Show r ZT J 1 I. I jar fi t i ii f r kJ h N. N 4 T ri 1 a IS r t t L 1 i i t M. M ik Y fi J. J S tZ i r. t. t 1 t 1 j J 7 I l 1 1 I x R t lt t 1 f r o y i i ij 1 t if k i 11 I r t TT l S' S ti LJ IC Sl e. e r i 0 J l I CPa j mh I o. o Ug h Jn c n 1 t f t C Ie I. I 1 r d. d t t.- t. 4 I r Jo t. t v J- J j J f 1 r J J 1 I r. r t r J UJ St States aes t B Bureau 1 I 0 U o of id J t v f j to S Standards Thwart tt r 9 to the r. r 1 U rp W- W IV J. J M j J r i 0 1 MJ Murderer ur-derer the a Forger w jv K 7 J G. G urns b A J an and the t a Counterfeiter own ei er With t I rt v A 0 e t Technicians ns Who Will I I f J 1 r S Skill d l r D i 1 t z iJ I H r v r V A 8 Ji 1 V rV jf i 4 Against Wiles Wile I 4 k V 1 r f A- A V t c I I. I n X r it Yo I of th the e a 0 Criminal I a'S aS c i 4 f i I J r c p S i V 1 4 r I k f I J r l ii 1 V 4 t tp j. j r i t t tr f. f i. i Ii p- p ft 1 I s i fe fem J 41 m j W i 44 i If 1 y r. r ij rt r 1 i I 1 t I t I I t t I.- I. 1 Pi t i I f if t j. j W By Nell Neff Ray a Clarke ar e eE mIlE E Sherlock Holmes of future murder L L mysteries will be a scientist with a a microscope a man who ca can ba bade back up his expert testimony with microscopic photograph photography photo photo- graph graphy which will leave little doubt In the minds If ta Ifa t a Jury as to exactly what happened hap hap- happened In a given case e. e He will be no creature of ot hunches and Instincts Instincts- no blundering bull bun but a coo cool calm mathematician biologist t and technician technician tech tech- who will wUl drag out from the emotional emo emor emo- and chaotic melee of a murder mystery mystery mystery mys mys- tery undeniable ble evidence which will point an u unfailing finger at th the guilty party or parties Once th the fingerprint e expert pert had to fight tight for recognition Today fingerprints are considered conclusive evidence Now we need experts in identification of of- guns an and bullets typewritten documents and signature signature signa signa- ture particularly of the first two The practical application of precision measurements for detecting detecting- crimes of ot various arlous sorts Is now being worked o out t at atthe atthe atthe the Bureau Buteau of Standards by Dr Wilmer Wilder Souder principal scientist Dr Or S Souder uder has gone b back ck over hundreds hundreds hun hun- of cases which have been tried in our co courts r s studying such physical evidence evidence evi evi- dence as pistols bullets mash notes forged checks blackmail letters with a aview avie aview view vie to finding out what some sonic very accurate accurate accurate rate scientific Instruments could tell him about this evidence He has some interesting inter Inter- f esting erting specimens in Ih h his s' s office and stored a. in n a vault beneath one ne of the bu bu- bu- bu eaU reau's buildings For centuries identifications by comparisons comparisons com com- have been made with varying degrees of ot success he told wId me but precise pre pre- cise else methods of ot m measurement are of re recent re re- cent origin Dr Souder Bouder turned and picked u up an anh enlarged P photograph ho h of two bullets standIng standing standing stand- stand Ing side Id by side One of those buil bullets bullet e t a had been beeh en taken from the body of a 11 murdered man The o other her bullet had been shot shot from the gu gun belonging to a ma maat man n accused of at th the e murder m The question before the Jury in this case had been whether the two bullets had be been n shot from the same gun gun- gunThe The attorney for the defense had had the photographs made A so called expert on firearms had given give n testimony that tie he did cUd n not t believe they had been shot from the same gun When the accused was acquitted by the Jury the photographs and the bulle bullets used as evidence were turned over to a com com- of scientists to determine whether the experts expert's testimony had been correct An examination proved that when the photographs were made there had been no attempt to match the bullets up side forside for forside side aide with reference to their position in the gun when fired Several views of the bullets had been taken it was true but what the attorney for the defense had been clever enough to do was to revolve each bullet the same amount thereby never permitting marks made by the same groove inside the gun barre to show how in the same photograph He Ho had bad deliberately deliberately deUber- deUber turned another murderer loose on the public and tort fortified his reputation as asa asa a criminal lawyer cc IT TT IS never possible to get any two pistols pis pis- ls with exactly the same markings marking on them Dr Souder Bonder said sali In wIn making two guns gun to be used for experimental purposes purposes pur pur- poses oSe at the Bureau of ot Standards the order of the manufacturer to his employer r WAS u to get those guns as much alike aUke as It tt t W was possible to make them The expert 1 gunsmith did his Job so thoroughly that 1 w. w 11 r lr r I if w n R k J s sn t. v S J Counterfeiters Counterfeiters' el t ors ors' l implements c Y Y m ay l Y r seized in a police Q raid y y fj Sy which ind indicate th the e cunning Y a and d skill of f this S class cIas o t I t outlaw Th The o. o Bureau of e Standards 4 is work working