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Show i WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM irbigatiom in arl th of Importance Is te Secure Perfect Square in Planting of Trees. One Thing of Great Subject of Subirrigation Bear Investigation. Will Inexpensive Method la to Put Three to Six Inchee of Clndcra in Ditch Some of Most Deeirable Crepe to Grow. Subirrigation by meaue of tile nlll bear investigation, under the different conditions encountered in the dry land districts. The ideal conditions for is where hard-paor impervious stratum is found underneath eighteen to thirty-siinches of soil in which capillary attraction is good, and lust to the extent that the conditions approach the ideal is it a success for growing annuals The roots of perennial crops will eventually clog the tile in I heir search for moisture. A small plot of one-haacre, with tile laid at different distances apart, vlx., 10, IS, 20, 25 and 20 icet apart, will, after a series of years, determine the proper spacing of subirrigation tile systems for the soil. The most practical method of subirrigalion, says a writer in the Dakota Farmer, is where diu-hewere dug just as for laying tile, and Oiled in with from three to six inches of cinders with a piece of tile set on end in the ditch ou the cinders, for applying tits water, alter which the soil was filled in over the cinders. This is Inexpensive, compared with other methods, if a supply of ciudcrg is available. most desirable crops to grow , The with a limited water supply are those grown in the vegetable and flower gardens, lawns, shade and fruit trees. Where au ample water supply cau be developed such deld crops us bring the largest return.! per acre should be planted. To gain the maximum returns for money invested in the water supply and pumping equipment, winter irrigation should he practiced. On this portion, field crops, the hardier vegetables, fruit trees and small fruits, ?un be grown very successfully. In the summer irrigated plots from which the hardier crops have been removed, strawberries and dewberries :an be grown if protected in some n n Y( x lf s way. In soils that move during the high winds the strawberries and dewberries tan be protected by a mulch that has Tbe first thing to do, is setting an orchard, is to gel a perfect square at the corner of me field where tbe digging is to begin. Falling to get a perfect square, tbe trees will be out of line diagonally across the orchard. To make a neat job, the planter should see rows of trees any direction be may look across tbe orchard. Take a meats ure the distance the rows are to bs apart, which should be at least 25 or 2t) feet make a sack full of surveyor's stakes and set a row ail around tbe plot just outside and out of tbs way of any row of trees, writes Jesse Kell in tbe Denver Field and Farm. These we will call tbe permanent stakes, and they should not be disturbed until the orchard la planted. Take a team that will come up on tbe bit and a man who can run a straight row. Two men are used on this Job, one to run tbe row aud tbe other to set the tall flag stakes, using tbe permanent stakes by which to set the flag stakes. Run the rows first that parallel the head ditch, running the ones last in tbe direction the water Is to flow. If the rows are straight and measuremtuts correct the trees will line in every direction It the boles are dug at the intersection of the rows. After tbe last rows are run, if one man will stand on the double tree, running through the irri gating rowa again, two thirds of ths work of digging the holes is dona Use tbe same mark for irrigating. The trees should be set about three inches deeper than they were in tbs When a bunch of trees is nursery. taken from tbe pit, dip tbe roots in waier and cover at once with a wet sack, keeping them covered until all of the bunch Is planted. Do not dis tribute trees near the holes to be dried out by tbe sun. Start betting at the upper end, filling up two-thirof tbe bole with dry soli. When fai enough ahead to keep out of the way of the water, turn it in, letting it run into the hole, filling it up und passing on to the next tree. When the water has run for an hour or so. turn it oR and let the ground settle around the roots. When the ground Is Fettled Kufiicler.tly, finish filling up the hole with dry dirt, making a place for tbe water lo pars very close to the tree, rlose ennuirh at least to catch the edge of the hole. After the water has run through enough to wet thornu bly, turn off and let the ground Rettli again and the trees should be straightened up. This method packs the soil to the roots as before the tree was dug from the Before the ground check nursery. enough to let the sun get to the roots give one more watering in the same mark. As soon aa the ground is dry enough, take a turning plow and run a furrow on each side of the row, filling up all marks and use the furrows made to irrigate the trees. During the first month, irrigate at least once a week, after that once In two weeks. If this plan is followed and both trees and ground are good, every one will s or grow. Cut hack one-halof the length