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Show THE PAGE TWO News Review of Current Events the World Over Democrats Renominate President Roosevelt Drought International Ajrain Causes Crop Destruction Conference Considers Mediterranean Problems. W. By EDWARD Western PICKARD 2itper Uliion. D. AN Administrator Harry I Hopkins. KLIN Fit PRESIDENT KoosKVEI.T was renominated Work relief projects designed to by the Democratic convention In give work at once to fi.OitO farmers Philadelphia In a demonstration of In the Dakotas anil purts of Wyogreat popular ac- ming and Montana, whose crop claim. lands have been laid waste for the T h e convention seventh consecutive year, were unanimously adopt- - pin lined. In the Middle West the fart that Deal platform and June of Iti.'lO has been cooler than ' voted the abolition the same month two years ago has of the historic offset .Mip serious effects of lack of rule. rain. Figures on June rainfall for The sessions were 1!).'!(! mid 1!.'!4 compiled by Nat C. marked with ex- Murray, crop authority of Chicago, treme enthusiasm. showed that Ohio bad '.','. per cent I'urty harmony and of normal this year and !0 per cent President a detennlnation to In l'.).'M; Minnesota 4$ per cent In Roosevelt stand mllliantly on lO.'irt and !)' per cent In 1!34 ; Misthe administration's record In the souri 20 per cent In l!(t and C2 per past three years and present a unit- cent in ID.'M; and Kansas 87 tier ed front In the coming campaign cent In l!:!tJ and 05 per cent In lfCt. characterized the convention. The abolition of the KKTINOIn Montreux, Swltz-- " rule for the nomination of candierland, an International condates was one of the significant ference Sought settlement of milachievements. This rule, which lias and naval problems In the Meditary 100 been In use for more than iterranean. The conference had been years, was superseded by the adop- called by the powers as a result of tion of the rules committee's rerequest to fortify the Darport recommending that at future Turkey's which were demilitarized conventions only a bare majority danelles, Lausanne treaty of 1!23. under the While be required for nomination. The possible threat of Russia's some southern and the eastern and strength caused an western states opposed abrogation, growing naval alignment of the British and Japnicy wt-r- e wondled to It by the anese. Japan announced It was committee's recommendation that willing to accept any limitation on changes be made In the apportion- Japanese warships authorized to r ment of delegates. Black the sea, providing similar The platform pledged continuance were placed on Russian of soil conservation, benefit pay- restrictions ments to farmers, a sound currency, warships leaving It. Britain was bea balanced budget and a constitu- lieved to be supporting Japan's potional amendment, if necessary, to sition. Russia demanded free westward . achieve the party's broad of warships and submarines It praised the accomplish- passage ments of the New Deal In a pre- out of the Black sea through the adding she was unable amble, declaring that It planned to Dardanelles, why other powers not borcontinue them In the Interest of to see on this body of water desired the nation. The platform's keynote dering unlimited passage to it Because of was that the Koosevelt administrapact with the tion has put and will keep the na- her mutual assistance tion "on the road to recovery and Soviet, France was expected to side with Russia. prosperity." The possibility of a mutual asthe the Constitution, Regarding platform declared that while "the sistance pact In the Mediterranean Republican platform proposes to loomed with Britain leading the way meet national problems by action and seeking Italy's participation. of the separate states, the Demo- Such a step would extend a series cratic party recognizes that mini- of such pacts which were concluded mum wages, maximum hours, child between Britain and France, Yugolabor, monopolistic and unfair prac- slavia, Greece and Turkey against tices, dust storms, droutb and floods Italy at the time economic sanctions could not be handled by states. It were imposed on II Duce. two-ihlr- V two-third- s en-to- social-program- stated : "If these problems cannot be efWILLIAM REPRESENTATIVE fectively solved by legislation withDakota anin the Constitution, we shall seek nounced that he would run for the will as such clarifying amendments Presidency as candidate of a new assume to the legislatures of the political gronp several states and to the congress known as the of the United States, each within Union party. FaUs proper Jurisdiction, the power ther E. Charles to enact those laws which the state Coughlin, Detroit within their and federal legislatures JWV, priest, Is the leadrespective spheres shall And necesing sponsor of Lem-ke'- s sary. In order adequately to regulate candidacy. commerce, protect public health and Thomas Charles seeconomic and safeguard safety 2 wln be the vlce- curity. Thus we propose to ninln-taithe letter and spirit of the Conroetdnnttat nanrit- II tS3 nstitution." date on the ticket, In addition to soil