Show Inventor of Machine Gun I I I John tJohn oh 1 M. M Browning Praised g s J 2 1 A 2 i I IF tP 0 1 C. C Jackling ac J li g Erected rec ed Big Powder Plant for Government i on November 11 1918 the tho armistice was signed which ended c d i WHEN the world orId war there had bad been placed b by the tho government ord orders rs for foi l Browning Browning- n rifles fles the greatest rapid fire gun in the world and th tho ll of a Utah tah man John M. M J. J Browning of O Ogden den Not only tins this W ut iut arrangements had been concluded with one manufacturing concern b by y the capacity of or its plant was to be increased s so that thal by Juno 1 of tle- tle tho orient year ear the production of this most formidable rifle would aggregate 00 OO 00 per de day In that tests and performances of this wonderful rifle flIn showed ft t would firo fire so many projectiles per minute that it was apparently beyond he hc comprehension of an nn individual indi made it the greatest machine gun un in ti ii p orId The Tho signing sighing of the armistice resulted in the cancelling of orders 1 y tho the government gO for automatic tic rifles These facts ore are obtained from a n volume entitled Americas America s 's ss Benedict Crowell assistant secretary of war var looy looy's ions s' s 1918 1917 a report of of of munitions which has just been issued b by tho the war department tt a is Is issued at nt the direction of the secretary of war who in his letter t to Secretary Crowell sn says s As 1 s the t whole people have ha been called upon to mako make sacrifices for he i war all aU the people should be given an opportunity to know what h has icon ie e en dono done in their behalf in munitions production and I therefore as ask 1 nt Lt you have prepared a historical statement of or munitions production s so f that all nIl may have ha time to read it so that all may b bo boto 0 to understand it and so authoritative c that all nIL may rely upon its ac- ac icv nev That Secretary Crowell has hns carried out the instructions is apparent to t ill III 11 who have havo seen the volume for the story is told in a manner that makes t not only interesting but also fascinating ng to tho the reader He lie opens with i L r chapter of the ordnance problem and ono one is amazed to learn that in the tho ordnance catalogue of supplies during the recent w war r there wore wor than separate and distinct items I AA r A nt nr tJ Tt ft I. I h nt 1111 I v oIl in order o of size sire was teas tho bab baby wo-man wo cannon C. an Inch and a half halt inho Inho in inho ho diameter of or Its bore so 50 light that t could be handled by foot troops Inho in inho In ho he field and used for annihilating ho enemy nem m machine gun hen the mobile mobile- field Runs guns uns tho the famous farnous os o's equivalent in size to the thc former Inch gun of or the United States the inch 5 5 Inch and inch 6 guns puna cm- cm Ioe Joyed loyed to shell cross roads and harass h Inch 8 and 02 92 he ho enemy then the howitzer and the tho terrific howitzer for throwing great eights of or d destruction high in to tho the air airo o 0 descend with a plunge upon tho ho en- en mys my's strongest defenses then tho ralla rallay rall- rall 8 8 S. 10 12 Inch 14 for ay ray a mounts guns grins tho the dumps and depots in tho n back are areas s the anti aircraft capons capons and rod the smaller rifles rifles' and nd and md machine machino guns Millions of Shell acquired All Mi 11 these required millions of or shells nd shrapnel f for r tho the Incessant bom- bom To 10 show the enormous deland dc- dc land tand secretary Crowell says the enro ento en- en ro to weight of or projectiles fired Ired In such auch rI n i historic engagement as Gettysburg uld supply the artillery for only a aw aw w Irv w minutes in n such Intensive e bombardments bombard bombard- rents ments is as as sowed tho the soil or of Flanders Mth rUh st et el el In France rance the base repair shops had capacity for relining 1000 cannon and and nd repairing 2000 motor chicles machine guns Suns and 2000 pistols ever every month Shoulder rifles b by the million and by the billion machine guns Juns j l the hundred thousands tripods to count lount them water Jackets to keep the cool and amI specially built carts to toI rry arry I r 1 them automatic pistols by hy the tho of thousands trench knives y the million mortars special mortars special lal capons of trench warfare hand gren- gren des des of or various kinds gas et fetal 1 for fusing tho the firing mechanism f t captured cannon Ci paper grenades to Till b by concussion rifle grenades all aU hose here by the millions 1 Then thoro there wore were projectors ors bayonets pr or rifles rines bolos h helmets periscopes pro pr- or trenches panoramic sights rangefinders range inders finders all these by tho the hundreds of hou sands I Bombs Bomb Welch Weigh hh Ton Tn Toni I f i In tho the innovations of the thear war ar came he c tank tank- ton tank ton 3 C ton G-ton ton and the great American nelo heavy tanks tank each a 37 37 cannon and lour bur ur machine guns these too by the There were vere airplane suns guns rop top bombs of ot many gradations In eight up to BOO poun pounds s each and ex- ex bombs that weighed 1600 founds j When the war broke out or rather n 1914 there were but six government and