Show SUNDAY MORNING DECEMBER 1928 THE 0GDE17 STANDARD-EXAMINE- S r TV BoP 7 if 1 D M 's Scientists Engage in a 'earch for the Secret of Mob$Pick's Breathing Under Water That the Lives of Sailors in: Sunken Submarines May Be Saved : f I i xsscr x 'II' l ?Vi!:7nltK I OUR COUSIN At Left Microscopically Enlarged a Rotifer Which Though d Tiny a a Animal ' ' Iff -- i ' — fM: i 1n Pin-hea- t — ' r or it "Know then thyself presume not God to scan "The proper study oi mankind is man" piece of famous doggerel written by Alexander Pope That part about God which is silly is his own invention The part about man which is sen- Bible he stole from Socrates without say "thank you" The proper study of mankind is man indeed bat to study a man tnorougniy it is necessary to learn all one can also about his uncles and his cousins THIS - si V - AOiftV 'V ' and his aunts— 1M also his ancestors Science d i s covered long ago the close physi ological kinship which exists between the human ' mammal s a n d animals other Whether we like It or not " monkeys guinea pigs camels and white wooly Iambs — in tigers andwhole fact the menagerie zoo and our cousins likewise in many cases our ancestors Some of the most amazing and useful things science has discovered about man have- - come from experimenting with rabbits guinea pigs dogs and monkeys Nearly the whole of bacteriology is based on experiments made not directly on human beings but on animals whose blood reactions are similar ' Now for the first time science is going to carry these experiments a tep further Having gained an immense amount of knowledge from the beasts which resemble us very closely it purposes to learn more by making a 6tudy of remoter cousins like Moby Dick — the mighty whale hugest of all living e tiny miscroscopic creatures and rotifer which is the smallest animal directly kin to us The whale which is an enormous monster often a hundred feet long and weighing' three or four hundred ton3 is a true mammal and our blood cousin It used to live on land as we do It is and suckles its babies It has lungs and breathes as we do The bones of its flippers are amazingly like the bones of a human hand The rotifer which is so tiny that you can scarcely see him at all with the naked eye so small that fifty of them marching in procession holding onto each others' tails would make a parade less than an inch long is also close kin to us Re is a real and somewhat amusing true animal with eyes and a mouth and a brain and complicated internal organs Science has become Interested in whales and rotifers separately because each possesses a secret a power which mankind t does not possess and which would be of astounding and revolutionary value if man could learn it and adapt it to himself In the case of the whale It is the power to survive under water for sevv eral hours without breathing i In the case of the rotifer' it is the power to live completely buried with all animation suspended and then after s months to revive completely—a power almost akin to dying being mummified and then restored to life The study of the whale £b discover i BEAR how he lives under water is being the case of the whale Dr Howell has discovered is chemi-some that already t directed by the famous anatomist Dr cal adjustment takes place' in the ANIMAL- Brazier Howell of Johns Hopkins Uniwhale's which makes it culi versity The whale has no gills such as for him body to consume or dispose possible The of this Host a fish has While it is under water carbon dioxide poisoa Dr- - Kowell oftener for more than an 'hour at a hopes that Highly may be able to retime it simply does not breathe What produce thiascience Developed condition in of the the human kills a human being when he stops body Rotifers Ahnr breathing is the carbon dioxide genWhales are 'somewhat unwieldyeo Diagram of Head and erated in his blood The oxygen which : which have the same porpoises he takes into his- lungs by breathin" to a lesser degree are also power fhrShowm Vein this destroys poison What happens In' studied The problem and the PPwted Organs possible St- X 1 barn-yarda- i Av - - 5 re v hot-blood- ed I ' - UKirtithx SUBMARINE RESCUE By Studying Whales Science Hopes to Learai Secrets 1 hat May Lnable Men Trapped in submarines to Survive Lack of Oxygen ' ' ? f' ' i : I - s s i : in England on mechanical devjcie to work similar! which might for a human being under water Dr Howell at Johns Hopkins is at work ox i the chemistry of the problem of how the vhale disposes of its carbon dioxi le poi ns in the long periods when it isn't breathing at all 1 Jf either through mechanical appliances or chemistry powers similar to those of the whale could be acquired ALSO KIN for human beings the results would pa The Whale Whoe revolutionary It is believed that these Head Is Shown in studies may have an effect on the This Photo Is a Mammal Belonging t to tha Sama RnW-k- t -Scientists - M S treatment of pneumonia and tubercuAre New Studying Whale and Rotifers to Learn More About Human Physiology ' losis ' Even more revolutionary