Show V KASZISS JANUARY 14 1917 MAGAZINE SECTION it' - '(-- SESzTiyST j ‘IM-fK'- Bloodless but Decisive Sol- - How tlie Health of the ht dier Boys Along the Frontier Was Conserved by Ends With Victory Perched on Banners of Science Medical Men - ' there of the first of' the national guardsmen last July Militiamen returning from the border with the plaint that they went there to fight but are coming back wthout having engaged in a single battle overlook the faet that momentous battles were fought and won at Brownsville £1 Paso Nogales and other border towns during the past summer: Millions of dollars were spent m this warfare and millions of lives were snuffed outfor it was a war' i t - t - fare of extermination Major Sharp Lieut Ingebretsen Lieut Jensen and resting in front of their tent alter a hard day’s work - “V Arrayed on one side in this con field hospital— Left to right: Lient A A Anderson Capt George F Roberts Parson Sixnpkin oh a flict was the troops 6f Uncle Sam’s Pearson Sim$VinCapV KirtleyLieut Paul Ingebretsen Major Sharp: army medical corps of which the Utah field hospital of Salt Lake was a unit On the other side were the forces of Contagious Disease embodied in the form of old acquaintance— the Common House Fly The clashes between these two forces were-osuch a sanguinary nature that far ns the members of the mediflqf brand of the service are concern thewomplaiuts about the lack of fight- ing on the border have been few and visit-teeth- e -- f t far between All through the long hot hard-fightin- germ taken from a‘ person or animal ill with typhoid fever The typhoid germs are allowed to multiply in the beef broth and are then killed by heat and a drop of carbolic acid The broth containing the’ dead typhoid "germs is what is commonly known as “ vac : cine 9f 'When the vaccine is injected into the blood stream of the soldier or other person being treated-natur- at- e tacks the dead typhoid organisms (known to medical men as Staphylococci) as vigorously as though they were alive forming for this purpose in- the blood stream millions of antityphoid organisms in' the same man-n- er as the smallpox organisms were formed in -- the blood streams of the horse or “co w “ The 1 f anti ” organisms remain alive in the blood stream afterthe dead staphylococci have been thrown' out of ''the body in the form of impurities and are always waiting to attack any living typhoid germs which might enter the body The tiny “anti! organisms in the blood might be likened to a vigilant force of little policemen ready at all times to set upon the dangerous criminals in the form of typhoid germs which might get into the blood stream All Are Vaccinated ' Every militiaman officer as well as private was vaccinated once for smallpox and inoculated three times for typhoid the inoculation of the killed typhoid bacilli being adminisintervals tered at ten-da- y In the smallpox vaccination the soldier took into his system as many of the antismallpox germs as could pass from a needlepoint into a tiny scratch on his arm - Figured in terms of bacteriology there were quite a few germs taken into the soldier’s' system at that Of antityphoid germs he received even’ more than in the smallpox vaccination At the first inoculation for typhoid the army doctors injected into his arm a little ' matter of 500000000 dead typhoid organisms1 Ten days later he received' 1000000000 more and after another period of teridays had elapsed T - summer the fight against disease was carried too if on and it was The not particularly spectacular worst of it is over now the carcasses of the vanquished millions—flics and allied pests with the invisible legions from the germ world— have been consumed in the camp incinerators and latest reports show that Disease has withdrawn in a rout from the border smarting under a defeat as decisive in its effects as the and one administered by Colonel Goirgas in the Panama canal zone Work Utahns Aid-IMaj John F Sharp commanding the Utah field hospital of thi3 city with Capt Howard P Kirtley Capt AnGeorge F Roberts Lieuts A A derson Frederick I Jansen Paul In gebretsen and W Chris topliersen and the other Utah men who went to the border in response to the President ’s mobilization call accomplished noteworthy work in the Nogales district working in conjunction with the regular army physicians What the Utah men accomplished at Nogales physicians and surgeons from other state® accomplished at other points along i - ' BY VINCENTSEXTON AH has been raging on the Mex-ica- n border since the arrival ' On-slaug- T g Utah field hospital on 'the march ' 4 -- ‘ : far-reachi- ng -- Jir Field hospital train moving into action in sham battle r eases qnd the country was ‘literally problem there was almost a total ab-sen- animal suffice to cause nature to generate in the animal’s blood stream another kind of microbe whose function it is to attack and destroy the original r germ When the original smallpox germs have all been destroyed there remains in the animal’s bldod stream millions of the newly formed antismallpox organisms It is a comparatively simple matter to take from the arteries of the horse or other immunized animal a few drops of the blood serum containing these organisms and puss this serum into the veins of the soldier A needle scratch does the trick Typhoid inoculation is carried out on the same general principle Typhoid “ vaccine ” - is made- by planting in sterilized beef brotb the bacteria se infested with flies ' and other insects of typhoid fever smallpox dyswhich carry or cause disease by con- entery and the other “army” diseases among the troops despite the tact with food1 or wounds The first step taken by the army fact that they were encamped in a medical men in their warfare on Dis country where these diseases are comease was to vaccinate and inoculate mon The method of inoculation employed for