conservation Rep. Lemke it was announced, the farm and benefit payments, Mr. Lemke made public a 15- plank pledged the Democrats to point platform embodying demands s and ten- for financing refinancing of farm mortgages, ants In buying land; favored com- old age security, a living wage for modity loans on farm surpluses and all workers, limitation on Individual retirement of ten million acres of incomes, the establishment of a censubmarglnal land from production tral bank, the Issuance by congress and rural rehabilitation. of all currency and its regulation of Reiterating the "good neighbor" the value of all the money. relations plank policy, the foreign Plans were made for the reaffirmed the party's neutrality to hold a national convention program pledged to keep the nation some time during August In Cleveout of foreign entanglements. It reasserted the reciprocal tariff policy, land. Mr. Lemke said the Union party but demanded "adequate" protection has the support of farm unions, laand manufacturers to farmers bor, the National Union for Social against unfair competition. established by Father CoughDenouncing monopolies and con- Justice centration of economic power, the lin, the Townsend old age pension movement and "all other liberals platform declared that the administration would "vigorously and fear- who have been driven from the old lessly enforce the criminal and clril parties." Mr. Lemke was with provisions of the existing anti-truSenator Lynn J. Frazler of North laws. Other planks pledged: Expansion Dakota of a $3,000,000,000 farm of the social security program ; con- mortgage refinancing bill defeated tinuance of rural electrification ; in the bouse of representatives. protection of the rights of labor to bargain collectively; expansion of W. CUTTEN, who federal housing projects ; Just treat- ARTHUR spectacular wealth as ment of war veterans and their de- a grain trader, died of a heart atpendants; extension of the merit tack In his home in Chicago. He system through classified civil serv- was sixty-fiv- e years old. ice; freedom of speech, radio, reAn exponent of Individualism, Mr. of ligion and assembly; projection Cutten went his way alone In the public works projects to aid unem- grain market, playing his "hunches" ployment; opposition to Commu- against the field. In 1924, he made nism and "the menace of concealed a profit estimated at between Fascism." and $2,000,000 in a corner on the corn market He repeated specter of drouth stalked in his success with a coup in the wheat THE Northwest Damage to crops market the following year. on farms in South DaWith a group of associates, he enkota, North Dakota, Wyoming and tered the stock market in 1928 and Montana caused great concern and during the boom months made milrecalled the disastrous drouth con- lions of dollars. ditions of two years ago. Most of his life Mr. Cutten was Railroads serving the drouth a "long" trader, who bought for the areas agreed again to place emer- rise In the market but following the gency freight rates Into effect on crash, he is said to have become a Hve stock shipments to other graz- "bear" or short seller. His operaing areas. Wheat and corn crops tions as a bear in the Chicago Board have suffered severe damage, re- of Trade brought his suspension by the grain futures administration for ports indicate. In Washington, a relief program two years, but he won a reversal of Cor the drouth-strickenorthwest this ruling in the United States Sustates was mapped ont by Relief preme court 1 n f 1 Jl share-cropper- new-part- st heat-parche- d n STRIKES and industrial to harass France, although their ultimate solution was forecast In a conciliatory attitude assumed by the new "popular front" government toward the French chambers of commerce. Representatives of the chambers of commerce received assurance from Premier Ieon Blum that no further manufacturing plant would bo tied up by "folded arms" strikers, whose number at their peak reached approximately 1,000,000 employees. In the meantime a strike of sailors In Marseilles was settled after a three-darefusal to work, when the shipowners capitulated to the strikers' demands. Fifty ships were affected by the walkout. The sailors demanded a week, vacations with pay and bedsheets on their bunks. Strife between the "leftists" and the "rightists" represented by the Croix de Fen with Its reported membership of 700.000 was averted by (he announcement by the government that the Fascist organization would be permitted to continue as a "political party" on the condition that It drop all semblance of a "private militia." In Spain striken Involving CO.ntW) workers broke out In the province of Andalusia. Strong detachments of police and civil guards were on duty to curb rioting and violence. TIMES-NEW- ".I'M im i NEPHI. UTAH S. mini iff mm m0mtt!m''mmmmrmmmmmmmmmmmiimmfmmmrmmmwimmmm National Topics Interpreted by William Bruckart National Prew Bulldlnv ILJ ... .''A. Shooting tha Rapids Pmpar. il by W,,liinfc-i,ii-, National Ciocra.phlo l. a. W.N'U Society, TVlc. truins, and private BL'SSKS, are disgorging gay and hotels, streets, and public