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Show THE BALT LAKE TRIBUNE, SUNDAY MORNING, JUNE Submarine Campaign in American Waters Is Complete Failure Germanys Endeavor to Create Fear in United States by Attacks on Coast Thwarted By Watchfulness of Allied Navies. U-Bo- at By ADMIRAL WILLIAM SOWDEN SIMS. was jn the Bummer of 191(f the Gormans made their only IT tempt to what might be called that at- an offensive against their American enemies. Between the beginning of May and the end of October, 1918, five German submarines crossed the Atlantic and torpedoed a few ships on our coast. That submarines could make this long journey had long been known. Singularly enough, however, the Impression still prevails in this country that the German were the first to accomplish this feat. In the early fall of 191$ the commanded by that submarine officer, Hans Rose, who has been previously mentioned in these articles, crossed the Atlantic, dropped in for a call at Newport, R t , and on the way back sank a few merchant vessels off Nantucket. A few Deuesch-lan- d months previously the had made its trip to Newport News. The German press, and even some sympathizers in this country hailed these achievements as marking a glorious page in the record of the Ger man navy. Doubtless the real purpose was to show the American people how easily these destructive vessels could cross the Atlantic, and to impress upon their minds the fate which awaited them In case they maintained theJr rights against the Prussian, bully. U-5- 3, Previous Voyages Made. As a matter of fact, it had been proved long before the Deutschland or the 3 had made their voyages that submarines could cross the Atlantic. In 1916 not one. but ten submarines had gone North America to Europe under own power. Admiral Sir John Fisher tells about this expedition in his recently published memoirs. In 1914 the British admiralty had contracted for with Charles M. Schwab, president of the Bethlehem Steel company. As international law prohibited the construction of war vessels by a neutral in wartime for the use of a belligerent with which it was at peace, the parts of ten submarines were sent to Canada, where thoy were put together. These submarines then crosed the Atlantic under their own power, and were sent from British ports to the Dardanelles, where they succeeded in driving Turkish and German shipping out of the Sea of Marmora. Thus a crossing of the Atlantic American submarinee had been accom-by plished before the Germans made their voyages. It was therefore not necessary for the two German submarines to cross the Atlantic to prove that the thing could be done; but the Germans doubtless believed that this demonstration of their ability to operate on the American coast would serve as a warning to the American people. U-6- es Attack on U. S. Impractical We were never at all deceived as to what would bo the purpose of such a visit after our entrance into the war. In the early part of 1917 the allies believed that the German might assail ur coast, and I so Informed the navy Mv cables department at Washington. and letters of 1917 explained fully the reasons why Germany might Indulge in such a gesture. Strategically, as these dispatches make clear, such attacks would have no great military value. To have sent a sufficient number of submarines to do any considerable damage on the American coast would have ben a great mistake Germanys one chance of winning the war with the submarine weapon wee to destroy shipping to such an extent that the communications of the allies with the outside world, and especially with the United States, would be cut. The only places where the submarine warfare could be conducted with some chance of success were the oceon passage routes which lead to European ports, especially In that area south and southeast of Ireland in which were focused the trade routes for ships sailing from parts of the world and destined for British and French ports. With the number of submarines available the Germans could kep enougn of at work In these areas to their destroy a large number of merchant hips. Concentration Necessary. Germany thus needed to concentrate all of her available submarines at these points; she had an inadequate number for her purpose, to send anv considerable force 3000 miles across the Atlantic would simply weaken her efforts in the real scene of warfare and wduld make her a failure. submarine The campaign cruises of submarines on the American coast would have been very much longer and would have been a much more serious strain on the submarine than were the shorter cruises In the Inshore waters of Europe. As has already been explained, the submarine did not differ from other craft in its need for oonstant repairs and careful upkeep, except that perhaps It was a more delicate instrument of warfare than any other naval craft, and that 1( would require longer and more frequent The Germans had periods of overhaul. no submarine bases in American waters and could establish none. Possibly, as the newspaper writer has pointed out, they might seize a deserted island off the coaat of Maine or in the Caribbean, and