Show -- 1 ri-: THE ' HERALD-REPUBLICA- v::: ” 'v v - SPORTING SECTION v y - : - : : 'V '' x a 'v v ' k T- -- 4 V - - y 'i : : - ' '' “V : v ' V i ' - ‘ r - t SALT LAKE CITY UTAH SUNDAY JANUARY 14 1917: N SPORTING SECTION 1 CULLOP’S PITCHING MOTEOK PUZZLES AMERICAN LEAGUE BATTERS V A N Y HEAVIST SWIMMERS TO ASSAULTON CAUSE OF MANY V i - V NOT TO BEHELD - - ’ t ') A ! Managers and Players Argue Over Cullop’s Manipu- lation sv rz : 'f 'V Haugliton Works on True Condition Not Theory Virginian Has Plan V UNDERTAKING DISREGARDS FOUL NO 1 s'-- IS 5 BIG V - : zation’Necessaiy By’ Daniel ed ’’ the mysterious break that the batter did Nick Pitches Star Ball was apparent however that Nick It or created the impression that he did did something to the ball prior to each batter wasted more pitch Usually theNick and complaining energy watching about his methods than he did in hitto meet Culting the ball asI happened we both came out of lop one day rooms at the Polo grounds our dressing a beautiful game Cullop had pitched and deserved to win but in every inwas delayed because of ning the game a protest over the methods he was using I don’t believe you do a thing to the ball except take up time when you fuss around with it prior to each pitch although you do create the impression that you are roughing the cover with thumb nail was the way I greetpour ed him"Possibly not” Nick replied with a i insisted it - mile “but 'you couldn’t make the batters believe that' Then you are simply bluffing I sug' gested “That would be telling” replied Cullop “but you know a spit ball pitcher doesn’t 'throw a spitter every time he goes through the preliminary motions of wetting the ball The successful the twlrler who Is not only pitcher Is but feared by the batter In respected order to gain such repute the pitcher must show the batter something a bit out of the ordinary in the way of and speed Now the batters are that every time ! rub the ball i'??itlve I 'ly Vh my thumb I am using my nail to Ashen the surface Well I have done Ferris ’ N By Charles the writers J Hebner Herbert Vollmer and Ludy Langer Left to right: H — At the time of A C Last year Vollmer established records He bettered the time Swedish Olympic games Duke seven races from 150 yards to 300 for all Kahanamoku Honolulu’s human fish meters bath inclusive and in doing so 'dewas considered without a peer in tank feated some of the best swimmers in en- NEthe YORK-Ja- 13 n or open water With his wonderful durance speed and powerful strokes the dusky Hawaiian cut records to bits an ploughed through the water at disexpress cruiser clip and otherwise' tanced all opponents America then learned that it must develop watermen If It could hope to compete with the Honolulu swimmers and America' has developed these natators At present there are more great swimmers living in the United - States than in all the rest of the world From Herbert Vollmer of Columbia to university and the New York A Cdash Ludy Langer of Los Angeles the and distance champions respectively the swimmers of this country make up a versatile and accomplished aggregation which easily could distance any team of natators that could be gathered Athletic Clubs Develop Swimmer for these titled naThere is a reason tators and it ' is found in the many athletic clubs of the nation in which have been built at a great cost modern tanks Almost every prominent club a high employs a swimming coach-aand the coach to hold his Job figure must necessarily develop talent worth while Swimming is as much an American institution right now as golf and baseball Probably the most prominent swimmer developed last season and who bids fair to be even better this season is Herbert Vollmer captain of the Columbia university team and a prominent contestant with the New York t such a thing so why not make the batter believe I am doing it all the time? It doesnt help to Increase his confidence When a fellow gets the reputation of using certain methods ta gain success why not continue that reputation since it makes you more effec- tive Half the battle Is In acting mysterious” Regardless of what Cullop actually does he will probably continue it next season and the batters will protest as strongly as qver Ernie Shore of the Boston Red Sox has a peculiar fast ball it dips or falls away Shore before every pitch has a habit of placing the hall in the palm of his glove and giving it several hard ' twists Shore came into prominence Just about the time the emery ball was at its height Many protests were registered because it was believed Shore was using some unnatural methods to get the unusual break In the last two world’s series in which Boston officiated National leaguers were positive Shore was away with something because getting like American league hitters they had never seen a fast fall take such a pecuseen Shore liar break However I have brand-nea get the same break with ball Shore continues to rub the ball In the glove before each pitch Like Cullop he bellves it is worth while to act mysterious W G 1917 - x - w Evans) by (Copyright WHY GARDNER BOUGHT "CARDS” A St Louis scribe tells this as the true story of 'how near Russell Gardner the automobile manufacturer came to “buying” the Cardinals: Gardner had closed a big deal In autos and appeared in a St' Louis hotel with a certified check for $150000 which he showed to a group of friends as most any man even a millionaire with such a check in his ' possession - - f - do would ’ y you buy the Cardinals?’ Gardner was asked when the check 'was -- y exhibited believe I’ll do - that” was his 'i ' answer f ' the newspaper boys Whereupon around immediately wrote and printed an" offer’ for that Gardner had “made v the Cardinals NET TURNEY COMPLETED Plnehurst N C Jan IS — The midwinter tennis tournament closed today with the finals in the women's singles which Miss Florence Ballin of the Westslde club New York won by de- Miss E M Cohen of the Merlon feattng ' : 1 Cricket club Philadelphia 1 “Why-don’- t ' - - -- g-- vi 6-- that there Tennis playing' that was almost as good as one could see In a senior tournament took place when con- testants competed for tbe national Indoor championship In New York In a way the final developed into an intercollegiate match for all of the contestants were students of some university Elliott BInzen of Fordham was the winner of the V singles for the second year In succession Willard Botsford and Rowland Haines of Columbia took the honors In the doubles The singles were won in straight sets but the Columbia pair was forced to go an extra one before getting the decision Tbe score in the singles was 8 5 1 and in the doubles - ' -- 6-- 7-- it was 6-- 6-- 8 - 6-- 2 4-- 6 6-- 2 Baseball on the inside - - Being Plays and Players Rules and Rulings From Serious and Humorous Angles - - Vos-bur- gh a ‘ - - - : - k ‘ : -- o any pitcher who had more speed than LARRY LAJOIE has probablf played major league game The Walter Johnson” said Larry “Some of the as mnch of Lajole from the majors will passing be marked with regret by thousands of fans Baseball was an art with In playing golf they tell you form Is everything In baseball was the last word as far as formLajole was concerned He did all things with infinite grace He seemed to sense where batters would hllr the ball and made the most difficult chances look easy At touching the runner he was without a peer- Few men In the of the game could take a high history throw from the catcher In the gloved hand and with- - the ' same potion bring It down on the runner At the bat Larry was the personification of grace All pitchers looked alike to him no pitcher was ever able to discover any weakness in his attack ae jfe £ Two strikes didn't worry Larry even up to the end of bis career He was almost content to spot the pitcher a couple of strikes I don’t believe Larry ever objected to the calling of the first or second strike The umpire rarely had a chance to call the third so the never a hard man for big fellow w£s the umpire to please at the plate I have often heard Larry say T don’t care how you call the first two strikes but be sure the third one is good before calling me out I don’t mind the first two but I do like to have my swing at the third” ae Sc jfc I don’t believe Lajole feared any pitcher ' but I do know every pitched had a wholesome fear of Larry I doubt if any batter was passed more often than Lejole the pitcher preferring to pit his skill against some other hitter in the line-u- p I once asked Larry what pitcher he had found hardest to hit- safely and Larry smilingly replied “None of them are hard to hit but all of them are hard to hit y safely” ' ‘f i'?"' £ sje “I don’t believe I ever batted against La-Jo- ie - - '-- v - - Jc - V might have'had smoke but Tam certain none had more As to the pitchers with freak deliveries JackUhesbro and Ed Walsh were in a class by themselves' I have batted had a against spltball pitchers who better break than either ’ but in no way did they compare With them Walsh always gave me a lot of trouble and in all probability he pitched less spltballs to me than to most other batters Naturally I was always looking for Walsh to slip up his most deceptive spitter and In a great many such cases he would come-righ- t back with a fast one and have me off my stride Walsh is the only pitcher I can recall who ever struck me out three times In one game and seven of those strikes wertf called Each called strike was a fast ball I believe with me looking for the spltball “However for a ' crafty intelligent pitcher I- never faced a wiser twlrler than Chief Bender The Indian was surely a master pitcher He made a study of the art If a batter had a weakness the chief soon discovered It and from that time he made life miserable for that particular batsman His almost uncSnny control made it for him to put into execution possible the ' knowledge he would gain of the batter's weakness I know of a certain big league player and lfe was a good one who used to request that he be taken out of the game any time Bender worked ' Aside from his great