out I Ing tt J scientific methods methods' more f Y w P positively t to Id identify a aforge forg forger forge with I thO his w work rk J r T k I yiv y j S' S Y v. v f r J j r z t i s. s y Yep r 4 i iy y Major Calvin H. H Goddard ballistics cs expert expert one of the pioneers il in using the comparison microscope to ascertain ascertain ascer ascer- tain whether or not two bullets bulles had been fired from the same gun when the pair of or pistols were placed by side he w was was s unable to tell one from the other But even In tn the case of such perfectly matched weapons the marks each leaves on the outside of ofa a bullet are easily dis distinguishable under a a. fine microscope The he het t workmanship on the guns in ordinary use 1 io is not nearly so 50 perfect a and nd consequently the markings made on a bullet as it passes through gh the barrel are re much more pro pro pro- Therefore the results obtained by the use of a tine fine comparison microscope of the type perfected by the late Charles E. E Walto Waite and by Major Calvin H Goddard of ot N New w York City are undeniable The a a. gun is usually immediately evIdent evident evident evi evI- evi- evi dent from the gross markings on on- the bullet bullet bullet bul bul- bul- bul let which fells its victim The Tho size the measurements measurement of the groove widths and depths diameters and twist markings of ot th the barrel t tell ll exactly which particular gun of that make the bullet passed through The grooves of course are put there to keep a bullet spinning as it flies flics and consequently leaded headed in a a. straight line Une toward the target Dr Souder uder handed me gun after gun 01 t f 1 t r J V i Photo Photo micrograph graph showing the alignment of th fh the f ridges of a murder F Y b bullet with those o of ofa 1 y a test bullet Left F r lo to 10 cr er cr half a murder bullet upper half halfa test bullet Right rv 5 S cis biz N lower half halt test bullet upp upper r half murder murd r bullet R I ii Markings gl show th that t. t both b bullets came carne v from Crom the tho same V weapon k 09 which had figured in famous murder trials and and told me to look down the bar bar- rel Even to a casual observer they all aU seemed a bI bit bIG different The the barrels varied as did the Ute physical condition of the metal from rustand cori cor- cor i Such obvious markings vary ar over overa a a period of time Ume between the dIs discharges harges of If the weapon I was told and there arc therefore superficial differences which a atrue atrue true expert must learn to disregard gar l. l But the b barrel leaves its US signature on the bullet t j Just st the same The tool used in fashioning the barrel barr l lof of ofa a a. gun wears with the cutting and ands asit as asit s it finishes s off each barrel it a pattern pattern pattern pat pat- tern of t fine lines within the grooves which are distinctive of that particular barrel The Th next ext b barrel that passes over the tool changes the cutting edge of or of the tool enough to dive give t that at barrel character characteristic tlc markings also To the expert w who o k knows his business each barrel is as different Cas as the members of a family group W. W When en a bullet Is 15 driven past these theses I grooves Itis it itis j is SC scarred with the characteristics of these fine cuttings There are many soc called so-called exp experts inthe Inthe in inthe the c country whose methods are arc so amateurish amateurish ama ama- and Incomplete t that at they do little but but confuse ont se Juries and lead to the de deel de- de development el of a reasonable doubt In c cases c k ii I ro which ought to be puncture proof proof Dr Dr Souder said t I I c bullet taken from the He picked up a body of a murdered man as so ute another bullet fired from the murderers murderer's gun that even a 4 casual exa examination would lead to the belief that they had been fired from the same gun gun Other bull bullets ts gUll uru revealed the fact fired tired from a another other g gun that they had through passed passed through the same barrel only omy when the finest of microscopes showed similar faint markings on each THE HE apparatus necessary for furnishing expert testimony is expensive but an in inexpert expert who t testifies Unes in wes cases cases where a man mans man's s life Ufe is is-at is at stake slake should hould be required to have that apparatus and nd know how to use It IL The microscope through which Dr Souder peered at the death dealing bulI bullets ts cost about Tho The ordinary lenses with w which the microscope had originally be been n equipped were not perfect enough He had tried o out ut many lens lenses un until l he h had d found two which told the story a hewn flown wn to tot t the e last scratch The Bureau of t Standards does not a attempt at- at tempt to decide special cases for a State Stale or or for an Individual Individual- Dr ci Souder ex ex- ex This Government agency is interested interested in- in in In the the matter matter of ot obtaining scientific unc evidence In murder cases only to the ext extent nt that it would like Ike to establish tab b ti I Y t ai tr t Y r T J r i t r r rV I V 1 i iThe t The Bureau of Standards in in Washington does d not a r a attempt tempt to decide special cases for the State