buildings are bulging with enthusiastic humanity as Washington meets the annual mussed attack of spring and early summer visitors. OLI.OWING the lead of Great Timid grammar school students, Britain, the United States for clinging to more worldly adults; mally revoked all sanctions Imposed high school graduates, who have against Italy during the recent been saving for a tour of the" city consctiool throughout their four-yea- r flict A proclamaterms; and adults whose budgets tion by President met excursion transportation rates Koosevelt declared are Inspired by the wonders of their all previous com- - Capital. munications dealing Handsome new government build( wiui me saie oi ings, museums, art galleries, beaumunitions of war, tifully landscaped parks; broad, loans and travel by d avenues; Mount Vernon, Americans on Ital- - Arlington, the graceful, Gothic limeian ships was re- stone bulk of the Washington cathevoked. dral wiiere Woodrow Wilson Is the Although great churches, and the Stanley sanctions were buried, city's splendid educational and Baldwin both against Italy scientific Institutions are the chief and Ethiopia, In practical applicaof Interest to the brief vistion they were used only against objects itor. Italy, since the United States dio Unfortunately many of this group not supply the African nation with one of the most striking scenic miss war materials and the any empire of Halle Selassie had no ships of features near the Capital the Great Falls of the Potomac In nearby VirIts own. The French cabinet agreed to ginia and Maryland, and the river's abide by any action which the gorge. The broad, calm stream that flows by Potomac park, separating League of Nations may take In canWashington and Virginia, narrows sanctions celling against Italy. The British government's deci- suddenly above the city. Its shores sion to abandon sanctions was de- change from bottom lands and gently rolling hills to take on the sternfended In an address by Prime Miner aspect of palisades, cut at ister Baldwin as the only alternaIntervals by deep gullies, tive which would prevent a suicidal war plunging western civilization through some of which small streams gnter the river In tumultuInto "barbarous anarchy.. ous cascades. Baldwin asserted: On the Virginia side, where the "WTe think It is right to drop sanctions because they are useless cliffs rise almost sheer from the water's adge, these ravines are so steep and ineffective. "There is only one way to alter and so numerous that a Journey the course of events as they have along the bluffs entails more travel thus far taken place. That is by go- vertically than in a horizontal direction. ing to war. "I do not know a single nation In The Three Sisters. Europe that Is prepared for that I Just above the handsome Francis would not cast my vote for that Scott Key bridge and the old Aquecourse of action." duct bridge, which formerly carried a canal across the river, the trio of Jagged rocks known as the Three Seventy-fourt- h congress THE after a session lasting Sisters recall a romantic legend of five and a half months during which the Red Men who once roamed it appropriated nearly $10,000,000,-00- these rugged shores. According to the tradition, these and was faced by some unexrocks mark the place where the pected legislative complications. three daughters of an Analostan In the closing hours the emergency tax bill which is expected to chief were caught In a whirlpool produce $800,000,000 In revenue was and dragged to their watery grave. passed. Supreme court Invalidation They were paddling across the rivof the AAA and Guffey coal bills er, so the story goes, to a secret and the passage of the cash sol- tryst with their Powhatan lovers on diers' bonus over the President's the Virginia shore; but the river veto upset the budget plans and demons Intervened and, after acmade such a bill necessary. complishing the destruction of the the three gloomy Although It was passed by the sisters, to causedfrom the spot where rise house, the amended Guffey coal bill rocks bodies sank beneath the waves. their remove to the designed objections and The Maryland Virginia of the Supreme court failed of pasJoursage In the senate. Similarly, the shores converge rapidly as one miles a Wagner slum housing bill, which neys up the river, until arefew separathad passed the senate, failed in the above Washington they ed by less than 100 feet of water, house. now swift and turbulent. Larger than normal appropriaAbove Little Falls, which Is a tions for governmental activities were passed. The bonus, farm pay- series of rapids, the river widens ments, relief and the greatest na- again. Numerous Islands spangle tional defense program In peace the Maryland shore, while Virginia's time history helped swell the total. cliffs become wilder and more a more Funds for continuing the present rugged. The waters pursueIt Is relief program were voted ; the pub- leisurely course here, but the only storm, lic works revolving fund was a temporary calm before they amended to permit more heavy con and 15 milesa above the Capitalover a plunge struction projects. But congress