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Show FAMOUS PEACE TREATIES By H. IRVING KING i (Copyright, ly 19, by the Mut 'lure News paper Syndicate.) TREATY OF VIENNA, 1864. Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. The treaty of Vienna, signed inlSOi, between Denmnrk on one side and Austria and Trussia on the other, put an end to the war which the two latter powers had been waging against the former and tore the duchies of Schleswig Schles-wig and Holstein from the Danish crown. The revolutionary spirit which had swept Germany In 1S4S had gradually grad-ually died away and a period of reaction re-action had set In. Nowhere was the reaction so strong as in Prussia. In 1857 Frederick William, under whom Prussia had suffered so many humiliations, humili-ations, became Insane and his brother William hecame first regent and, early In 3 SOI, king. He was a Hohenzollern of the true type, deeply imbued with the spirit of militarism. Bismarck had already made for himself a reputation reputa-tion as the exponent of force and the new king employed him as Just the man he wanted to-work out his plans. William proposed a great increase in the Prussian amy and navy, and when the Prussian parliament rejected his I.lnns sent for Bismarck and, making liim minister-president, told him to "tame" the parliament. He tamed it. or acted without It, as he pleased. "The German problem," he told them, "could not be solved by parli- mentary decrees, but by blood and Iron." He forced bills through by employing em-ploying every means in his power ; he Instituted the army reforms; he framed a trade treaty with France which Austria declared unfriendly and, upon Austria's protesting, he recognized recog-nized the new kingdom of Italy. He , dispatched an ultimatum to the elector of Hesse, which brought that potentate poten-tate to reason with regard to the af- fairs of his electorate. Illegal and Arbitrary Powers. To the Austrian delegate to the diet Count Karolyi, ancestor of the Count Karolyl who has Just played so important im-portant a part in the affairs of Hungary Hun-gary he said: "Our relations with Austria must soon become either better bet-ter or worse we sincerely desire the fOTmer of the two alternatives." His entire policy was directed to driving Austria out of Germany and giving to Prussia the hegemony of the confederation. confed-eration. In other words, Austria was to be driven out and Prussia would eat up what remnlned. To build up Prussia, King William did not hesitate to use Illegal and arbitrary porwer. Von Moltke appeared in the military councils of Prussia and the country was at once thoroughly 'Tidlitarized." The Polish Insurrection in 1803 gave Bismarck a chance to make frlend.i with Russia, and he decln.fed that If Russia were driven out t)f Poland Prussia would march In. The affairs of the "duchies" gave Bismarck another an-other oppirtunity. The Danish government gov-ernment had prepared a constitution for Schleswig which made that duchy an integral part of the Danish kingdom, king-dom, which was contrary to the last of the many settlements of the 'Scbleswig-Holsteln question." The Germanic confederation refused to take any steps and Bismarck made advances to Austria he would en-veigle en-veigle her and then destroy her. The Danes counted upon aid from France and England, in both of which countries there had been an outbreak of sympathy for a small nation menaced men-aced by two powerful ones, and in March of 1803 a royal proclamation issued at Copenhagen repudiated the settlement of 1852 and offered the gage of battle. Beginning of War. On January 16, 1864, Prussta and Austria sent an ultimatum to Denmark Den-mark demandiug that the constitution of Schleswig be withdrawn within two days. The Danish foreign minister pointed out that as the Danish parliament parlia-ment was not in session this was Impossible. Im-possible. The Prussian troops massed on the Eider at once crossed the frontier and war began. Austrian troops Joined the Prussians and the Danes fought valiantly but unavailingly against the invaders. The fortress of Dupple fell on April 18 and the Danes, driven from the mainland, took refuge on the island of Alsen. There came a pause in the war and a conference of the powers was hastily assembled in London. Lon-don. But Bismarck would listen to nO compromise and the war was renewed. It was now clear that Prussia designed de-signed both the duchies for herself ; but while Austria saw this she was scared by a "fire in the rear." For, taking advantage of Austria's engagements engage-ments elsewhere, Italy was threatening threaten-ing Venetia. Prussian troops had already al-ready crossed the borders of Jutland and were prepared for advance. Denmark surrendered and the peace treaty was signed at Vienna on October Octo-ber 30. By it Denmark relinquished both duchies to be administered Jointly Joint-ly by Austria and Prussia. - TREATY OF FRANKFORT, 1871. Terms of Peace After the Franco-Prussian War. The treaty of Frankfort, which offt- I daily put an end to the Franco-Prus- slan war, was but a ratification of the "preliminaries of peace," which had been signed at Versailles on February 20. 