smallpoxand typhoid fever every ' officer anti enlisted man immediately among the national guardsmen was the same as that used so successfully in on their entering the mobilization many of the European armies now at camps war A few words in explanation of Had it noJt' been for" this treatment the border this method might prove of interest to ' Army medical men had conditions to it is estitndted by army surgeons that the uninitiated' border Mexican ceiit would have on of 40 per the the troops contend with ' as those Serum Is Employed stricken as bad been which were fully with' typhoid fever and To secure the serum used for smallwhich confronted the sanitary troops possibly smallpox ’within one week pox vaccinations a horse cow rabbit in the Canal Zone Typhoid and ty- after their arrivalon the border As a result- of the preventative or other animal is given an injection phus fever were prevalent among the med- of smallpox germs or microbes which native conditions were ideal for the methods employed by ' ' spread of smallpox and kindred dis- ical men in d paling with the border while not strong enough to kill the so-call- ed 0 ' anti-smallp- ox : - the-arm- - Roberts he got his final jolt of a 1000000000 typhoid “bugs” Small wonder that the militiamen were a sorry looking lot of soldiers for a few days after reinocuceiving their typhoid-preventilations and smallpox vaccination Many a strong mam fainted dead away when he felt the prick of the hypodermic needle in his arm and realized that he was taking into his system a billion microbes dead ones though they happened to be And though sore arms and sick headaches Were the prevailing thing around the camps after the men had lined up for their “shot in the arm” they found consolation in the fact that their few days of suffering was rendering them immune to the two most dreaded of war’s diseases Profiting by the investigations of the special board of medical officers (Reed Vaughn and Shakespeare) which investigated the typhoid fever epidemic in the Spanish-America- n war campsand found that 'the most active agents in the spread of typhoid fever in many of the encampments in 1898 were flies ” the medical authorities on the border followed up their work of inoculation with a campaign ve -- on the flies' Results Speak Loudly Statistics show that the authorities gave no quarter in their fight against the flies The result speaks for itself: Where in 1898 25 per cent of the American soldiers in the encampments at Knoxville and Meade were stricken with typhoid fever during the past summer less than 1 per cent of the forces on the Mexican border were taken ill with the'diseases In the border campaign against the Hies millions were expended One of the findings of the Spanish-America- n I t typhoid' investigating board was that “typhoid fever wasmuch less frequent among members of messes who had their tents screened than it was among those who took no such precaution” Accordingly it was decided to serve the militiamen their meals in screened dining halls v Approximately 1200 screen mess halls were constructed at a cost of $200 each an expenditure of $240000 for this one item Scientists in the department of agriculture had found that house flies not only breed in and feed: on accumulations of refuse but will pass from the refuse to‘ food in the kitchens and mess tents So besides building the screened mess halls it was decided to destroy the flies in their breeding places In one month the government spent over $37o000Q for the purchase of crude oil and straw to be used in burning out latrines refuse dumps and other places where the female fly laid her eggs Thousands Are Spent More than $25000 was spent in building sanitary latrines for 1200 militia companies $30000 was spent for incinerations in which captured flies were burned along with the refuse them to "the camp kitchens $18000 was laid out on wire fly traps costing $1 apiece $15000 a month was spent in a single district in disposing of stable refuse and sanitary garbage cans represented an expenditure ot thousands of dollars Medicines and odds and ends of sanitary equipment used in the warfare on disease and infection among the troops represented an outlay which taken with the other expenditures in this branch of the' service totaled more than $5000000 a month After the 'initial outlay many of the items mentioned figured no longer in the expense of the" medical and sanitary forces but taking into consideration the salaries of the men engaged in the work of “cleaning up” the border from a health standpoint and the cost of food clothing and so forth one gets some idea of the vast amount of money spent in this work But smallpox and typhoid were dysentery practically eliminated diarrhea and kindred ills were kept down to a minimum and no one will question the fact that the militiamen are returning home looking and feeling better than when they left for the border Officials at "Washington who directed the work of keeping the national guardsmen in good health feel that the money used in the campaign on disease was money well spent The majority of the militiamen agree with them which-attracte- d NEW KIND OF MOTHER AND HER CHARGE anti-smallp- ox Where British WITH the British Annies in the of gpeat importance on both' sides to France Jan 13 — There is a point on the western battle line the where the British Tommy- and alli-nn— this meet where Poilu French - " between Great France becomes a reality ce Britain and " They are dug in the man in khaki and the man in pale blue There in the long watches of wintry nights in the front trenches they sit about a charcoal fire and smoke and think together and make understandable signs and sounds though it is seldom that either can speak the other’s tongue It is not a show pot this meeting place of the two great allied armies in France nor is there a definite mark to