knowledge of pitching Bender backed It up with plenty of skill He had a world and an excellent of speed a fine curve: ' a club Inaddltion pace change of had five ' Inflelders in the- game with Bender pitching It would be hard to find a pitcher: who Jiad anything on the Chief when he was In his prime of all he had a heart of oak and Bfst in ' a pinch always seemed to do : his old-time- rs - - : ’ - - : ' - best work ' ' - 'Vi - - v : - - ' - - - : 'j v iJ Vv A T 'By ' George Peck - - fcs ' - i - f T is positively unfair— in fact Ibefore sportsmanlike to place a boy or girl old : a trap with “anythe thought that because It - un- ' gun” in Is only a child It makes no particular differ' ence A poorly fitting stock will tend more - ’ to discourage a new shooter than anything else not alone from the possible nlficance in that reply Probably he meant that no matter In what year the games are resumed' ’they will be held by the' Germans : Owing to the conditions It Is- - probable that Germany would not be able to hold these games for a good many years and that bethe case the games would probably ing be awarded to another nation but I' fear that it will be & long time before the Olympic games will be held again r In the new world --- V - foul-stri- ke ’ - - : -- ' 1 - -- : HERE’S HOW THE : UMP GOT STARTED ‘ 1 - placed in a precarious hole by reason of two successive fouls with no balls called' The sense of this predicament is not realized by the technical gang in the press box or there would be a more ready response to back Ilaughton in his suggestion Real slugging has been on the decline for some years and ’will not get any better until a progressive measure Is put through The writer is against radical changes in the fundamental fan rules of the game but almost every was rule the knows that present legislation evplved out of the old-tiBoth forms are extremes and conditions will not be right until a balance is established In connection with the above discussion we are reproducing the convictions of a Virginian who has written conThe letcerning the decline of hitting ter isfoul-stritimely and contains a remedy for rule which is very good the It follows: “As an old ball player I have followed tbe game as best I could in the papers and magazines rarely having an opportunity to see the real article and in so doing have noticed the great decline in batting within the last few years It seems that the jfttchers are upper hand of gradually getting thethis is due to the the batters Whether increased skill etc of the pitchers or the increasing weakness of the batters it Is impossible to say but I am inclined to believe that it comes In a measure from the aid given the pitchrule ers by the foul-stri“Under the present rules the first two fouls are called as strikes This handicaps the batter in that If he fouls off two the pitcher has him in a bole and the batter is more apt to either go after a bad ball In his anxiety not to strike out rathei1 than pick out a good one ‘I understand fully the value of the rule In shortening games etc but I believe the following suggestions would aid the batters and at the same time would not lengthen the game to any appreciable extent “My idea Is this': “Let the first foul hit by any hat- ter be called a foul then after this let the second and third fouls If there be any such be called strikes “This I believe would place the batter on a more equal footing with thereadily see the adpitcher as you can would gain by it vantage the batter “It may be that this Is an old Idea but If it Is it has not yet penetrated the mountains of southwest Virginia R W WILLI AMS Truly Yours Va” thevllle “Wy ' Mr Williams says he has been a player himself-- and he surely was for none but a player could describe the nervous feelings of a hitter after land- the clutches of a pitcher over the lng Inroute In this situation he hays go after truthfully that' a batter will a bad ball knowing that the pitcher ' at whose mercy he Is may slip thethird strike across as a means of tryhitter This very' lng to outguess the hundreds of times has happened thing in the big leagues Some of Mr Haughton’s critics apBostonian ' has a ' pear to think that thethe game They small knowledge of probably forget that he was coach of the Harvard nine in advance of Fred Mitchell the new Cub leader and Haughton has made a careful study of conditions since he entered the profes- sional tent He gained his great sue cess in football through study and observation and will prove a wise counsellor In the diamond pastime He Is a progressive and expounds logic In most of his suggestions ke BILLY EVANS WITH d Discussion of - - J ke - ’ - ed me ' - fair-mind- : is one chance in a hundred of these games being awarded to Havana or to any other city in the western hemiIn the first place If these sphere games were held ilfc Havana It wouino mean that the teams of at least twenty-twdifferent countries would have to make a long and expensive sea voyage in order to take part whereas if the games were held in one of the