two largo large ordnance works work hen tho the armistice was WI signed cloned thero there ere manufacturing plants plant in the States Slates working on ordnance As k Illustration an-Illustration n of ot the amount t o of oft f used by the tho artillery alone Is pointed out that at nt tho the battle Gettysburg In tho the two days lays duran dura- dura t on n o of battlo the rounds of on n expended b by the Union army was 2781 2751 while at tho the battle of or tho the the tho British army arm expended rounds at Messines RidS e rounds at tho the FrenchI French Frenc h I and at St. St th tho thoI 0 I States expended rounds round s artillery ammunition The hl high h mar marthe mark mirk k the use 1150 of or artillery In offensive bato bat bat- o was vas reached at tho the Somme an and c RId o before tho tiro effective us use o tanks was developed Comparison Another illustration In the tho expend 1 ro re of artillery ammunition for on onar one oner e r ar In tho the Civil and world wars war c given elven Civil war var In ht year ended June Jun 4 rounds World orld orld wa war war r year ended November o 10 l 1918 lS 0 o rounds the British h irethe In ire- the tho year year end end- November 10 InS 1018 use used 71 71 1 1150 t 0 o rounds and tho tiro In th the e o me year rounds In on one C In fu u 1918 tho British and French Frond h t rounds When Whon tho the United Stal States 8 entered th that the thear c ar iT regulations prescribed 50 machine machin o na Ins as equipment f for r an infantry dl- dl dl slon sloe When tho the armistice was signed o C 0 standard of a division n I lied for or heavy machine guns gunn un an anE and d i 8 E a. a light automatic rifles and of th the e avy machine guns with a n. division n 1 ly wore supposed to bo ho In active the remainder being in re- re re res s rye r for use In antl anti aircraft work Tho The cost of or equipping tho the first S 5 5 Americans called caned to arms w wi was vas as i to bo be between oo o- o 0 o and or about half halfe o e amount of ot money appropriated b by Y from tho the first Continental Continent al down to the tho declaration of ofir ir r against Germany America in month but built It shoulder rifles and I Io In n o amo period American factor factories es I produced over rounds o of or orI f rifle a and d machine gun sun ammunition I Prior to November 11 11 1918 the tho United d States produced d in tho the 75 size alone high shells over ga gas shells and over eve shrapnel and of the explosive shells were shipped I to Franco up to November ember 15 1918 1915 In all rounds of shell shed of ot this calibre were flouted floated two thirds shrapnel nel net and American troops on the tho lino o ot expended a a. total of or 6 rounds o of 7 75 millimeter ammunition As to gun production Of lon long rang guns tho Germans In tho the attempted d bombardment of Paris at ot long Jong range range- seventy five miles used mlles used 0 of f I these guns delivering dell a a. shell nine gin Inches In diameter every twenty minutes minutes min min- utes until seventy sevont shots would b bo fired tired when tho the weapon would como become useless 18 of or these nine inch shells shell thrown Into Paris One chapter In the volume Is de devoted devoted devoted de- de voted to the making making- of or a big gun andIn and andin in October 1318 1918 there thero were me men n employed In tho the United States Slates In turnIng turnIng turn turn- Ing l ag out tho the big biff guns Juns which were needed Another chapter Is devoted to mobile field artillery which consisted o of or all rolling guns or caterpillar guns i up to and Including lne tho the IO j 1 ter tor howitzer in Ins s ze s e e and also included j I jall InU all nU the ills antiaircraft guns buns uns of ot various arious i sizes All mobile guns of or larger caliber caliber caliber cali cali- ber than tho tiro 40 howitzer wore mounted on railroad cars Need ee eed of oC DIg Big Artl Artillery Strong artillery was needed nt at tho the opening opening- o of the war upon tho the part orthe ot or the United States against Germany and anda a n chapter o of the tho book Is devoted to this class of ordnance When war was declared it was as found that the tho country country country coun coun- try had i 46 heavy guns suns which might be spared from seacoast defenses the navy Or op commandeered at private ate ordnance ordnance ord ord- nance nanco plants These guns ranged in size from tho the Inch 7 guns SUns of the tho navy to the inch 6 howitzer There w was thol tho the l inch 12 rifle mounted on a n. railway carriage that would hurl a shell weighing pounds a distance of or twenty five miles another was the 12 Inch seacoast gun eun which would hurl hurla a pound 1000 shot a distance of or twenty five miles and could bo be so easily handled that but two men were required to operate the powerful closeting elevating ele ele- apparatus Into quick firing po po- Tho inch 16 howitzer on a n railway Y mount wasa a powerful weapon sending a pound 1600 projectile a a. distance distance dis dis- tance tanco of ot thirteen miles mlles I Regarding explosives propellants I and artillery ammunition the tho th production I tion was beyond comprehension In nineteen months America turned outI out I pounds of or propellants that I I is the powder po loaded into arms