of such twigs as are wanted to make Ihe lateral branches of the trees and such ones as are needed in heading the tree should he cut close to the trunk. WORK OF PRAIRIE ANT NEEDED SUPPLY OF Interesting Description of Industrious Insect gMn.MERMWD KENNETT 1 m Cannot Tolerats Presence of Vegetation Near Their Mounds and Workers Cut It Away by Use of d Mandibles. JRIS Well-Adapte- (By GEO HQ IS A. DEAN.) MELISSA DECIDES THAT MR. WONT CA-PIA- S DO. And because he's a lawyer, said Mrs. Merrlwld. nodding her bang com1 think pletely over her left eye. any woman la foolish to marry a lawyer when there are bo many pleasanter ways of making herself miser able. Of course Im very dense, but 1 cant Imagine why a member of an honored and Indispensable profession should be considered Ineligible matriAunt Jane delivered her monially. self of this with a degree of acrimony. Dearie, said Mrs. Merrlwld, that's because you haven't given the subject due consideration, and little Melissa haa. A lawyer haa to have an analytical mind. Thats all right In hla honored profession, but hes apt to bring It home with hla umbrella and apply It to the garbage can, so to speak, to deduce things. That's nonsense, commented Aunt "We seem to be seeing a great deal of Mr. Capias lately, Melissa, " observed Mrs. Merrlwids maternal maiden aunt Jane, beginning a new row In the afghan she was knitting, with the wrong color. Mrs. Merrlwld delicately picked up a candled violet from the box of bonbons In her lap and, crunching It between her white teeth, answered with ome Indistinctness of articulation that there was a good deal cf Mr. Cap plas to see. lie is certainly a fine figure of a man, said Aunt Jane. . Two figures, corrected Mrs. Twenty-thre- e la the gentlemans number, the way Ive got It down. Cheer up, dearie, well see less of him after this evening. Weve got the probate business about settled and Jane. So Is most of the law, said Mrs all I've got to do la to settle him. Aunt Jane laid down her knitting Merrlwld. Anyway, a lawyer Is supand adjusted her glasses for a steady posed to know how to argue and put Inspection of her niece. Do yo-- t mean the person he argues with In the to say you expect him to propose?" she wrong. What kind of a happy life asked. would a woman lead with a husband I wouldnt swoon with surprise If that could get the best of every disI cussion? Isn't that a wife's privilege? he did," replied Mrs. Merrlwld. dont think my poor fond fluttering And saying mean things In an aggraheart will flutter as high aa my ton- vating way: You know perfectly well sils If such a thing should happen. that all lawyers pride themselves on Yes, auntie, he will propose and he that. It's their business, while fts will get a jar that will loosen every merely an amusement with us. And Mer-riwld- . SUCH A WINNING SMILE! A water supply system of 5.0CO gallons capacity, suitable for cattle feed- ing and general farm purposes. been grown hr' ween the rows during the full, a sowing of oats or barley. This will freeze down and form a good mufeh for the plants which cannot blow away. Much attention should be given the flower garden and lawn in making the home ncrc attractive, for it is of equal importance with the vegetable garden jr other form of work. These can always le grewn with a very limited nuVT tnd as they add so aia'.crially to the comfort of the home, these little oasr-- on the dry plains ire a welcome sight and worth many ti.nea the ciVoi'ts they cost. s IRRIGATION STUDY PROJECTS Countries Send Experts to Inspect Reclamation Work Being Done in This Country. Eurcu'Ji-- n LIVE STOCK NOTES. Sour slops are a frequent source ot trouble among pigs. . After weaning the pigs your real re commences. tiro wtli and muscular development are what we want in our breeding swine. One advantage tn feeding sieers on the farm Is the maintenance of the soil fertility. It is a safe rule to provide five pound of water for every pound of milk that the cow gives. Fee to it that the teeth are in good trim. Oats are to high In price to feed them without return. The development of the young horse requires the exercise of tbe best judgment in handling him. IMe or decayed teeth may le removed from the mouth of a sheep by c.f a pair of small pinchers. carried on at rite various station show that there are suitable for fattening many feed iiit-u- The enuin erlng work of the United States for the reclamation of the arid lands or the west is receiving the close attention of numerous foreign governments. Representatives who were sent hv France and Germany are m mute to ihe west to study the work tin- - reclamation service is doing there. An itinerary has been arranged for Ihe visitors, who will devote several months to s tour of observation. The French government la represented by M. Du hut, director general of wafers and forests, and M. Nacivet, his Rssisunt, wnile the German visitors nre G. n. C. Fischer, D. Hilde-kraiiW.iilrat Freiherr von ake and Derr Richter. Enand agricultural experts from gineers Russia, Itr.ly. England, Austria, Central und South America and Australia nave inspected many of the large irritation projects in