show the dividing line It is just a mingling point not an abrupt juncture For perhaps 100 yards at the joining sector the French and British soldiers fraternize and visit There is no break in the line anywhere along the front and from time to time the meeting place of the armies is shifted according to the plans and the' agreements of the French and British staffs Often the Germans are at a loss to know who is opposing them—French or British —and all sorts of rnses and subterfuges are resorted to in the attempt to gain information It is considered kflw just who 'tfie fellows are in the deposing trench and when there is a reii6f£ or change' in the line the world Vat'isolves itself at least locally into a fiazardous game of hide and seek Tommy and Poilu-havthe'greatest respect for each other and if Tommy has" been over very long he generally knowsa phrase or two of French which coupled with war slang that is common' to both armies gives a medium of communication mutually enjoyed- In thd'front line trenches they share and exchange their little belongings - like so- tiiahy school children swapping lunchepn goodies at recess time Cigarets tobacco and chocolate are traded back and forth and oftentimes the midnight meal for Frenchman and Englishman is heated over the same little stove carefully concealed from the enemy lest a "hand grenade should upset the supper plans This stubborn dogged foot byfoot warfare with its mire and mud its redoubts and dugouts ' and its intricate geography of trench upon trench seldom lends itself to pictures of maror tial splendor but without design ' arrangement there occurred a few days ago a spectacle which will live long enough in the memory of the few outsiders mivileced to witnessit V' e -- - - - 1 '1 :" b Two great contingents of the French and British armieh met upon the road exchanged salutations and passed One was “coming out’ the other f going in” Each column must have been at least seven miles long And with each barrels muzzles and were eloquent of the fact that these were nd novices at the ganie of war of the line now for a They were-oubrief respite only to go in again later Opposite the “75c” were the 'British Impounders— not so slim and graceful perhaps" as their French pro- totypeSj bnt just about all that a gnu should be British gunners are willing to admit that the French gun is “rather some weapon” but they have a real affection ' for their own field pieces which is absolutely unshakable Punctuating the blue and khaki ribbons now and then were little patches of smoke and ‘steam rising from the field kitchens for dinner was being cooked on the go” It was 'a little after noon that the tw-- columns halted and there mingled in a broad way lined with the gaunt remains of shell-tor- n trees Tommy and Poilu sat down ' V and ate side by side ' ' It was the good fortune of the cor-respondent of the Associated Press in the fieldlwith the British armies to motor through the entire length of the bine and brown columns It was easy to see that the passing spectacle of the opposite army was of intense personal and professional interest to Frenchman and Briton alike The French never cease to marvel at mud-splash- - -- V o two-color- ed : ! : - ‘ ’ the-Scotc- ' i -- t was all the pharaphemalia the panoply and the impedimenta of modern warfare Tliere was no studied display to the spectacle' no full dress no glinting steel nor burnished brass The day was cold and gray and wet and everywhere was a grim realization of the business the machinery of war —war just over the horizon When the two columns were fully abreast the military picture had attained its fullest expression 4 From V point of eminence one could look down upon the undulating road and see for miles the ribbon formed — the British men the marching by khaki on the right the French blue to the left The columns were made up of infantry and field artillery— horse artillery the British call it 'There were tne famous French (“75c ” or 11 Soixantes quinze ’ ’—the extreme of gun simplicity and effectiveness Some Vere painted blue and' others had a mottled coat to make them fade all the more vaguely into the landscape and thus cheat the prying 'eyes of hostile airmen s Their smoke-staine- d ed men m their khaki tunics plaid kilties and bare knees The Scots who were in the long brown line on this particular day had a small but vigorous pipe band with them and the Highland ukase heardeddespite the of a few months ago that the beard jo f the Poilu must go'' But without a cease to' be a beard a Poilu' would All were splashed with the inPoilu evitable mud of the broken battlefields’ The horses looking warm and happy in their long winter coats were covered with mud as well fairly : Something about the spectacle reminded one of civil war days in it was the old limber ica wagons in the: line V They tried other sorts of more modem waigons at the beginning of hostilities in Europe but soon the old' limbers came ' back into ? v" their own serio-com- ic - -- Amer-Perha- ps - : is - yy- - ? t v i ' ’J f ' ry-- i J mu- sic delighted the passing poilus And to the British eyes the French soldier is magnificent Tall and stalwart men rode and marched in the blue line that passed the brown Many of them had been in the righting since the' first days of the German invasion but’ the more than "two years of the hardships of war apparently had made no inroads upon their' magnificent physique Strong and clean of limb they ‘were' some of them Vfiercerly Submarine being transported by mother ship This photo affords an unusual view of a submarine mother ship the Le Kanguroo a French vessel which was recently torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine In the Bay of Funchal Madeira Islands The photo illustrates how the mother ship transports submarines between her pontoon sides r—on the high seas t nmmmmmf- V s' - - v |