Show I mf PEASANTS PART IN THE E RUSSIAN CIVil IV D ANCE iSH I Interesting IK most hit problematical u id mail being In the e a world today tOllay la III not iho tho czar of Russia or any member of the Iho house I of Romanoff Tho 1 and nelVO to ulo ra of tho I to the the tho t III 8 no longer iho tho which Min In rho of the tho Muscovite 1 e mP i ui the state and IO II tho Russia IV ut Mr background in fc t na are uncouth and andA personality A IJ in tho full limelight t Ka n heretofore I If V IS cd 1 ml vi wl t Iia rete tea 1 with tho convincing 1111 supremacy who numerical 4 of Ilko lin n unheralded In capitals vf II Ihl 1 tremulous ex cx exA IlL AJI A 4 n Wm t will ho do doI IS I till I was r When city it nt the tho delta of the Neva Nem It Itin ItI I neW him in III order to carry carr carrI I to of supplying hid I M ri t I f from tho III existing Musco to i h h 1 different pop UM i mu t IIVO a H Ills first MM wan to lo go out outI i lon compelling proper oft of 1 I J Popl ut ot the thc I of ot tho ll to 10 iti at the tho mouth however he made up 1 J 10 M hl dt with With Within tho of hw hi own country no ono h permitted eld in vl vi w II n il Hv 1 m in a It nu stull city to tol toI I I J In jt l urK and filled tt II ce his i folk brought thither r or 01 threats r r 1 11 t J the lower clu sell 11 of the tho tho h r 1 r arc Me tho o of Ju la II city ell especially IMI trI t b In mind al o that has J n 11 f r iv on Iho tho i b I j the biggest form In or arl j oj the th designation Is not lIot cf or It Includes In Ku l u i r I t upon the thc 11 11 lone Iono there RIO are moro 1 actively en eni i in 1 Ih soil oll tho greater gr t 1 of them with farming utensils as ut im I Iho e mentioned In the tho vII l in this enlightened Ir nul j plow IH little better betler V u II 1 Irk sokha used is te b i Irth zone Olle of southern HO r IM 0 two Iron but Lut no not t in PT oC f tho empire i It awkward l two Iwo wheeled ill i r rt used II It Is only i Hussa BUSSI and Poland that lIon Iron r and they aro 1110 clumsy a i rf r 1 I manufacture Other Ing riipi ints fire arc rarer rurel and moro still Tho Th wooden woollen hand rake rako j u 11 tt i C iy I cue In common use and andt andI t I of f th Ih grain I sown broadcast by b Ih II numerous lum lous 11 i r i iU 11 k of modern i these peasants Ir I 1 is number and so 80 f i occupation have made mado madoR R ini of or thi Ih grain 10 II III world worl 1 In l Ii an crop of over i 1111 i f ushI of o rye no oats wheat IM I hid chief I product Is ryo 0 Ilin th peasant tillers of oi iI Iii II chief article of food tood r r K I Mint nourishes the Ih I e i of people under the tho iii ill J ld of oC this 1 cereal ceron ceronI I IJ in J I 7 I o much i i f i i i In III the empire i f r it is I is a market In Germany II lIn it Item lIem of oC 11 J supplied lo the army On all some som of C 1 J estates belonging to too thrashers have been hoen i o u I but III moil l of or iho II Ie I nil fOp IH Ii fIll 1 11 atell from us Its w 1 I I LI il I or foot fot Millions of hu hel 1110 out by b of tho Hall In III the of the robust peasant In Koma 1 localities s the an dent of oC driving by b oxen over tho urn I a as us It cornea comes from tho hu field still moat agricultural and differing from rural America Russia la Is a n land of village V go The rho pennants do not nol live IIvo In III solitary houses promiscuously over Oel the fanning urea They In little hamlets composed of a IL dilator of built of ot logs and mud und con 11 n population varying from loo to 10 1000 persons 1 such hn hll inlet Is provided with 1111 church which U III not Infrequently u II structure of ot some ome archi architectural merit lie Its parish school echol and Its Inn and depot dellot for Cor The Him hAS no taste for and life remote romolo from Crom hl fellows has hall no charm for fOI him He not 1101 even prefer his own society when en engaged In tho In tin morn groups of ot villagers go out Into the tilled at nt they re return return turn In companion Tho Inn like tho English tavern ern of tho period Is III tho magnet which draws tho th men after tho days work IB Is oel and the cattle c url aru fed housed often orten beneath th sumo roof which shelters owners family There IH III no reproach connected with a 1 constant attendance upon tho oxur tho sill Ie and the Imperial family aro 1110 proprietor of about one third of ot nil all the Und l In III the Uio proper The rho czar Is II th the owner ow lieI of oC oi ii In alon I of ot this r Is II under cultivation und It Is III t to Another nother third of oC to the theleR leR 11 II 1 r vort d to th m wh i tho M rf C w r d It gave man woman and child about sev lev seven en n acres Thin not given gln directly Into tho hands of th pope hut It Is II held hehl In III a ort IC tiu t hy b tho nd It II to suit thu Ihu nt lIt tending poverty stricken In cities that their condition demands n II remedy hut but their 1110 not made mull