cache there a reservoir of fuel and food; unless, however, they could also , create at these places adequate facilities for repairing submarines or supplying them with torpedoes and ammunition, such a place would not serve the purpose of a base at all. Comparatively few of the German submarines could havd made the cruise to the American coast and operate successfully there so far away from their bases for any considerable time. Effect Psychological. force Anything reeembllng an on American harbors was attacking therefore imIt seemmed Tet from the first probable. that the Germans would send an occasional submarine Into our waters, as a measure of propaganda rather than for the direct military result that would be achieved. American destroyers and other vessels were essential to the success of the whole antisubmarine campaign of the allies. The sooner they could all be sent into the critical European waters the sooner the German scheme of terrorism would end If these destroyers, or any considerable part of them, could be kept Indefinitely In American waters, the Germans might win the war Any maneuver which would have as Us result the keeping of these American vessels, so indispensable to the allies, out of the field of active warfare would thus be more than justified and. Indeed, would Indicate the highest wisdom on the part of the German navy. The Napoleonic principle of dividing your enemys forces la juigt as valuable in naval as in land warfare. For many years Admiral Mahan had been Instructing American naval officers that the first rule In warfare Is not to divide your fighting forces, but always to keep them together, so as to bring the whole weight at a given moment against your adversary. Two of the fundamental principles of the science of warfare, on land and sea alike, are contained In thd maxims. Keep your own forces concentrated, and always endeavor to divide those of the enemy. the best method which Undoubtedly, Germany could us to keep our destroyers In our own waters was to make the American people believe that their lives and property were in danger; they might this by sending a submarine accomplti to attack our shipping off New York end Boston and other Atlantia seaports, and possibly even to bombard our harbor. The Germans doubtless believed that they might create such alarm and arouse such public clamor In the United States that Our deatroyers and other antisubma rlne craft would be kept over here by the navy department In response to the popular agitation to protect our own coast. This is the reason why American head quarters in London, and ths allied ad mlralty, expeoted such a visitation. Ths Germans obviously endeavored to create the Impression that such an at lack was likely to occur at any time. This was part of thslr war propaganda. Ths pres was full of reports that such attacks were about to be made. German agents were continually circulating these ports. Raids for Moral Effect. Of courss It was clear from the first to ths heads of ths alllsd navies, and to all naval authorities who were informed as to ths actual condltons, that these at. tacks by German submarines on ths American coast would only be in the na ture of raids for moral effect. It wai also quite clear from the first, pointed out in my dlepatche to the navy department that the beet place to defend our coast was In the critical submarine areas in the eastern Atlantic, through which the submarines had to pasa in setting out for our coast, and in which alone they could have any hops of suo ceeding in the military object of the sub' marine campaign. It was not nocesary to keep our de stroyers in American waters, patrolling the vast expanse of our 3009 miles of coast line, in a futile sfort to find and destroy such enemy submarines as might attack the American coast. So long as these attacks were only sporadic and carried out by the type of submarine which used its guns almost exclusively in sinking ships, and which aelected for its victims unarmed and unprotected ships, destroyers and other antisumbarins craft would be of no possible usa on ths Allan tio coast. The submarine oould see these craft from a much greater distance that it could Itself bs seen. by them; and by dividing and sailing submerged It could easily avoid them and sink its victims without ever being sighted or attacked by our own patrols, however numerous they might have been. Patrol of Coast Unnecessary. Even In the narrow waters of the English channel, up to the very end of the war, submarines were successfully at tacking small merchant craft by gunfire, although ths density of patrol craft In this area was naturally a thousand times greater han ws could ever have provided for the vast expanse of our owif ooast. Consequently, so long as the submarine attacks on tbs American coast were only sporadic. It was absolutely futile to maintain patrol craft in those waters, as this couldnot provide any ade' quate defense aipilnst such scattered demonstrations. If, on the other hand, the Germans had ever decided to commit the military mis' take of concentrating a considerable number of submarines off our Atlantic ports