European countries the long trip and heavy expense of sending teams would only hit the United States aCnada Australia and South Africa and as long as the power of awarding these games remains In the hands of the International Olympic committee which is made up members belonging to of forty-fiv- e thirty-on- e different countries it is not of these likely that the representatives different countries on the International Olympic committee will vote to place' such a heavy expense on the athletic organizations of their particular countries as would be necessary to send strong andv representative teams to the country In an exhibition at 400 yards at the New York A C Vollmer swam the distance in 4 minutes 56 1 5 Havana 1904 Games Flsmle seconds one of the beet performances 'was over noted This experienced when the games were held In St Louis In '1904 Only Langer Peer of Then AIL six nations sent representatives Second only to Vollmer among the about and 40iere were not on that swimmers of the nation 'and" on the more thanoccasion on any one memoirs seven Paniflc coast considered the peer of of the teams all Practically foreign them' all Is Ludy Langer of Los An- of the events were won by Americana one of Is geles Langer undoubtedly Secondly before the task of arrangBud the greatest distance stars since the next Olympic games Is en" Goodwin started breaking records ing to any city an investigation trusted tiNot only did Lanver win a national be will by the International tle at every distance above k quarter Olympic made to find out if the committee rec new of a mile but he established capthe application can same ords at a half mile and 1000 yards He city making conduct and successfully ably swimdefeated the peer of Hawaiian as ' a result of this investigation mers in a meet held in Honolulu and It will probably be found that the another is for campaign Cubans lack ready Langer the experience to organize The Illinois Athletie club which for the various a time hogged all ftational titles and and carry outInsuccessfully as the games they have competitions threatened to swamp the swimming conductIn had little - its very ofexperience lostlittle talent with nuket last season and on a large scale the various events now ing right prestige to to the nt that are In the Olympic games threatens again ascend most peak There is a galaxy of exFinancing- Games Big Job ceptional swimming stars sporting In Thirdly the financial guarantee Is the I A C tank each day preparing to another Important matter that must be storm the meets of the country considered It cost over $680000 to Among the prominent swimmers conduct the 1912 Olympics at Stockthere are Perry McGillivray Michael holm and $86000 of this amount was McDermott H J Hebner William Can Havdonated the A C Ralthel and D L Jones ana raise--by likegovernment amount? Each of these men have established Swedes placed their apWhen records at their favorite (distances The plication the In of the Internathe first four named established a 400 tional Olympic hands In committee will 1909 which was three years beforeMay yard relay record whichofprobably the time withstand the ravages games were to take place they advised the committee that the balance of the money necessary properly to conduct the games was guaranteed by the Swedish government Belden Hill Maps President's Statement In apeaklng on the application at Three Neiv Leagues that time Baron Pierre DeCoubertln of the International Olympic president Tearaeye plan for re- - committee said: “With regard to the SINCE A1 the minor league basequestion :of making Stockholm1 the scene of the next Olympic games it ball map la not copyrighted a nummay be stated that Germany’s repreber of men Interested la tbe welfare of the little fellows are taking sentative too has promised to vote for the motion on the assumption that n hand at drawing np new circuit Berlin is to hold them In 1916 We can One proposition that concerns three a unanimous vote in favor of present circuits comes from Belden expect Stockholm but only on the express Hill the veteran magnate and mn that Sweden will give an exager of Cedar Rapids He would re- condition ' declaration that we need not build the Central association the plicit have any doubts in the matter and Three--I league and the Central on league-anoutline his plan for a that the committee' can fully rely' the Sweden's not only understanding new grouping of theae three circuit work of organizing the Olympic games Infor consideration of the cities of 1912 but of carrying them out too 'i1 terested-we mustdemand remembering This one com'should He says he league " the episode In the case of regrettable' Cedar ' Marshallof Rapids posed Rome which first undertook the task town Waterloo Clinton Dubuque of arranging the games of 1908 and Rock 'Island Davenport-- ' and Rocktook back' its promise' then ford It eonld rank a Class C Then Belden moves farther east Committee Must Be Sure of Success seen He puts Peoria Terre Haute EvansFrom the foregoing It ’can be comville