gather for majestic Potoall the which wall of granite failed to approve the Florida ship ages of work has been unable canal and Passamaquoddy tide dam. mac's to wear down. Invalidation of the AAA brought These falls offer a scene of imn revised and expanded soil con grandeur. Heaps of rocks pressive servntion and domestic allotment are scattered about enormous grannet; the rural electrification admin ite bowlders and Jagged reefs of istratlon and electric farm and as if some Titan of long ago home authority were both placed on gneiss had vented his wrath by upheaving a permanent basis; the Commodity the crust of the earth itself. The Credit corporation was expanded; wilderness of the place, as the watwo flood control bills were passed. ters churn and boll g In their Labor received attention through Is rocks. with the warfare the Walsh-Healbill dealing with comparable only to some of the working conditions on government larger mountain canyons of the contracts. A compromise ship sub West and Is hard to conceive as besidy bill was rushed through in the ing within a few miles of the Capclosing hours. Financial legislation ital city. included expansion of the Jurlsdlc The Gorge and Old Canal. tion of SEC Important among bust ness legislation was the Patman bil Normally the river here tumbles aci through a rather narrow channel amending the Clayton anti-trus- t in Its race for the Chesapeake, but regarding price discrimination. when spring melts the mountain A number of Important bills failed of enactment Among these wen snows and deluged valleys pour the Pettinglll long and short hauh their overflowing streams Into its npper reaches, the falls become a bill, stockyard regulation, Frazler Lemke farm mortgage bill, and bill; swirling flood that rages from shore to shore with a roar that may be r on the week, extension oi for miles. the railroad tenure, beard and Ohio old The anti-wa- r alien profits, deportation, oenaL which Chesapeake the Potomac paralleled of the federal trade enlargement commission's power and treasury from Georgetown np to and on beyond the falls, was begun about the agency service. same time as the Baltimore and F Italo-Ethlopl- t, x tree-shade- fre-que- ut 0 never-endin- y Thursday, July 2. 1938 The Republicans Washington. and the Democrats have their Pres--. identlal tickets. All Set for The elephant and tha donkey have Big Race their Jockeys for the campaign. Tlie tumult and the shouting and the blistering, withering fire of politics, have begun. It Is a long way to the finish line where the checkered flag falls for the winner of the race. But the big fight Is really on and It is Interesting as well as significant to note bow it has BtartedV of the Upper Potomac It Is always a sure sign that leaders and fear opparty Ohio railway, and there was once a ponents when respect start a camthey keen rivalry between them for the paign with a declaration that the freight traffic between Washington enemy Is weak; that his selection and Cumberland, Md. But the "Iron resulted from chicanery or boss-ishorse" outdistanced the faithful or that the particular candiplodding mules of the towpath, and date selected has been put up at a the canal Is no longer In operation. sacrifice. That ia what has hapHowever, transportation's loss has pened already in the current cambeen the gain of thousands who paign, and you can expect It to know and love the hike along the continue because it la stating no setowpath, with Its great trees and cret to disclose that the New Dealthickets fringing the still waters of ers fear Gov. Landon of Kansas, the canal, while here and there a the Republican nominee, and that berock, bolder than the Republican leadership, the rest, Juts out like some minia- neath the surface, are wishing for ture Lorelei. a clairvoyant or crystal gazer to Where Cabin John creek comes tell them how much of a chance down to the river, man has carried they have to beat President-candidat- e a road across the precipitous valley Franklin D. Roosevelt on one of the world's largest single Of course, no astute political obspans of masonry. In the spring- server would dare predict at this time, however, this valley Itself Is of stage of the game who the winner far greater Interest than Its bridge. will be. On the other hand, it Is Ferns and wild flowers adorn it in part of the psychology of the game profusion, and the delicate pink of politics for politicians to claim blossoms of the laurel nnd notched everything in sight I know white flowers of the dogwood dapple that each side expectslet, a real batthe greening hillsides harmoniously. tle, a horse race. The November result Is pretty likely to be deterGood for Biological Study. One of the many Interesting fea- mined by events of the next two time, tures of the Potomac gorge is its months. willAt the end of that some trends be and peculiar situation biologically. In appraisal of the evident campaign will be the cool shadows of its steep cliffs claims and the fauna and flora of the upland possible. In the Interim, will be ofsounding phrases regions Impinge upon those of the high coastal plain to provide