we could always have counterd such a step by sending back from the war zone an adequate number of craft to protect convoys in' and out of ths Atlantic ports, in the same manner that convoys were protected in the submarine danger xone in European waters. This is a fact wblch even many naval men did not seem to grasp. Yet I have already explained that we knew practically where every German submarine was at a given time. We knew whenever one left a German port; and we kept track of it day by day until it returned home. No ever made a voyage across the Atlantic without our knowledge The submarine was a slow traveler, and required a minimum of thirty days for such a trip; normally, ths time would bs much longer, for a submarine on this long voyage seldom cruised at more than five knots an hour. at U-Bo- Slow Vessels. Our destroyers and antisubmarine craft were much faster, and could easily cross the Atlantic in ten days. It la therefore apparent that a flotilla of destroyers stationed in European waters oould protect the American coast from submarines at most as successfully as if it were sta tioned at Hampton Roads or Newport Such a flotilla would bs of no use at these American stations unless were submarines attacking shippingthere off the coast; but as soon as the German started for America a detail of which as I shall explain, we always were, in fact Informed ws oould tend our destroyers after them. These agile resets would reach home waters about three weeks before the submarines arrived; they would thus have plenty of time to refit and to welcome the uninvited gueeta From any conceivable point of view, therefore, there was no excuse for keeping destroyers in the eastern Atlantic for home defense." Moreover, the fact that we could keep thla close track of submarines in Itself formed great protection against them. I have already explained how we routed convoys entering British waters in such a way that they could sail around the and thus escape oontact I think that this simple procedure saved more shipping than any other method. In the tame way ws could keep these vessels sailing from American porta outside of the area in which the submarines were known to be operating in, our own waters. U. S. Considered NeutraL Yt thd enemy tent no gubmarlne our to coast in 1917; why they did not do o may seem difficult to understand, tot that was Just the period when a camof this kind might have served their purpose. During this time, however, we had repeated Indications that the Germans did not take the American entrance into the war very seriously, moreover, looking forward to comiltona, after the peace, they perhaps hoped that paign f Copyright, 1920, by the World's Work. The copyright of these articles In Graat Britain Is strictly reserved by Pearsons magazine, London; without their permls-slo- n no quotation may be mode. Published by special arrangement with the McClure Newspaper syndicate.) Richey & Company Will Move to Clift Building 36-4- 2 State St. Two Salt Lake Stores. 23-4- 1 3rd East St. Telephone Wasatch 638 Private Branch Exchange Connecting Both Store and All Departments Richer A Company will move July 1 to the Clift building, It was announced yesterday. According to V H Richey, president of the compHnv, this move Is necessitated because of the increased volume of business and the addition to the sales force of number of new salesmen. Andy Rose and W. P. Bennett have Joined the city real estate department, and Stanley Parry has entered the farm department. Mr Bennett has been with Life Insurance company ana Mr Rose was for some time connected 'with the Oregon Short Line and more recently with John Scow croft A Sons at Ogden. ELLSWORTH TO PREACH. German K Ellen ort u, femer president of the northern slates mission, will be the speaker tonight, at 6 45 o clock, at the Lnslgn ward. r Colgates English I I I Viall'a Skin Soap 2Sc 2So SOAP 15c Pain Olive Soap 12for$i.60 Smooth I I I Physicians and goons' Soa- p- Williams Cream Soap Sup. ISo '3 J S J Midsummer Toilette Needs 1 3 for 54c 60c Jip Rote 12for$1.00 r I Soap 119o Java Rice 39c Powder 60c HUlrose 34c Rouge 60c Hand Brushes So 1 i d ventilated 3 for 65c -- J 9Sl fcHW 83o Amolin Special V Mennens Shaving $1.00 OUTIN- GPINTS IIII Iw J $2.50 fo $3.50 QUARTS $5.C3 fo $6.50 Serve beverage hot or cold. For hunting, camping, auto or fishing trip they are indispensable. r $3 00 Automo- - 4 1 bile Sponge.. 4lWe Select, full, Rock form sheep's wool. $3.50 Auto Chamois A A metical Oil large 40 natural Island Special. of 41 envel- opes; assorted shades of brown, blue, buff and white. 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Cream TAKE CANNED HEAT ALONG ON YOUR CAMPING TRIP SEE B !Sc38c76e Cream Lyoni Tooth Powder.... 