Bloomington Quincy ' Decatur that the International Olympic Springfield and " Danville ’together mittee has had the experience of and sees n good league In that This awarding these important games to a show a city which was not able to bring them league might be able-tpopulation entitling It - to Class B to a successful conclusion and are rerank as six of the cities have 'upluctant to award the games to any nawards of 60000 population Peoria tion unless they have every assurance the largest claiming 90000 ' i Then that they will be carried on properly Belden goes on further east Into the The task of organising and carrying Central league and replaces Terre out the Olympic games 1s a responsible Zlante and Evansville In that neck and laborious one of the woods with Foirt- Wayne and At Stockholm the organisation of the Of course' cost over $170000 Bay City 3Iieb He does not howgames ever provide for replacing Wheeling the program for the modern Olympic In that circuit- and the long Jump games should vbe made as simple as to Wheeling Is the Central league’s possible andk' should embrace': chiefly T'! r such branches of athletics as are comgreatest handicap mon to the civilized nations of the Objections are heard to Hill’s plan of course from some of the cities day and’ which can be pracpresent That was to be expected ' But the ticed by everybody without reference Idea of new groupings seems to be to either 'social or financial position taking hold and spreading and ths and with this In mind the International Amateur Athletic Federation at Its map makers are getting encourag congress at Lyons France in the sumingly busy on the Jobmer of 1914 took 'the first step in this direction by drawing up and approving of a standard list of track and ’ field events which they recommended to- be held at r all "‘DO(? WHITE BUYS DALLAS future Olympic v Dallas' Tex Jan 13—The Dallas club games When Jt: was learned that It would of the Texas league thls' af temoon was to hold the old to “Doc" White' former pitcher of be Impossible for Germany were to ' have which Olympic 'games the Chicago American league club and been held in Berlin the past during H Patterson' last year manager of the summer the was asked of question Vernon Pacific Coast league club for a Baron DeCoubertln where the y next consideration said to be 635000 ' White Olympic games would be held and he will be business manager and Patter- - replied that fthey would be held in son field manager of the cluh Berlin": There may - be some slff- - - player of organized baseball regardless of whether they be pitchers or hitters will readily admit that the pitchers are given an unfair advantage when a batter Is 'Every - Personally I Doyle among other measures IN advocating in baseball's worst play' change lng rule the foul -- strike injustice Per- cy Ilaughton the Braves’ president j has been made the target of much crlt- - ’ Icisra the 'most of which has been un timely besides showing a lack of i knowledge of conditions on the part of j L - do not think' Should Not Be Called V re-J- J So-call- ' : TOURING the ’past few months ports have been published several times to the effect that the Olympic games of 1920 would likely to be held In Havana Cuba Some may have crone so far as to say that Baron Pierre Do Coubertln ' prime mover In the establishment ' of the modern quadrennial meetings and present head of the International Olympic committee Is favorably inclined towards the Cuban ambition and that President Menocal has already appointed a citizens’ committee ' to push the project and plan for the provision of a suitable stadium ' mysterious” that Is the theory of Nick Cullop If a pitcher la de- sirous of Increasing Als effectiveness Cullop pitched mighty good ball for the New Tork Americans last year so it might be a good plan for a great many ambitious twlrlers to follow Nick’s advice Several years ago when Cullop Joined the Cleveland club fresh from the bushes he was credited with being a southpaw recruit with an excellent chance f to make good In the big show In thw minors Nick had been a whale of a'1 pitcher Things broke badly for him as an American leaguer lack of control seriously affecting his work Nick became peeved and when the Federal league was evolved he was one df the first to make the leap Dors Well With Federals From an uncertainty as an American leaguer Cullop in a short time was recognised as the most consistent winner new oramong the southpaws In the1916 was in His record ganization twenty-tw- o games won and eleven lost one more game than was won by the veteran Eddie Flank who suffered 'the same number of defeats The sudden reversal or form was & great surprise to those familiar with Cullop’s work as an American I count myself as one of the leaguer curious who marveled at Nick’s showing About the middle of the 1915 season 1 met a number of the Federal league umpires In NSw York for their clubS were playing in Brooklyn and Newark 1 inquired about Cullop “lie is a great pitcher has plenty of speed a fine