however-woulpractical uses caissons and diving bell ocean Dr Howell is trying to discover not which may rebe the: discovery xf the secret "This is made possible" he says "by sult from its only how the whale disposes of the the fact that the nostrils are placed on possessed alone by the tiny rotifer If incarbon dioxide given off by the body the top of the head above the eyes and that were discovered — as ft may be— --a solution volve also the through the lungs during periods of this position of the nosril3 is a remark- man who chose to do so might be "pfut power of the long submersion but also how? the able case of natural adjustment Among to sleep" now and "wake up" fifty whale to resist mechanism of the lungs operates dur land mammals the nostrils are placed years or two hundred years later ajid at ing the periods when no air com$s in at the end of the snout This is true still be exactly the same age he was pressure from the outside and how blood preseven of the elephant's trunk which is when animation was suspended jit great depths Data on this sure and pressure of the 'spinal fluid snout though in some sounds absolutely fantastic but so qld a latter subject the muscular adjustments are made to animals like the hippopotamus they electricity and the radio and television may be of meet conditions below the surface "of open upward instead of forward But This power is possible for man vital use to the sea here also we have an adaptation to theoretically at least because the little crews trapped In England Dr "TV P Pycxaft aquatic' life The nostrils eyes and rotifer which is his remote cousin alin submarines famous author of f'The Infancy of ears are all set at one common level ready has this power It was discovand also in ered by Sir Arthur E Shipley in EngAnimals" is also engaged in a study the extreme upper surface of the head helping divers of secrets connected with the breathing so that the creature : can lie submerged land He found that in their natural to avoid the of whales and has already made some with nothing more than these imporstate in a damp atmosphere or on disastrous ef-- r interesting supplementary tant organs exposed In the case of the of the water or clingingito discoveries fects of caiswhale they are on top of the head and moist plants they live and move a id He has discovered for instance that it son disease furthermore they are continued backhave their being like any other animals Is impossible for a whale to sleep while the the malady submerged' If the whale went to sleep ward in the form of a long tube todown monkeys and human being? roof of the skull where they dip that afflicts' its lungs w$uld begin to operate seekBut if their surroundings dry up onif to meet the top of the windpipe in the one of the tiny creatures is removed submarines to draw in air through its nostrils workers under ing and placed upon a lide and allowed ito and it would strangle- wake up or back of the throat high pressure drown He has discovered that whales "The singular position of the nostrils dry its movements will gradually when working of the whale i3 accompanied by an slacken and presently cease entirely sleep entirely on the surface of the even more remarkthe astonishing But cow comes able modification sequel: dried-u- p whereby condition the "In this these animals are remain for many years enabled to feed without may any visible change undergoing without ce however If gradually moiet- -' they choked by the inened with water the steps the aninjal rush of water into underwent when drying up are NXthe wind-pip- e The grain of £and begins jto 'The larynx or swell the wrinkles disappear and prestipper end of the ently a plump healthy' little aninial xL windpipe in the comes to life the legs stretch out it inits normal shape and Jblithjly while tribe crawls away to resume its adventures' stead of connecting directly with Not air rotifers by the way possess the mouth" 13 this power ' Those which do belong ito thrust up in a a group called "bear animalculi" because the little creatures look sonSe-wh- at long tubular like microspocpic bear cubs bony passage into the skull terminatThere are hundreds of other ' sorts !of rotifers Dr Frank J Myers and Dr ing in the spiracles Vf or nostrils lit the Herman O Mueller recently have Installed in the American Museum jof top of the head And this Natural History an extremely interestpassage - run3 ' behind the ing exhibit of glass models magnified membianoua- - wall - of thirty-thre- e rotifers of various tpyes 1 ? be-ma- e 4 j Fl --- — ' j -- d j long-drawn-o- ut - the-surfac- like-bear- e s - - alone ail-malc- uli being - ire-trac- ed fe--sum- es mm 113 ZsIanstlaBsl' restart SaiUca tao ' Grett Srtula K!tbt Bm4 eff """'""''''awesBBj forming the back of the mouth" In other words the I whale doesn't breath through his mouth at all human beings do but only through "his nostrils which instead of letting air into the throat cavity connect by a tube directly with the lungs While Dr Pycraft is experimentiin M0v- - P u ISWB w - n- -i T ff f 8 it- |