29c 47c 83c Mentholatum Daggett A Ramsdells Perfect Cold 10c 3 for 43c V., 50c 85c (1 50 33c $0c $1.00 special A for 83c 12 MONDAY AND TUESDAY SAVINGS Century Set Shaving Brush; set in rubber... QQf 50c Malvina Cream, special... WWW Odo-ro-- I $1 50 backhand drawn, a big value 29c hand scrub. . tanned akin Waterbury Alarm $3.50 Henkel Blade Razor $3.75 Clock NEW STROP DRESSING KEEN-R-ED- G $1.83 Jackson Fly SwatlOo ter Special, Or S for 25c. 15o -- Boon to Razor Users J V g Mr. Bernard Miller of the company. New York City, is with us for Monday and Tuesday to demonstrate this man who shaves himself famous dressing. He Invites every with either old style or safety razor to bring hlz dull razor or blade to him and be will put a new edge on It free of charge Keen-R-Bd- AT OUR NO. 6 STORE Causing Sensation Among rs Main and Broadway AND TUESDAY ON MONDAY parties. It Is not difficult to secure a ment from a discarded shirt, refooted a Communist majority. pair of hose, made a dress from one bo the Russian longer wearable, a boy's suit from father! Only a small percentage ofmiddle class, trousers, or anything else along thla line. people have the vote. The whiih forms the backbone of any nation, Is asked to communicate with Mrs. Nelis entirely without a vote. Delegates to son, Wasatch 3925. It is particularly dethe soviets are elected only by those who sired tlhat a rood collection be on exhibiwork with their hands In factories, the tion during the National Education assopoorer peasantry, and the vniember. ot ciation convention. government offices who with one or another of $ parties No Intellectual, no man above the class of ths laboier In Intelligence, Is givsn an , opportunity to go to the polls unless he Is a member of the Communist party. That Special to Tka Triboa. , Communist party, Manip- iswiththe reason why the returns RUPERT, Idaho, June 26. At the regu99 per cent 600,000 members, lar weekly luncheon of 'the chamber of of all delegates to the soviets So Kamanev, president of the Moscow so- oommerce, John Barta spoke on the adviet. admitted to 32.009 killings (perhaps vertising plan of tho newly organized a few more), and other terror by order 8nake River Can Be Chosen of Talley Commercial dub. It the Cheka of the extraordinary commission. This admission coming from Is planned to advertise the valley from a man high In the circles of the Com- Rexburg and Idaho Falls to Buhl and munist party Is Indicative of how severe Gooding, using films in picture houses CLAYTON. JOHN the rule of terror has been. The ma- throughout the east. By The government will furnish films at jority of the murders occurred In Petro-gra- d (Chicago Tribune Cable . Copyright.) and Moscow, and the total probably cost, and It 1b understood that ths Oreif the Russian peoPARIS, June 26 is len times that figure, if not more. gon Short Line and the Union Paclio why don't Various members of the opposition esti- will cooperate in the movement Mr. ple don t want bolshevism, the killings at from 30l 000 to Barta asked the Rupert chamber of oomthey vote It out of the land? is the naive 1mate merce more are there to aid L. At than A. the 000,000 Funk, present proposition. question asked by several people who 7c00 political offenders In the jails Of W. W. Thompson and A. F. Beymer were And that Is why the appointed a committee to look Into the have seen reports of recent Russian elecMoscow alone. matter and report at the next meeting. tions in the Moscow and Petrograd pa- Communist party controls the elections. Why, if the peasants and the pers. bulk of the illy population are opposed Women to communism, do the elections return . communist delegates to the soviets?" Romp in Snow The There are two reasons for this elections are held In secreL and are enMrs. E K. Ne!son,"exeoutiva secretary Speeisl to The Triboa. tirely controlled bv the Communist partv Ki eu the legalized parties, the Mensheof the division of womens activities in RUPERT, Idaho, June 2. Members of the Hund, the co- -t of living, is arranging an exhibit the Catholic bundav school had a picnic viks, soda! revolutionaries latA feature of Cior a lew'a.i orzanizitlon. and the of lemodeled clothing at the five mile beyond Albion. ere not permitted to have vvachira at The pian is to assemble as many , the dav was toboggan Slidng on the d the polls. Under sui h condition, units' girni. nts a possible that will offer help-- 1 slopes of the mountain. The a voting union is overwhelmingly fuvor- - ful suggestions. 'journey was made in motor truck and , automobiles able to one or the other of Ahe legalized a useful made garwho ha Anyone I RULE piS Communist Factions ulate Voting Reds Only Rupert Aid It Sought in Publicity Campaign That Will Hold Exhibit Sunday School Pupils of Remodeled Clothing Enjoy Civte-'Cen-e- snow-covere- I v and 13c 3 for 65c gave a complete descripUon of the vessel and the probable nature of her cruise, and her essential military characteristics. She carried a supply of mines, and I therefore Invited the attention of the department to the fact that the favorite area 8 for laying mines were those places where the ships stopped to pick U-1- The Botterill Automobile Company SOAP X 8 I cabled that still another had started for our coast; an It the progres of this adventurer, with all details as to Its character and probable area of operations, were also forwarded From the end of May until regularly. October there was nearly always one submarine operating off our coast The number active at any one time largest was In August, when