Show 48 amp el 1 jam 14 6 ar r W 04 0 1 how H hia ia vaya voyages sas WA fl influenced america Ameri cai 0 history 7 by JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN Is making tentative plans for an elaborate celebration in 1928 1028 0 of the one hundred and fiftieth an gam of the discovery of 0 j ba the islands by capt james jamed cook it la Is to be hoped that y such an observance of this A discovery Is made and on a scale befitting the importance to the united states of the voyaging in the pacific of 0 this thin famous english navigator for this importance Is large captain cook set in motion forces which had bad a much greater influence on the early development of america than a casual reading of our history reveals here Is it brief chronology of the Ilaw hawaiian alian islands useful in connection with this story the islands were probably known to europeans as early as 1527 but were put on the map by cook in 1778 he was killed there by natives the next year the natives were a semi ecyl llred people of malayo polynesian stock under a feudal system of government ern ment with a king on each of the eight habitable islands in 1790 king kamehameha of hawaii subdued hla his rivals and founded a kingdom that lasted until 1804 christianity was introduced trod from america in 1820 by missionaries sion aries in 1840 kamehameha III promulgated a constitution establishing civil rights in 1852 came suffrage anil and a legislature in 1894 there was a successful revolution against queen and a republic was proclaimed in 1895 the queen abdicated august 12 1898 hawaii was annexed to the united states june 14 1900 it became a territory cooks several voyages voyage capt james jamea cook 1728 79 was the sou son of a yorkshire farm laborer lie he volunteered in the royal navy in 1755 and four years later was in command of the mercury at halifax the royal society selected him to command an expedition to the pacific to observe the transit of venus I 1 this first voyage to the pacific was in 1708 1768 71 al on hla his second 1872 1842 75 he sailed miles and encircled the antarctic region from new zealand to cape cap norn horn on cooks first voyage he had a mortality of 46 per cent on hla his see sec ond be had made such excellent and radical arrangements tor for health that he lost only one man out of vor for this service lie was made captain and the royal society gave him the copely medal for service to bu humanity manity and the maritime world upon the offer of a reward of 0 tor for the of a northwest passage froni from the pact ile cook yu volunteered to take congimi command ad and z 1 alth ith the hie ton and discovery in U or of abrien in he dis di covered an island of the hawaiian group then he be surveyed the american coast until stopped by ice in bering strait the winter of 1779 found him back la in the islands where he discovered hawaii and maut maul ile named the archipelago sandwich islands after the earl of sandwich cook was killed in a small email affair with natives on hawaii over the theft of a boat cook landed february 13 in bay with a lieutenant and nine marines to seize the king take him aboard and hold him hostage tor for the return of the stolen boat the obelisk which marks the spot of his death was erected in 1871 1874 now kow we jump from captain cook the officer of the english navy to john ledyard an american soldier of fortune soldier of fortune john ledyard 1751 88 was born in groton conn studied law went to dartmouth for missionary training passed several months with the iroquois and in 1773 went to gibraltar as a common sailor enlisted in a british regiment was discharged and as a corporal of marines accompanied cook on his last voyage in 1782 he deserted from a man 0 war at long island thereupon he published from memory his bis journal of the cook expedition the british having baying confiscated the original he tried la in vain to interest american officials and merchants in a trading expedition to the northwest coast of north america they did not believe in his journal or in him in 1784 ledyard was in england and france vainly endeavoring to organize a similar trading expedition tion in 1788 with the assistance of sir joseph banks he set out on foot from stockholm ostensibly tor for arctic exploration ile he arrived la in st petersburg early in 1787 but at was arrested and deported reaching london with difficulty ile he died under mysterious circum circumstances stan c e 9 about 1700 at the head of an exploring expedition of the african association the truth wits was that ledyard had a big thing triangular trade new england to the pacific northwest with trinkets and notions to china with furs back home with silk and tea for cooks last expedition had bad this experience the sailors sailor bought furs fura to keep heep them warm from the natives of the northwest coast they traded trifles for seal skins and sea gea otter skins touching at china the tura furs commanded extraordinary prices the chinese aloese having no heating beating in their homes and no woolen cloth A vermin vennan infested sea otter skin was wag worth a hundred dollars the sailors were with difficulty restrained from seizing vessels for another trip to the american coast tor for a full cargo of furs instead of returning to england in 1784 cooks own journals were made public and then the new england merchants who had set ledyard down tor for a liar sat eat up and took notice boston salem and new york merchants put in and september 30 80 1787 two vessels sailed galled from boston the ship columbia capt john kendrick lck the sloop lady washington capt robert gray in august of 1780 1790 the columbia sailed back into boston she was under captain gray captain kendrick had chosen to trade was malting making canton trips and was trying to buy up all the northwest from the natives hall to the chidell gray was received like a conqueror lie ile was marched up state street in a procession side by side bide with prince altol in helmet balmet and cloak of scarlet and yellow feathers the first hawaiian ever seen in the united states gov john hancock gave a dinner to sixty to whom gray related his adventures yes tes things were as ledyard had said and the tha columbia had been the first american ship at the Ha hawaiian wallan islands and the first american ship to sail around the world and quite as important to the new england merchants the voyage had paid I 1 so as john ledyard lay dying in africa his bis pacific northwest dream had come true for the columbia was sent right back and thus began this triangular trade that was to enrich the seaboard of the new nation consider now some of the results of captain cooks last voyage and let your imagination run free on the second voyage of the columbia captain gray discovered the columbia river figure the effect of that on the oregon question of halt half a century later the americans had a practical monopoly of this triangular traffic le the russians were barred by chinese law the english were kept out by the conflicting privileges of two great monopolies the east india company held the exclusive right to trade with china but could not send its ships to the american northwest tor for furs and would not dot allow the south sea company to do any trade with china so the americans americana combined with the rus and the russians worked south along the coast until the monroe bonroe doctrine of aso 1823 3 was necessary to stop them john jacob astor a financial and commercial genius attempted to found a city at astoria in 1810 to cut out of this triangular trade the long and dan berous voyage a round around the horn figure the influence of this advance guard on the march of 0 the american people across the continent on the mexican war and the occupation of california on the building of the transcontinental railroad olk 0 the digging of the panama canal and finally figure what the possession of capt james cooks sandwich islands means to the united states in the pac pacific as a naval base and protection to the coast cast of the mainland with it and a 1 leet fleet we are safe bate |