small cartridges or packed In tho big biZ guns behind the proJect projectiles les to send end them a against t the e enemy Secretary Crowell devotes otes a a. chapter of ot tho book to this lie He continues continue In months America produced pro pro- pounds of high ex cx- cx plosives for loading Into Inlo shell stroll Am Americas America's Amer Amer- rl r- r l ica's as a's month monthly rate In turning out unfilled un un- filled rounds of ammunition at tho the end of the war was rounds Americas America's production of or unfilled rounds of or ammunition In nineteen months was vas rounds D. D C. C Jackling- Jackling Directs Direct T Two o of r the tho largest smokeless p pow pow- w. w der plants plant In fn tho the world Were constructed con con- one the old Hickory plant located almost on tho tire site of or President dent Andrew Jacksons Jackson's old home at nt a t Tenn and tho the other at nt Nitro near Charleston V. Va Tho The Nitro plant which had a capacity of ot C 0 pounds of smokeless ponder per da day was built under Iner the tho direction d a 1 Salt Lake man man Daniel C C. di director di- di director rector o of United States government Jo cx cx- cx plosive o plants by Tho Thompson Thompson Star Star relt rett company of or New York It was be be- be Run gun February 1 1 1918 1919 The s Powder company operated tho the plant plan t and on the day that tho the armistice wa s signed the output was running approxImately pounds per day whit while tho tiro cost cost which had been at nt tho the be he be- be ginning of or the war SO cents a n pour pound Q for small-arms small and 53 cents a pour pound d for I cannon Innon or powder was reduced s so that tho the day the armistice was signed small arms powder cost 63 62 cents pe per r pound and cannon powder 41 cents in din addition tr to smokeless powder black powder of ot nil all grades for military Y purposes was being manufactured a at t the rate talc of pounds hounds per month Loading I Problem Soh oil d To load these tUese propellants was waa a L tern lem an and this was solved by the construction con con- of several s great bag g plants tho largest of or which were o located at Woodbury N. N N J J. Tullytown Pa and Seven Soven Pines PInea Va Vas From th the mills roUIs tho the powder was fuss fi shipped to o th the tho e I I r- r rJohn John M. M Browning of Ogden I J GUNS proved pro successful in routing g the Huns on many occasions Mr Browning who i is MACHINE s seen cen hero here testing his latest model was tho the subject of much favorable comment in 10 a report just issued is- is is issued issued is- is sued by Benedict Crowell assistant secretary o of war and director of munitions y w y c 1 sa r I C i Yb r 1 I x r r Y Yo o v rF r 1 P r S t v 4 Y tA F Fr wi s 1 r S' S i ir r I loading bag plants In bulk There tho the was loaded Into silken on bags the tho filling of which Is a n precise and I delicate operation as chances co could ld not be taken nor averages struck for tor error meant nt the tho loss of ol battles A battery commander who has figured his and who ho is about to drop n number of ot high explosive shells on an enemy bat battery ter tery must know exactly how much powder ho he has behind his charge If It more powder I is in the bag than ho calculates cal cal- on ho he will overshoot tho the mark if It less tho the shell may fall short and ex- ex in tho the midst of or his own advancing advancing adv ing Ins troops At these loading plants a n. maximum capacity of or bags bag'S a aday aday day at nt each plant had hod been boon reached when tho the armistice had been signed Two shifts a d day clay were being used each ench shift having 1500 operatives most of ot them women For them l special housing housing- facilities had hod to bo be constructed Tullytown sufficing for example whore there thero were seventy bungalows thirteen residences for officers of or- or and executive o heads and six 98 93 room dormitories Up to tho time ot of signing signing- th tho armistice there thero were ero load lond ed Into small-arms small ammunition I COO pounds of ot powder there thero were WOle as assembled as- as Into fixed ammunition approximately ap ap- I proximately pounds of ot smokeless powder and n assembled Into bagS bagS' packed for tor shipment pounds o of smokeless powder ponder T T. T X N. T. T 1 Production Increased Cd CdOn On August 14 1914 tho production of T T. N T. T in tho the United States was pounds per month When tho the United States entered the tho war It t was pounds per month and when hostilities ceased on Con November ember 11 InS 1918 tho United States was producing lC- lC pounds per month o of this hiGh highly Important high explosive and big plants to manufacture the explosive were In process o of construction with a production of ot and I pounds per month respectively I Ammonium nitrate used In the manufacture manu manu- I facture o of explosives which before the tiro i war was pounds per year I had Increased so that when the armis tice Uee was signed this country was producing pro pro- o of this nitrate pounds per month and on that dato thero Was wag on hand pounds This cost I 17 IH cents per pound November 1 I 1917 the United States States States' was turning turning- out picric acid at the rato rate of pounds per month and ono on year ear |