lUll dent stir In III tho moro than com communes In III I to tatu a II revolution The ut the of vodka and cur e ethe the conscription oon but If revolution and consequent reform ref were welo awaiting his hili Initiative they would not In III the present Con rallon It must be uc true that there uro hungry on Oil the Volga Vollia and but that there are 1118 millions of wretched so weAry wenry of life that they iro 1110 anxious to 10 re W renounce black bread vodka Icons and i persistency 11 the government tho upper classes the Ihl most liberal patron of the higher education for tOI the few rew and the most active advocates of ofas as 1111 scant Instruction us II fur CUI the tendency toward the of oC popular education met willi prompt but the thu costly and elaborate schools for Co I ros IOle on uv ery y tide lillo The the places of oC social discontent have been the most outspoken a vo calm of reform I The nr III re 1 utmost from fro III tho with a II I Persecution ns and It was wal not nol long thu thou thousands sands of subjects who living out of ot touch with thu tho nt were furnished with n real cause of com complaint plaint by the tho and andopen open against Its au authority the autocracy resorted to reprisal and martyrs gave character and concentration to 10 the rapidly In III Increasing creasing dissent Thin discordant note 1101 sounded by universities reformers veiled swelled Into Inlo a i babel reen by h the of tb ills die from the anti and ap 1111 appropriated provinces The moment mine as 1111 wits Inevitable when nil all stood between the and In revolution was the absence of or op opportunity I No ro on ont doubted that the opportunity would come It might he U II 1 1 NEWSPAPER o 0 VENDORS 0 RUSSIAN B K KA A FARMERS CABIN IN FINLAND hospitality ho of thin common meeting place Next to tho parish church the public house IH Is accorded social precedence and tho parish priest Is only one remove above the tho Innkeeper The Tho papa p himself elf Is by II no moans too exclusive to 10 bo ho seen Icon frequently at thu tavern and there Is Iii no especial o reason why wh ho should covet coet the tho that their theil way Into tho leather pocket t tot of ot tho Innkeeper us IanI UH tho church Is not defrauded 1 thereby of ot her pro proportion I portion of rubles He lie known tho Iho heart of oC his parishioner bettor better than ho knows theology but bul not better perhaps than thun ho known tho of o mine hosts vod vodka 01 ka There Is exclusiveness about him that characterizes the other ministers Ho Is III not HO o Intimately In la Involved In tho m h guards that his in mero era person Is III held sacred Ho Is l lly a II man of ot the people n 11 shar sharer er In life lICe and domesticity do tI ell They The realize o that ht he IH III only ono of oC them themselves selves appointed to them In n manner mannel prescribed by their common maston ufo clergy Ho lIe Is rarely feared often loved and always respected mere Inelo fact hat IhAl he hUH has n II certain cerIa In familiarity with tho Iho ml I him standing among those who do not read at lit nil 1 11 The rha filet fact that ho boats boals his and drinks more vodka than la h go 00 n for him docs not at nil 1111 In with his hIli priestly As s Ion IonS as UH he Is IH in a II condition to 10 baptize the newborn and anoint tho dying he tie will escape criticism The rhe conditions which apply to the tho ownership of land are oro peculiar Tho rho Tho lands now held by tho peasants or rather by their proxies the village communes were originally tho proper property ty tf of ot the tho nobles who were paid by hy the for tor their confiscation Tho serfs who were living In villages wore wern allow allowed ed cd to retain them each dually receiving an allotment of A Avilla village villa go of a IL hundred families thus thull be became came camo the owners of or of ot land landIn landIn In common This Thill plan still prevails and the in Ille a responsible for tor tho tuxes taxa The fhe taxes lire are estimated for Cor fora a u perm period of or years At tho expiration of ot that time the ruto may 1118 be modified Many villages have been suf sufficiently prosperous to acquire an 1111 ab lib absolute solute title to 10 their lands Others have large payments looking toward permanent ownership It seems to be a IL situation exceedingly like tho present land condition In Ireland 1 with a 1 slight slightly ly Iy lest less and u I ruth or moro maIo promising outlook ou look considered tho condi condition condition tion of the would scarcely Justify ju revolution It Is not only Infinitely belter than serfdom hut but It Is far lesti Ie trying than that of tho peasantry of ut other l countries It la Is Immeasurably to that of or the tho lower lowel classes classe In tho con conquered assimilated provinces It must not bo ho forgotten also that tho Iho peasant t has not yet ct awakened n l to the degradation I ell II of ot the he hll Is