the west. d, of Dressed Poultry. Irnniedlaiely after dressing poultry, Ire cold It should lo thrown into wutor, ar I allowed to remain until ill the uniat'll heal haa left the hotly. Neglect to do tlilx in apt to rause the earexfis to turn green in parts, by the Lime destination la reach'd. e sin ep. It does not follow that because sheep are profits hie ot. poor land, they will not he equally profitable on good land. Sheep can he raised in the Uni ten Slates as cheaply as In any other country 1i. the world, not excepting Australia. Don't expect the team to do a bird day's work in the field nnd then trot a half dor. at miles to town and back again after supper. After the day work Is over see that the mud is cleaned off tbe fetlocks, and that the stall bns plenty of good clean straw for the night. The taro and feeding of the brood sows arter tbe pigs are weaned Is aa Important factor In determining ths value of the next crop of pigs. Don't figure on more acre than your horses can comfortably handle forty to fifty acres is a good season's work for tbe average horse. A mixture of barley, wheat bran and root will put flesh on Itort-fast. With this, of course, a small quantity of hay should be given. Sofia for Tomatoes. Restoring Lost Udder. The vii:iiit'i will do well upon a or soils, although, like There I not much hope of restor v.irUty gii.t other pl.inl. the tomato has Its pref- ins tbe lost quarter of a cow's uderences. The largest yields are prob- der. Once In a great while a silver In the teat wlU ably obtained upon well drained, milk tube Inserted Bow milk the tart again harma. warm, sat dy sub-cella- Self-risin- s then there's Oh! theres no use talking about it, auntie. You must see yourself how simply awful It would be. There might be something In that, certainly, Aunt Jane conceded, but I don't think Its your real reason. If It Isn't that, it must be the way he has of making himself agreeable, said Mrs. Merrlwld. Perhaps its his winning smile aud perhaps it's the cute things he aaya, like Sweets to the sweet when he produces the candy. No, it wasn't this candy; this isn't so worse. Sweets to the sweet! and the smile went with It. He's got a cunning little collection of funny anecdotes, too culled from the first edition of a patent medicine almanac. When he says, That reminds me of the story of the Irishman,' I have to bold on tight to something to keep from screaming. There was that about poor Henry Merrlwld: he never tried to tell funny stories. If he's so distasteful to you I wonder youve encouraged him the way you have, said Aunt Jane. I didn't say he was distasteful, dfcarle, Mrs. Merrlwld replied. And as for encouraging him, I couldn't be rude. Not unless It became necessary. I never gave him any real reason to suppose that we could ever he more to each other than very dear friends, and I shall always regard him with a feeling of tender sentiment as the first of my second series; but there are ao many pretty pebbles strewn about the beach that dont wear black airing necktlea, and theres one Insuperable objection to Mr. Capias If It was ever so." "What's that? Inquired Aunt Jane, lie makes me so awfully weary, said Mrs. Merrlwld. (Copyright. 1911 by XV. 3. ChapmanJ It had to Had to Come. come there was no way by which Its advent might bare been averted.". This wail In a Pari door-yards- well-adapte- d Never Does Season Pass But That 8hort Droughty Period lo Experienced Value of Stirring. (By C. P. Bll.U Minnesota Station.) newspaper did not refer to a great catastrophe, hut to the bounty pot," the speck of black plaster which, worn ou cheek or chin, or both, makes natural tints (real or otherwise) more vnsplcu-ou- s. The writer adds that when pannier skirts, high heeled shoes nnd many puffa In the hair were fashionable the beauty spot was a necessary accompaniment, and that when the makers of fashions consulted old prlnta Behat sweet this was found to he so, and a few rn ranoe was to me in my married life, wax heads In the show windows of rnntle." he hairdressers decorated with the So you object to him because ha black spots did the rest The fashion tasn't a tenor voice? Aunt Jane'a was established, or rather revived." New York Tribune. )n was mildly sarcastic. Ex perl meat The season for cultivation of thw soil, to remedy tbe mechanical condition, io control the moisture supply and tn kill weeds, is now on. It would seem ns though little would need to be said about cultivation Mr the control of the moisture supply In the soil, but there Is never a season pusses, hut that a short drought y period I experienced. Experiments at University farm show conclusively the value of stirring the surface soil during dry times. Strange as It may seem, the stirring of the soil la also a good thing when the anil la too moist. In the former case, cultivation breaks the rapllarlty and prevents the escaf-- of the mola-lur- e through evaporation. In the latter case. It opens up the soil that la stirred, and permits a freer circulation of the air, and In this way dries out the surface area, laus controlling, to a certain extent, the moisture supply. Cultivation for conserving