1871. Some matters of minor importance im-portance had not been settled at Versailles, Ver-sailles, which were reserved for the "definitive treaty." The ostensible cause of the Franco-Prussian Franco-Prussian war was the refusal of Prussia Prus-sia to guarantee that a prince of the house of Hohenzollern should not be a candidate for the Spanish throne. In reality both Paris and Berlin were only wailing for an excuse and Bismarck Bis-marck was making every effort to bring about a rupture. Official relations rela-tions becoming strained and the Prussian Prus-sian army having mobilized and approached ap-proached the French frontier, the Emperor Em-peror Napoleon III declared war on July 19, 1870, the chamber of deputies having before that voted a war supply sup-ply and the reserves having been called out. Prussia was joined in the war by the other German states and the Teutonic armies had an unbroken series of victories that brought them to Taris. which city surrendered on January 28, 1871. Gravelotte was fought on August 18 of 1870 and the French emperor with t his army surrendered at Sedan on j September 2, 1870. j Bismarck Dictated Peace Terms. ! A republic bad been proclaimed In I . France upon the surrender of the em- I peror and Thiers was at the head of It. Unon being elected as chief ex- "I do not quite like so many Frenchmen French-men brought Into our house against their will." At German headquarters the expression ex-pression : "WTe will bleed France white" was a common saying, and Indemnity In-demnity proposed by Bismarck was six milhirds about one billion two hundred million in American money. But British influence had been at work urging Germany to abate her demand, and Thiers obtained from Bismarck a reduction of a millard $200,000,000. Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany. There was no help for It. Germany was to hold certain fortresses in France until indemnity was paid. Through Arch of Triumph. The German army had not as yet entered en-tered Paris, though that city had surrendered. sur-rendered. It was now insisted that if France retained Belfort a part of the invading army should enter the French capital. This demand was made simply sim-ply for the purpose of theatrical effect. ef-fect. The world must see the German Ger-man kaiser leading his legions through the Arch of Triumph. Thiers protested protest-ed that this would only cause irritation irrita-tion and effect nothing. Bismarck insisted, in-sisted, the emperor William made a point of it, and so 30,000 German troops marched under the great triumphal tri-umphal nrch of Napoleon I and occupied occu-pied for two days the Champs Elysees. It was calculated that It would take ten years for France to pay off the indemnity and the German troops were to be withdrawn gradually as Its Installments In-stallments were paid. All the expenses 1 of the army of occupation were, in th j meantime, to be paid by France. When i the terms of this treaty were present- ed to the national assembly sitting at Bordeaux the members from Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine lodged a solemn protest against their expatriation and some of i the more radical members resigned their seats rather than confirm the treaty. The treaty was confirmed by the assembly on March 2 and the definitive defin-itive treaty signed at Frankfort or May 10. cutlve by the assembly sitting at Bordeaux, Bor-deaux, the provisional French government govern-ment had already effected an armistice with the Germans. Already the king of Prussia had been proclaimed German Ger-man emperor In the halls of Versailles. Thiers met Bismarck at that splendid palace of the great Louis and the preliminaries pre-liminaries of peace were signed on February Feb-ruary 20. The terms were dictated by Bismarck. Only on one point did Thiers rebel. He refused to sign a peaco ceding to Prussia the fortified city of Belfort, which commands the passage between the Vosges and the .Turn. This was the oily strong fortress fort-ress in France which had not been reduced re-duced by the Germans. If now handed hand-ed over to Germany It would open to her a path Into Burgundy and the Lyonnnls which her armies could tread ' - Ht will. Thiers had struggled to re tain Metz, but Bismarck would not 11s-, 11s-, ten to him. The Germans had Metz and were resolved to keep it. Bismarck yielded. Prussia was not quite as ready in 1871 to defy the whole world as she was in 1914. Besides, Be-sides, the city of Belfort was entirely French by population and Bismarck Kid alrivly said with regard to Metz: - I i |