III liv living livIng ing lor aught ho hit to the con coh contrary hn ho IM III to 10 be he envied Instead of pilled Tolstoi ond his fellow reform reformers ers Ivo done IlOilo much to 10 convince the Ihl ft 1 o WAGON AND LABORER MOSCOW VILLAGER A PEASANT GIRL the tho blissful Ignorance of communal ru rural ral existence la open to doubt It Is 11 In tho Iho cities that the tho leaven leaen of has hus expanded Into Ino the pro proportions proportions portions of ot a 11 revolt against tho established order In two centuries tho pens ant Inhabitants chosen by the Iho astute n tuto Ieter hAO developed Into Inlo tho very er class ho was so o anxious to avoid Dur During ing all ull that time the tho security of the tho political system has hus rested In tho of the government to keep tho Iho masses In III Ignorance As long as ns that effort was successful hero was lit fear of oC an un uprising Tho Orthodox church connived at tho scheme to make education exclusive With a n strange and almost fateful liberal sprinkling from Crom tho agricultural regions The rho sons OIlS of oC nobles have long forsaken thc tho classic precincts of ot the grout universities Tho of oC tho de Ie descendants of Peters chosen Inhabitants by Inheritance have hao made themselves elv capitals ell I system Peters Peter rural citizens did not nol retain their unsophisticated methods for fOl many generations Long before St Peters Petersburg burl burg reached metropolitan proportions Its lis Inhabitants were as UH ready as 18 of ot Moscow to 10 find fault with the thu gov HOV government Converted Into and merchants und professional 1110 I I men with more to look about them a fL keener appreciation of the tho political sit situation they became critical and begun to look forward Organisations analo analogous gous loua to 10 the guilds of ot tho great Kuro l uro commercial cities came Into ex ox and ond flourished bravely These o Industrial societies were tho progenitors of others lest leM Innocent In their purpose Some SOllie if them were secret and In marked antagonism to tho Or Orthodox religion delayed but It could not bo averted The fhe present extensive social disorder In the empire fomented by hythe the industrial organizations and led by b a 1 priest of ot tho Orthodox church chUlch may ho the beginning of ot revolt but It 11 Is evident that tile the SO 80 living a IL quiet communal nal 1111 life In III European BUMele have yet y t no n purl part In n It II It Is a It demonstration con confined fined 1111 to the tho descendants ot Peters Ions gens und the malcontents of oC Moscow whom who he would not permit to live In his hll now new city elly on the Neva Hen tho Iho I vos who have reason to 10 be disgruntle I over the tho tardy answer to to make mako his hi absolutism less lell ab lib absolute solute do not appear lippeRI to 10 be hI I to 10 the tho movement as us It now stands In the conquered and forcibly holt I provinces the tho raise CHIC Is somewhat differ different ent It IH hi not nol OIly easy for tor the tho outside world I with tho Iho history of tho thu looting of ot Po 10 Poland land the more recent Inhuman at Ill attempt tempt to 1 as an RII In Inspiration I to understand why wh tt II Is III thai these deeply Injured populations at III least should not always b hA ready to welcome revolution It Is a IL fact fild how ever that there thee Is no other part of tho empire less leIS prepared for tor actual revo AVO than thull Polish HusslA Ix lo lIy to Il if he the government has haA no part pari whatever n this disinclination to 10 overthrow the existing order ord There Is II probably no leople on earth not excluding tho Jan nuts to 10 whom rev aro more nore than Ihan they been to tn these the same IMme Polish subjects U It would afford them the keenest enjoyment known to In humanity to III bo he able to 10 stand IlaRI oft off und behold their old time de ae rent In III twain But Dut this an Un never bo bu theirs The conscription the mobilising of the reserves and the tho taxation have Ita ve already dill polled that dream u Ita II It must mu l the mo mOlt t po potent PI tent of Polish I mil I I on cn Ims been the th great I which tho Iho portion of ot tho kingdom stolen by h has hall III M recent years Agriculture and all 1111 Industrial pursuit have havo nourished and empire IMA supplied an excellent market AVIth the of the lh Jew Tew the HI Nile has become more mor prosperous than any other of thu Iho Ho 1113 grown rid rich while his hili brethren In III it Prussia and Austria Ire aro still In pov poverty 10 erty The fh war 1111 burden and Industrial may stimulate him to riot f hilt but he hp Is I In no condition condit lOll to 10 accept sen sentiment as M II cause for tUI revolt I VOl With the duchy of ot the tho 1 case Is III altogether different The fhe wound Is fresh und and nothing but bul superior hold In till the righteous Indig Indignation nation of oC an outraged people H i |