moisture should be relatively shallow; th depth being more or less in accordance with the severity of the drought. A deeier dust blanket should be maintained during a severe drought than during the short and mild d droughty periods. In the farming sections, that Is. in regions of flfteeu Inches or less rainfall, dust mulch of three to four Inches Is advised. Under the average Minnesota dust mulch (ondliiuns, a one-inc- h e dry-lan- will generally suffice. During the earlier period of growth, plants need much better than during the latter periods of growth, for the roots are not numerous nnd do not draw from a very large area. For this reason, It is very Important that the conditions he as near perfect as poBlble, that the plants may develop normally and rapidly In their earlier periods of growth. Frequent cultivations, as well as the proper kind of cultivations are very Important. In droughty periods a cultivation of the cornfield or potato field should be made at least once a week. Tbe tillage question Is not a difficult one to answer, If due consideration 1b given to the scientific principles underlying the conditions, which make it necessary to do one thing or the other. A study of the soil, the amount of moisture, the mount of rainfall and the kind of crop, will generally Indicate the method to he followed. e FOUNDATION In OF DRY FARMING Deep Soil Farmer Haa Immense ReeeOoIr Where Precipitation May Be Stored. Tlants cannot grow without moisture and upon It conservation the theory and practice of dry farming must rest In normal years the rain and snow fall upon the plowed slice, which Is merely w temporary reservoir, and sink '.'apidly out of tbe reach of the wind and aun, and other agencies of evaporation. Succeeding precipitation follows the same course, each time moistening the minute soil particles to greater depths, until at length the soil le wet aa far down aa six or eight feet, or even more. Thle fact Is very significant, for It means that In a deep soil the haa an Immense reservoir, where by proper methods of cultivation the precipitation of normal and wet years may ba carefully stored away for future use In time of drought. The damming up of The two upper Insects are workers; Ihe high waters In the tops of the left lower is a fertile female or mountains during the spring time, 'and the holding them back for the use of queen and right lower Is a mala. of a distant city duruals the queens (fertile females), the inhabitants the rainless summer is certainly males and workers (sterile females). ing no more realistic. Queens and males form a comparatively small portion of the colony, DAIRY NOTES. while the workers In a nest have been known to number 10,000. The cows' salt box should never he Although these am are larger than summer or winter. empty, most specie and have two of the Kucli season a grass lot should be most formidable known weapons among insects large, pointed mandi- held tn reserve for the dairy cows. More milk per acre as well a per bles and most efficient lingo they are not quarrelsome, and light only in cow Is the successful cow farmer's So peaceably Inclined slogan. Afier all lias been said and done, are they that other species of ants are allowed lo come Into their clearings there is no butler like good farm and throw up their tiny crescent-ahape- d made butter. How did you build and arrange that mounds of earth, and even to attack and chase such thoughtless milk house you think ia the best in 'mound builders'' as bapjien to paso the township? too near them. When a cow has been dry for some Indeed, they carry :h!s peaceful disposition to a mint time he gentle with her wheu she where (hey permit the common ter- freshens again. mite and some species of ants to live Ilaullngs of sweet corn are now in with them in the chambers of their order to help piece out short pasjests and to partake of their stored tures in August. tood. In keeping cows never be without These ants have come to be cousld-Ire- d clover. 11 ia oue of tbe food essential to good dairying. Injurious insect, not through in numbers, but rather through The greatest aid In the prevention Ihelr close contact wilh inaa resulting of scouring aud care of all dairy prodiroin his conversion of the prairies ucts la leiuperaiure. A herd of good dairy cows la the rnto cultivated fields. The ant colonics arc too scattering best insurance against hard times or o materially decrease the yield of any a slump In prosperity. The strong cow 1 the one that will rop; they are chiefly troublesome aa raise a calf every' year and produce in obstacle to harvesting. To attempt to mow through or over a large quantity of milk. If the cream In the churn fee ms up them would choke the machinery and ruin the cutting digit of the sickle. and runa over, tbe churn ia loo full Should a driver have such trouble in or the cream la Improperly ripened. Turn separator with a steady ana pairing over a mound It would be moBt uniform speed, and flush dowu with unwise for him to slop and try to his machinery, for such a disturb- skim milk or water at end of separar ance would bring tbe ant forth in tion. It has been found that