or an F IJ IJa individual It mere merely y seeks scientific information 4 y which ich will enable it t to lay down minimum 8 standards 5 j 1 V r with which expert pert testimony oil on ballistics handwriting V Jn 4 V V 1 ing mg typewriting etc will m. m be caU called upon to conform f minimum um standards t with which firearms r experts expert should have to comply before tr tl t cIr t testimony could be acc ac act accepted ac ac- c 1 in 1 court There are no no standards for experts yin in this this' coun coup country country try at the present time A man Is an expert I if h he happens to be accepted as such when a a. case comes to trial g A man wh who appears in a case asri as asan s san ri an expert eXert on firearms ought at least east to be beable beable be beable able to take a half dozen marked bullets and sort them correctly cor cor- or- or with reference to to the guns from which they have been J Sired red If he Is Isable is 13 isable able to do so after studying them for an hour orl or two he might then b be adjudged ed competent to give testimony before a j Jury concerning weapons or missiles Introduced d dIn unable to sort in a murder trIaL If he is the bullets certainly any testimony ny he pe might give would be open to question v The future scientific detective will have havea a number of advantages over his predecessor predecessor cessor the t today day If n he be knows Ills his business his photographs of the grooves and the markings on the bullets will win give definite and nd depend dependable ble evi evl- den dence e. e Furthermore his conclusions willbe will willbe be available for tor everybody e concerned to see cee hear and consider He will wID do his work at his leisure in the tho privacy of his laboratory and therefore his conclusions will not be e colored by anything he has seen as a witness witness' testimony so often otten is is I HE Bureau of or Standards is also a at attempting at- at TH tempting to draw up minimum standards standards standards stand stand- ards with which handwriting and typewriter typewriter type type typewriter writer experts ought to be able to comply before they are permitted to testify in court urt Dr Albert S. S Osborn o of New York City has already done work in devising designs designs' and special types of instruments for i comparing typewritten 4 documents that the he bureau has bas had little original wor work to do in tn this field neld Typewritten Typewritten messages messages are very deceptive to those who are not familiar ar with the methods of differentiating between work done on different makes of machines and Jn Individual ma machines of ot the sanie sane make maker The reaction of ot the average Juryman istha is tha that all aU typewriters typewriter are the same be because use they are intended d to be alike aUke But each machine ne has pe peculiarities of ot its own which c can n be de detected by an expert using a ml microscope and studying the shape of letters letters letters let let- defects in type and nd the alignment of ot the letters when they are Lre superimposed on a scale for de detecting cUng Irregularities in in spacing UP Persons familiar w with th type styles and characteristics can distinguish one make of machine from another from a D. few type- type I 1 i I. I j f fi 1 t r- r 7 written no words n Dr Souder Soud- said teL oJ The 1 dimensional proportions of Individual letters let let- a r. r of similar styles of type usually differ I J For ex example mple the T i Is Iss given the same sm f. space as the thew w in Ina a a aa typewritten d docu doeu- 3 j ment mento It Is the problem of I the artist to s iM r. r design these and other letters In such r c to minimize what could lt manner as asly i 1 r appear to I be e ex excessive crowding or isolation isola r 6 tion of letters letter in In the typewritten wor work 4 The modifications which the artist make tY to avoid these defects gives give the first o opportunity for measurements t precision Y 41 F OR type made ade from rom the same model Jt I or formed against the same die a aIn u l r In the c case se of machines machine put out by any anyone one one manufacturer we e ma may y look for defects defects Or cr f lack of all ll de details of perfection OY rover over the 1 lines Jines of ot the letter face The process of plating and polishing the B letters may add j defects The more sure source of Identification t j cation however lies lles in the ad adjustments of the on the bars after the machine has been c completely assembled Some Som Jetters letters let Jet tem will be placed high and land some come low la fn lathe tD the line Une some will be rotated and some lome will make mae contact on o one e portion of the t. t faro face aCt before the tho other portion m hits the b- b j paper Adjustments for for- minimizing minimising r these I discrepancies are made by Inspectors who I usually reduce these thes to apparent uniformity uniform unIform- t Sty ity in so far as the unaided eye Is able abIe i k to Judge T These ese variations are Bre all 11 susceptible table to j I t precision measurements and when the these I are made and compared with measure measure- ments meats from other machines It It will wW uSually usually usually ally bo be found that five to ten c characterIstics character character- i sUes |