qurve and one of the queerest breaking fast balls you ever aaw Acts pretty much like the emery ball but Nick doesn’t use any emery because we have given him the once over a half dozen times He Is using some unnatural means to get that fast breaking ball and we are pretty sure 'he is roughing the ball at the seam with his thumb nail” Such was the consensus of opinion of four Federal league umpires 1 the ’ 'talked with i Amerless Leaders Suspicious When the announcement was made that Cullop had been signed by the New ' York Americana the playera in the ' Johnsonian organization began to give Sir Nicholas considerable attention secrets of the ball field travel quickly and American league managers seemed satisfied that Nick was ordinary pulling something out of the because hardly had the 1916 season opened before there was a general protest over Nick’s method of caressing the ball prior to delivering same to the batter Had Cullop’s delivery been batted hard In his first tew attempts to show brobably but little attention would have been paid to his work It was the Irony of fate however that Cullop should start off by winning ten straight games and might have further increased the string of victories had he not suffered an injury to his side From the start of the season to its close and in his last game of the year Cullop to pitched one of his best games losing the Champion Boston Red Sox 1 to 0 in ten innings Rival managers and batsmen were continuously arguing over the methods they insisted Cullop was using to get his extreme effectiveness In order to satisfy my own curiosand to be fair to the other clubs ity 1 decided to give serious consideration to every protest either of the batter or rival manager Any time a batter missed a third strike in a pinch It would result In a protest on his part and a careful investigation of the ball in an effort to determine what enabled Cullop to get the peculiar break on his ball which the batsman of course insisted was the reason he had failed to connect For two weeks I did everything but use a microscope in an effort to see if Cullop was using any method that the ethics of the game would regard as unsportsmanlike The balls that I tossed out to Nick were never tampered with that I could see I soon got tired of looking them over and found the most satisfactory way was to toss ths ball to whoever made the kick and let that individual satI frankly admit that the isfy himself ball didn’t always seem to me to take Foul Strike Necessary to Shorten Game But First Financing of Games Is Difficult Elaborate Organi-- v By Billy Evans h TT- ' - Havana Too Far "Away to Be Considered for Big Event in 1920 5' - L Didn’t Like Idea of Nick’s Return ' From Federal League - L- 'V-- V SUSPICIOUS - V - -- 4 DEMANDS NEW STRIKE RULE - r" A GAME’S FUTURE WINNER OF NATIONAL INDOOR TENNIS TITLE ' HOT ARGUMENTS LEADERS r - punishment which it delivers In the recoil but the fact that the load will not land where the shooter looks The recoil of a correctly fitting stock Is not punitive The novice soon Instinctively sets his muscles against It and is forever ' after lmmunte from a lame shoulder and Habit is strong In once formed Is hard trapshooting to break therefore start right See that your pupil ' assumes a ' natwith the right foot slighural position tly to the r rear of the left and body You only a little inclined forward may have some very excellent shots In your club who shoot in poor position Some squat some bend way forward while others place the right foot a half yard to the rear of the left and bend both knees Primarily this was all unnecessary but they formed the habit and it cannot be shaken off If your own form Is poor have your boy or girl copy that of some shooter who began right V - - I ‘ When ancient Babylon was a - new and bustling frontier town with a chamber of according ofto 50000 population estimates commerce tber was a blind beggar who played a hand organ at the corner of Main and Poplar every winter for many years One day Bill Timpkins proprietor of Smoke House and Bilthe Timpkins nickel into liard academy dropped aand then rethe tin cup of the beggar where do thou marked:' Every keepest thyself of a summer? this corner winter morn as I passeththou pleaseth t my ears heareth what a summerla morn to call music but on me this never Pray telleth why thus?” “Sotti an’ thy question Is easily quavered the blind man ’Hast i thou not wltnesseth that in summer the baseball games?” DOG TEAM RACE FEATURE St Paul Jan: IS —In connection with outdoor' sports carnival the St Paul 27 to February 3 a race of January teams will be run from Winnipeg dog to this city over a route of 476 miles it was announced today ' JACKSONVILLE FOR 1917 MEET 'Jan - 13— Jacksonville was selected today for the 1917 FlaWashington meet of the national rifle matches by the national board for the promotion of rifle practice Texas and California were discussed but Jacksonville ranges was unanimously chosen ’’Old-tim- er - 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