one of the fered by the basketful and enthusimost engaging and productive fields asm will be promoted. Yet the end, the result will not begin to be evifor biological study In the East. dent until afterward because this Plummer Island, In the river above Is the season for the tumult and Cabin John, for more than 25 years Shouting. has been in the possession of the I cannot concur in the claims Washington Biologists' Field club advanced by Postmaster already, and has served as a station for the Farley that the observation of wild life. An amaz- election Is In the bag for Mr. Roosenew of number of species ing plant more than I can believe and insect life has been discovered velt any on this Island and every precaution that Chairman John Hamilton of is taken to protect it from depreda- the Republicans is equippedhimwith to foresight enabling tion and to preserve Its value as a special say that Governor Landon is a sure natural biological laboratory. winner. The National Capital Park and I said above that the Planning commission has had a def- has all the appearance ofcampaign a horse inite program to save this region of race and a close one. To that extent as one of magnificent scenery truly is a condition much more favorthe show places of America. It rec- It able to the Republicans than obommended that the federal govern- tained three months ago when, as ment acquire the entire gorge from I if the elecI that recall, suggested the top of the Virginia bluffs to the tion were held at that time, Mr. hilltops In Maryland and from Roosevelt had a 60-4- 0 advantage Georgetown to and including Great over anybody the Republicans could Falls. name. To say now, therefore, that The commission's plans excluded the race probably will be close power dams from the area, as it necessarily indicates two things: states they would "destroy the chief unification of Republican strength, scenic values of the Great falls and some mistakes by the Demoand Potomac gorge," and, further- cratic leadership (one may propermore, are not necessary, because ly inquire what has brought abont "adequate power may easily be oth- the unification of the Repuberwise obtained at a reasonable licans). The answer seems rather cost." obvious. It is that the Republican party has been reorganized from Best in Its Natural State. Whether or not the gorge of the tip to toe. The reorganization has Potomac shall become a national been more sweeping and more effective and the result much more satpark rests with congress, which isfactory to the country than most must authorize Its acquisition beobservers had any reason political fore the Park and Planning commis- to expect I say "satisfactory to sion can proceed beyond the boundcountry" because the Repubaries of the District of Columbia. the lican party Is a major political nntt no In It could be more way Certainly at present a minority useful to the nation than In Its nat- and, though will come back to power party, state a rare ural beauty place of time. The Democrats have and a Joy forever to the rapidly in- some been a party, and the creasing population of the Washing- course ofminority human events has witton district and the never-endin- g stream of visitors to nessed it restored to power. So the people have a stake in either national the capital from all of the party, and whichever one proceeds world. to Improve its political structure is no other la city Probably capital something of vital value to either hemisphere has scenic assets giving tha country as a whole. comparable to Washington's Great falls and the Potomac gorge. The The Democratic attack on the late Viscount James Bryce, ambassador of Great Britain to the Unit- Republicans for the last sixteen ed States and staunch friend and years has been CO. P, concentrated to a admirer of America, In writing at the beauties of Washington In tha Clean House large extent on the charge that National Geographic Magazine, said 1 were "It is impossible to live in Wash- the Republicans Chairman Farley has conington and not be struck by some tinually harped on that alleged peculiar features and some peculiar condition. When the Republicans beauties which your city possesses. In the first place, its site has a did their house cleaning job im-at Cleveland, they took away an great deal . that is admirable and portant Issue from the Democrats, charming. There is rising ground but even so some of the Demoinclosing on all sides a level space, crats and some Independents like and so making a beautiful amph- Senator George Norrls of Nebrasitheater between bills that are rlca ka, refused to accept the purging with woods. as genuine. "Underneath these hills and runSenator Norrla disclosed his attining like a silver thread through the tude very definitely the other day middle of the valley is your admirawhen he broadcast a radio speech. ble river, time-wor- n Be employed the allega"The Potomac has two kinds of tion that the Cleveland convention beauty the beauty of the upper was dominated by "special interstream, murmuring over a rocky ests," and that the platform adoptbed between bold heights crowned ed there was plainly