern Utah Breaking- the Wilderness by Fred the caves (many found on the erick S Dcllenbaugn Arcncoiogicai ' Promontory range) were occupied by Observations North of the Rio Coloa people who made a very crude rado bv Neil M Judd (Mr Judd ex- gray pottery long before the mound caviated at Willard in 1315) Beginvillages came into being Much has nings of Pottery in the San Juan been found in the caves but there by Earl Morris Basket Maker Caves is still a great deal more to learn hv Guernsey and Kidder: The The continued study of the tree American Indian by Clark Wissler ring chronology may enable scient Bulletin 82 Bureau cf American ' ists to learn more about these peo Ethnology - ttn-itp- I Sho-shone- - if 1 |