the milking angry swarm, each individual eager to do hor utmost to nMl the invader. qualities of a cow depend almost as Every one that succeeded in getting much on her sire's mother as on her man or beast would seize clothing, own mother. Keep your calves In clean, separate hair or kin between her mandlblei, curve her abdomen downward and de- pens for about four weeks, and then liver a thrust quite aa painful In re- If the weather permits, turn them out sult as the sling of bumblebee or with the herd, and they will not suck yellow-Jacke- l. the row a. g two-third- bicuspid In hla mobile Jaw. Im quite looking forward to it" May I ask why, my dear? said Aunt Jane, elaborately. Recause he can't note any exception to the courts ruling on the ground that the court erred when she employed the word not In her deciMrs. Merrlwld replied. Tie sion, won't get any thirty days or thirty seconds to tile an appeaL He wont have the closing argument either, or get the costa taxed to anybody but Mr. Capias. I've ono or two other reasons. "I don't call what youve said any reason, remarked Aunt Jane, severely. Have a marron glace, dearie, said Mrs. Merrlwld, selecting one with the candy tongs and forcibly inserting it In her aunt's protesting mouth. "To resume, Mr. Capias ruir.hles. When a nun baa a deep hasa voice and rumbles wilh It and then puffs out his cheeks and swells his chest to show how much wind he's got left If he cared to use It, I always want to give him a jar. Poor dear Henry nev- r er rolled out any oratory at me In hla moBt exasperating moments. They say he's a rising man, urged Aunt Jane. agreed Mrs. Merrlwld. T dont doubt it, auntie. He's a particularly yeasty person. You take a combination of oiled silk and gas and1 you've got something that will go up like the cost of living, unless somebody sticks a pin In it and there's no repair material handy. I wouldn't wonder one bit if Mr. Capias lands In a oft place on the bench, but Im no Maud Muller and I don't think I'll have any regrets." I think you might do a great deal Torse, aunt Jane contended. Bless your cunning little curls which you havent got o i quite itralght, dearie. There! Now they're ill right. Bless your cunning little :urls! a woman might always do worse. That's the one consolation he haa There are more varieties ot tussedneaa In men than some people lave pickles, and no one man has hem all, or even the worst of them, f you take his wife's opinion. She tan always look around her circle if married acquaintances and thank ler lucky stars and hat John hasn't acquired the pnrtlcu-a-r brand of vice that distinguishes he brute next door or across the ray. You've no idea what a comfort In crossing the prairies of a large part of the western states, the traveler's attention la frequently drawn to mounds that skirt the gravel-covere- d the railways and wagon roads. Located In the ceuter of cleared circular areas, they stand out prominently, breaking the grassy surface. These mounds dot the slopes of ravines, the banks of streams, and nooks and flats between cliffs and rldgea. They occur along traveled roads and . sidewalks , In corrals, and in They are present In fluids of wheat and alfalfa, in spite of the plowing and disking. They possessed the prairie before the farmer came, aud they remain in spite of his operations. The ant whose Industry has muds these mounds, with their clean-swep- t dooryards, clings tenaciously lo tbe house which it has built, and, so often as the roof is destroyed, laboriously rebuilds It. The nests are of various sizes and heights, ranging from nine to twenty-fou- r Inches. Tbe clearing surrounding the mound is level, absolutely devoid of vegetation, and usually has the mound exactly lu tbe ceuter. jThe six of the clearing range from nine to twenty feet and in one instance extended for forty live feet. The ants cannot tolerate tbe presence of vegelatiou near their mounds nnd the worker clear It away by use of their mandibles. They doubtless find that vegetation Is au obstacle to their going and coming; that it affords concealment to their enemies; retains moisture after a rain, thus favoring the growth of Injurious fungi; that its roots jienetrate tbe chambers of their nels and, decaying, form passageways for the entrance of water. In many of the mounds the ants go and come through one opening; in others they have two or three such passageways, and In one exceptionally large mound the occupants had eight openings. The interior of the mound is honeycombed with chambers and galleries. The chambers vary from one to three Inches in diameter and from one-hal- f to one Inch In height. The connecting galleries have a uniform diameter ot an inch. Sealed of about three-eight- s and unsealed storerooms filled with seeds occur throughout the nest. Larvae, pupae, and young ants occupy many of the chambers. Seeds of various kinds are carried by the workers into ths nest. The hulls are torn off, carried out and dumped at one side of the clearing, and the plump, sound seeds stored away In the storerooms. The mound-buildinant prairie hows three distinct classes of lndlvld- - MOISTURE dry-farm- ad-lu- |