reactionary." with wood, and the beauty of the Senator Norrls has not supportwide expanse, spread out like a lake ed a Republican candidate for 12 below the city Into a vast sheet of years, although lie ran for re elecsilver. tion six years ago as a Republican. "No European city has so noble He believes in Mr. Roosevelt a' cataract in its vicinity as the insists that Mr. Roosevelt alone and can Great Falls of the Potomac a mag- save the country, nificent piece of scenery which yow It is to be assumed also that Mr. will, of course, always preserve." moss-encruste- d General-Chairma- n Wa.hlnton. D, C. Roosevelt will have the support of, the LaFollettes, Senator Bob and Governor Phil, In Wisconsin. These men, however, have labeled themselves as Progressives, and have not carried the party label of either the Democrats or Republicans. There will be others of the same warp and woof. There will be old-liDemocrats who will do as Senator Copeland of New York has done, take a walk. Alfred E. Smith la not going to support the New Dealers nor will a great many of his followers. So, It Is obvious that each party will be subjected to defections of one kind or another. ne Now, concerning mistakes that have been made: Chairman Farley made a bad mistake politically when he said that e Alfred M. don was "Just the Mistake governor of a typical prairie state." That remark has been rising to haunt the Democratic chairman almost dally since it escaped from his lips, and unless I miss my guess he will hear It repeated, thrown Into his teeth, so many times between now and November that the words will give him a stomachache qulvalent to green apples. The reasons this remark was a serious blunder are two. First and foremost is that every state In the Union rightfully has Justified pride of Its people. Its commerce and Industry and Its future prospects. Every state feels profound resentment when Its capacity to do great things Is questioned. Consequently, when Mr. Farley catalogued Kansas as a typical prairie state and Its governor as there was a surging tidal wave of resentment and It was not confined to Kansas alone. The second reason why Mr. Farley's remark cut the wrong way was that Mr. Farley Is a New Yorker and a Tammanylte. There la something repulsive to the millions of about Tammany, and a very great many residents of prairie states long have objected to the attempt of certain New Yorkers to "run things" for the whole United States. Another mistake that has been made, really a series of mistakes, is the coercion that has been permitted to go on among those receiving relief. It is not exactly fair to charge Mr. Farley and President Roosevelt with these, yet I am Inclined to believe they could have prevented local Democratic politicians from attempting to force relief clients to vote the Democratic ticket That condition has obtained in as many as fifteen states. It Is one of those things in politics that naturally causes a revulsion of feeling, yet It Is one of those things with which the leaders possibly may have had nothing directly to do. The fact that they might have prevented It and did not Is accepted by the average voter in exactly the same light as though a written order directing such procedure had been issued. The handling of the tax question by the administration In this session of congress has not been cf a character warranting too much praise. It has alienated many Influential persons who might otherwise have supported Mr. Roosevelt Lan-Som- little-know- little-know- On the other side of the picture, the Republicans can make mistakes yet, plenty of On the them. They have Other Hand an advantage over the Democrats In one regard: they have not been charged with the responsibility of government for the last three and f years, and therefore will not have to answer for mistakes in administration. It lies In the hands of the Republican managers, therefore, to prevent political mistakes between now and election if they are capable of so doing. They have started ont with an offensive campaign and have an opportunity to continue It, whereas the Democrats can conduct an offensive campaign only so long as they can avoid entering onto a defense of Roosevelt New Deal policies. I understand that the Democratic national committee Is loaded to the dashboard with material for attack, bnt from this stage of the battle It seems quite apparent that they are going to need plans for defense as well as offense, and they will not have enthusiastic support from some spots In their own army. The Democrats are prepared to attack Governor Landon on the theory that the eonntry cannot feel sure of his plans and policies; that he has done nothing to enable the country to appraise him and that there is no assurance. In event of his election, that he la a big enough man for the Job of Chief Executive. On the other hand, the Republicans can counter-attacby using the language of Senator Copeland, New York Democrat who declared that no man nor party disregarding Its pledges was to be trusted, and right there Is where the New Dealers must begin to defend. one-hal- k O Wutaro Newspaper Unloa. |