for a week or ten days three were more or less active In attacking coastwise vessels These three performed all the way from Cape Hat-terto Newfoundland, attempting by these tactics to create the Impressions that dozens of hostile were preying upon our commerce and threatening our shores. These submsrtnes, however, attacked almost exclusively sailing vessels and small coastwise steamers, rarely, If ever, using torpedoes A number of mines were laid at different points off our ports, on what the Germans believed to be the traffic routes; but the Information which we had concerning them made It possible to counter successfully their efforts and. from a military point of view, the whole of the submarine operations off our coast can be dismissed as one of the minor Incidents of the war, as the secretary of the navy described it In his annual report. The five submarines sunk In all approximately 110,000 tons of shipping, but the vessels were, for the most part, small and of no great military The only real victory we Importance. the destruction of the cruiser San Diego, which was sunk bv a mine which had been laid by the off Fire Island. 38o 25c Rcsinol Vessel Fully Described. On July for 3 1. up pilots. Sines at Delaware bay pilots for lar ships were taken on Just south of tL Flve Fathom Bank light I that It was not unlikely that thesuggestedwould attempt to lay mines In that vicinity Now the fact Is that we knew that the 151 Intended to lay mines at this very place. We had obtained this piece of Information from the radio we had Intercepted, as there was a good chance that our own cable might fall into German hands, we did not pare to give the news In the precise form in which we had received It, as we did not Intend that they should know that we had means of keeping so accurately Informed. As had been predicted, the proceeded directly to the vicinity of this Five Fathom Bank off Delaware bay, laid her mines and then, cruising north up the coast, began her demonstration on the 23th of May by sinking two small wooden schooners On July 29 I Informed Washington that was then coming down another the west coast of Ireland, bound for the United States and that It would arrive aome time after July 15. Complete reports of this vessel were sent out from day to day, as It made Its slow progress across the ocean. Cashmera Bouquet Soap Saymsna Wonder Soap From their own standpoint, such a policy of endeavoring not to offend America, even after she became a belligerent, may have seemed politically wise; from a military point of view, their failure to attempt the submarine demonstration off our coast in 1917 was a great mistake, for when they finally started warfare ort bur coast the United States was deeply involved In hostilities, and had already begun the transportation of the great army which produced such decisive results on the western front. The time had passed, as experience soon showed, when any mere demonstration on our coast ould disturb the calm of the American ppople or affect their will to victory. In late April, 1918, I learned secret service channels that one through of the large submarinee of the Deutschland class had left Us German bass on the 19th of April for a long cruise. On the 1st of May, 1918, I therefore cabled to ths department that there were Indication that thla submarine was bound for our own coast. A few days afterward I received more specific Information, through the Interception of radio dispatches between the submarine and its German base; and therefore I cabled the department, this time informing them that the submarine was the that it was now well on Its way across the Atlantic, and that it could be expected to begin operations off the American coast any time after May 20. at this Week 15o Military Mistake Made. Campaign a Failure. the The ideal pen' for vacaAlways ready for instant service without muss or fuss. tionists, tourists, travelers. To those who have used a WATERMAN there is NO SUBSTITUTE. At all Schramm-Johnso- n stores $2.50 and up. they might soon be able to establish once again friendly relations. In 1917 they, therefore, refrained from any acts which might arouse popular hatred against them. We had more than one indication of this attitude, in larlyone the summer of 1917 we obtained from of the captured German submarines a set of orders Issued to It by the German admiralty staff. Among these was one dated May 8, 1917, In which the submarine commanders were Informed that Germany had not declared war upon the United States, and that, until further Instructions were received, the submarines were to continue to look upon America and American shipping as neutral. The submarine commanders were especially warned against attacking or committing any overt act against such American war vessels as might be encounterd in European waters The orders explained that no official confirmation had been received by the German government of the neas which had been published In the press that America had declared war, and that, therefore, the Germans officially were ignoring our belligerence. at Watch a Waterman Pen on Your Vacation U-b- U-1- If 27, 1920. |