Show DESIGNING MOTOR MOTORCARS GARS CARS IS AN ART ARTMORE ARTMORE MORE INTRICATE THAN IS BELIEVED Skilled Automotive Engineers Engineers Engi Engi- Wrestle With World of Detail to Build Auto While oven the th most casual observer of or automobiles Is 18 aware that their ap- ap JI nt IlO has been Improved Nt In bi recent years cars only a n few Cew people realize what a world tf M study and scientific research has been spent In their development or orto orto orto to what lengths manufacturers na nave nau u hone gone lo to produce satisfactory effects A glance at Illustrations which represented tho ha hacar car Ca fashions of a few fen years rs ago go and their comparison with the tho graceful models of tod today Is most Interesting clearly clearl demonstratinG demonstrating demonstrating demon demon- that Improvements In hoo body i de design de- de i sign hn have ve kept pace with t the h more mechanical me- me chan ca developments of th the car cal It Itself elf But It I Is only h by taking inking a trip through some somo great rent body plant such lIuch as tho those e of Sturl Studebaker haker In D Detroit and South Bend that nn any real Idea can bi had l of or the tho tho hl highly hh scientific methods and processes employed In present da day hod body building Tho The public In general and motorists In particular therefore will be bo Interested In reading what J. J Horace Bourgon hod body engineer er of the Studebaker corporation I famous here and abroad as a designer of original and beautiful b h body hod creations creation has to say concerning the art of or bod body building ln MUCH OUT OF LITTLE When hen a new design is to be brought out the tho bod body designer Is given n only the most fun fundamental facts to start on on says I Mr Ir Bourgon For Fol distance he Is given only the wheelbase h el a of or the 5 car r the lie seating t capacity desired me the general rener l type le and anu the inc approximate weight weiCht From I these he must create something that will be good to look upon from nn any angle something In which witch every inch of space Is utilized something which provides the utmost pos pO iuie in m seating and riding comfort for Cor the pas paR All AlI this Is L by no means so easy as It sounds Thu Tho making of rough sketches and preliminary scale drawings Is la a first step that alone mn may represent ent weeks of or study He may then visualize his Ideas by models In wax to which a little Is la added adde here t a trifle taken off ore there until th the whole appears In p perfect and harmonious I outline thus establishing the lie general de design de- de sign Next come conic the big bas drawings which engage the tho attention of or a whole drafting i staff for many weeks 5 Every Ever line lino of these Is worked out with the most painstaking accuracy not nol only b by Itself but In relation relation rela rela- tion to ever every other line of or the tho car the various cUr curves cUrb b being established point h by point to harmonize with all nil the tho other In Inter Intersecting Intersecting In- In ter and comparative tI curves constitute the general design applying In thi this tho most abstruse principles of d descriptive e geometry Or to make the explanation more simple It ma may be said that all the drawIngs draw- draw Ins Ings are carried Into three planes In a similar 1 manner to tho the work of or a naval architect the curves cUr of oC one plane being faired d up by smooth flowing curves which touch In other planes 8 and so 50 check checkup up tip their accuracy throughout their course You perhaps have seen keen a 8 great ship be being being heInl he- he ing launched or a beautiful yacht acht drawn up on shore and If so you ou must have marveled mar d at Ht the lie sweepingly graceful lines the perfect proportions and the smoothness smoothness smooth smooth- ness with which the various cUr curves cures cs melted incited Into one another when viewed at any angle But the chances chanc are you never realized U tt t l all this skill and Intricate designing are aie duplicated In the modern automobile streamline body This however how how- ever Is not merely mereb In tho the of or beauty alone for Just as al In the case of oC the ship i tho the main purpose of the de design design de- de sign Is to J lessen resistance to the progress of or the finished object Tho naval val de designer tic tic- sl signer ner works to overcome O so 80 far as aR pos poo- possible sible the resistance of oC wave wa and the str streamline bod body designer has as his problem the lessening of wind resistance resist resist- ance This air r resistance Is a highly Im Important Important Im- Im factor to the Use Co car I which speeds alon along at al speeds of to 40 CO GO and 61 60 60 miles an hour and unless the design Is such as to slip through tho the air with the least possible effort a areat great reat deal of oC fuel Cuel and power IO Is unnecessarily waited DETAILS IMPORTANT The new car Is laid out full fun size In several eral positions position upon enormous blackboards blackboards blackboards black black- boards thus making it possible to sec secand and check cheek up each detail with p reference to seating capacity arrangement arrangement arrange arrange- ment of doors and fender linN hues as well no 13 to establish the general genral outlines of oC the lie design as n a whole The utmost l care arc is IR necessary to see that thal all measurements arc Ire In correct harmony harmon with the requirements requirements require require- ments of the 1 average person especially considering such details as arm and leg lengths hel heights width and amI comfort When all these details havo o been gone one over a again aln and n again aln nud the results approved cd the tho working out of preliminary models I Is begun These are arc hand Oak frames lInes are arc especially built to order from blu blueprints prints and nd over these the frames ames h hand hammered aluminum bodies are constructed These bodies finished arc mounted on the experimental and sent out on the road for forlong forlong forlong long and amI se severe tests On returning from the preliminary I road load tests teats an any desirable corrections are arc made and steps stops taken taleen toward facto factory pro pro- This means the duplication In quantity of the tho perfected experimental bodies hodlE's First Fin t dies died must bo he had from which arc are to be stamped the sheet steel fenders hoods and In fact all aU parts of oC the lie body But In order to make mal th the lie dies wood patterns must be hc provided These patterns arc are worked out b by hand with infinite In Infinite Infinite In- In finite care and built buill uli up In laminated staggered ered sections to prevent warping from some fome such nuch close graIned clear wood as mahogany and are or of course full size The lh workmanship on of these patterns patterns pat pat- terns Is equal to the cane finest piano or cabinet cabinet cabInet cab cab- inet work From these patterns tho the toolmakers manufacture the tho hardened steel dies which when placed In the huge huge- casU costly steam pr presses hammer out the lie exact steel shapes desired with a single lt blow The various pieces are arc then lien welded wedded to together ether and nd riveted on their supporting oak frames The construction of or the hatter latter lat hat ter too In Is especially Interesting the they being mitered braced end and I Joined pinned together tho ho I under pres pressure ure with same accuracy and strength strengths that characterizes characterizes characterizes charac charac- the construction of an artillery wheel hub Finally conies comes the finishing and paintIng paintIng painting paint paint- ing operations twenty operations twenty four of them In all In the Studebaker plants Then conic como the tho upholstering of oC seats eats and amI cushions with curled hair over carefully tested d springs and their co covering with real leath leather er el the fitting filing of oC tops top and anal storm curtains curtan cur cur- tan tams all all ll of or which are aie re Individually lI tailored to measure the measure the placing of oC instruments in instruments in- in and rand electrical equipment the tho fitting of the body to the chassis and the final testing tenting To all this tails naturally there Is a t vast van amount of deUll Thus It will bo be seen that there Is a great deal more marc to tho the nuking making of an ua automobile hod body than one Olle would think and It ItIs ItIs Itis Is obvious 0 that lint only in great ret on organizations IN Is It Il possible to al apply the hie designing skill ilem and special manufacturing equipment necessary to high grade work of this tails kind A frequent cause of or lenks In III r radiators IN is that the vents In the tho filling caps capa and fund overflows o become choked with Whit the ie result that thu team steam m accumulates late In the radiator and the pressure pre an fur outlet forces nn an opening it at t the weakest point A 1 little attention to the vent will ivill re remove rc- rc move mo the cause of trouble lc |