Show AND HEALTH one of alio most important subjects for the consideration of alio llio inhabitants of any populated district is the sanitary chemistry of particularly is this important to alic inhabitants of largo bilics where alio llio death ralo is increased by a number of diseases thiu have been and others that perhaps may lc traced to tlc alc imperfect and the improper supply of water good water fresh aarand sim three of natures great remedies but tacy arc not advertised by our druggists because there is no money to DC made and if they were brought more forcibly to our notice the chances aro that we would prefer somo of the more costly cures done up in bottles and wrapped in printed with the recommendations and opinions of choso who perhaps aro unconsciously maims to the patent drug wo people of alio cinc century would like caaman of old rather do some great thing than to wah and be clean the character of spring water depends waters may appear very clear and sparkling yet they may contain largo of impurities held in solution alic fact eliat the water flows through earth and gravel is enough to account for its clearness the soil although div ils impurities niters aiom it any sedimentary matter alie total quantity of dissolved impurity in spring waters varies from one or two grains to eighty 01 grains in one U S gallon cubic waters arc said to be harder soft lime palts make water hard these lime salts alio soap and destroy its detergent properties with liard water lucli more soap is necessary as some is aed up iu making alic water soft it is said that the people of glasgow in introducing the pure water of lock katrine in place of alio llio hard well water made a saving of per some hard walcey may bo made soft by boiling viz such as have bicarbonate of calcium may be boiling carbonic acid gas and forming insoluble calcium carbonate aiu settle and may be removed by filtration this explains how certain eions arc formed in aca I 1 have of incrustations more than nn inch thick aliat were precipitated in the in alic boilers of an ocean line of steamers while bicarbonate of calcium produce only temporary hardness and may be removed by boiling water is made permanently hard when the calcium is there as the sulphate organic matter is almot al ays present in water there must be a distinction made vegetable matter is harmless and the objectionable organic derived from decomposing animal and vegetable substances these last rarely occur in spring waters one word in regard to living animals and plants in water although these animals when seen under alic microscope very formidable in appearance and frightful in motion yot they are not objectionable they only inhabit very pure water the plants exercise a ami on the water by liberating oxygen it sometimes happens owing perhaps to some peculiarity of alio llio season that these little animals multiply to such an as to produce serious annoyance although our waters abc per liapi free from objectionable animal yet I 1 may pay that it is stated eliat one sixth of alio llio deaths in iceland arc caused by little animals being taken into alio llio system young leeches contained in drinking water sometimes lix on tho pharynx in algiers french soldiers were sick at ono time from this cause waters contain about alio llio same alais clais of impurities eliat springs do in addition to aliis they sometimes contain largo quantities of animal matter on account of luicir loo close proximity to cesspools ces spools privy vaults or f ewars matters while they hardy the bistu carry wi ali them deadly results to the persons using the water well in the neighborhood of araie bards often contain water contaminated with animal matter from the recently graves in 1808 a law was passed in france prohibiting alic digging uan well within metres of any cemetery very good water is of leu supplied by artesian wells when they arc bored down EO as to receive their supply of water from below a stratum of soil a drainage lakes anil ponds contain less but tho sanc kind of impurities as springs tho water from spring all los through soil from which it dissolves its much of alio lake and pond water only allows over alio surface of alic rivers or tiny rapid stream contain generally a largo of suspended matter which makes alio water liick and dark in color very little of this suspended nutter dissolves and it may be removed by filtering or allowing it to settle when those turbid streams empty into likes or ponds matter sot bics tics aca ing the lake water clear but in running streams there is no opportunity for the to settle tho water of alio mississippi contains forty grains of dmd per gallon it is that this tons of sediment per annum into alic gulf of mexico tins mini is rich in plant food anil produces fertile land tho water of rivers is often impure by receiving alio towns on its banks these impurities often miko alio water unlit to drink rivers however will purify themselves by oxidation in a clort tune alic quality is often of more importance alian the quantity of the impurity civo or sic grains of lime or magnesia will render water unlit for the cooking of some vegetables while such impurity will bo of cicat advantage when alio llio water is used for making tea or con eo soft arc generally cooking and for washing purposes and biard water for tea or catl cc it is on account of this eliat wells have 1 reputation as tea wells in years gone by there were two or three such wells in new boik city and a boy was employed by alio corporation to pump water for the the inhabitants the reason why hard water is better for making aci or bodec is because the lime salts prevent alio water from dissolving alie astringent matter contained in the tea or coll cc but it docs not prevent the extraction of tl icino larger quantities of aboc man impurities make water injurious to if it is known aliat water has n high degree of permanent hardness the chances arc that it is a bad water it will probably contain alic sulphate of lime chloride of calcium and perhaps salts of magnesium magnesium salts are especially objectionable to water and water containing even a small amount of these salts should be rejected water containing these salts causes diarrhoea when drank they arc also siinto cause dyspepsia it j supposed to be alio presence of these salts in water aliat g a swelling of the glands of die neck cretinism which is a certain kind of idiotic insanity is also referred to lie same impurities in large quantities among the inorganic impurities of water lead and copper arc often found and especially is lead found A water which acts freely upon lead is not suitable for the supply of a town as our service pipes are made of lead almost any water will act upon lead if left in contact avith it long claugh for this reason we should always empty the aliouse pipes of water which lias stood in them over before drawing any for cooking purposes lead is a cumulative poison anil a very small quantity taken into the system each daj will finally produce acad poisoning the products of the decomposition of animal mailer in water are lie most ob impurities these arc highly dangerous oven when in minute quantities they arc alio llio more dangerous because waters containing such poison in much sought after many casas of disease have been traced to alic use of water contaminated by drainage from sewers cesspools ces spools etc the old saying tharo was health in alio llio old houses while tharo is death in the new is easily explained new villages arc generally supplied with water from springs and as the number of inhabitants increases wells are used for greater convenience wells often receive from sewage and cesspools ces spools while is fro from lucli contamination the famous broad street pump in london in 1848 killed boo parsons in a single week by disseminating cholera in many deaths occurred from alie use of water from a famous pump in brooklyn all trouble was brought to an end alic health removed alio llio pump handle there arc substances dissolved in water sometimes which aro themselves harmless and yet alic should cause the water to be looked unon with great suspicion first is sodium chloride or common salt this substance may get into alic water by infiltration from the sea or from strata containing common salt but another source of chlorides in a water is by sewage although the presence of chlorides in water docs not show positively that the water is contaminated ct when found in any quantity the water must be condemned until the source of the sodium chloride lias been ascertained nitrates and nitrates nitrites ni are sometimes found in water and they may be here as the products of alio decomposition of organic matter allowing that they arc not injurious in themselves vet at once make you suspect that alic water containing them has at some time or other been contaminated organic 0 matters to a large extent impurities from factories and chemical works must sometimes be looked for but such impurities arc not to be feared in aliis country our factories arc so scattered as now alie waste products of our most important industries arc quite when diluted with much water it frequently happens that whole communities arc thrown into a state of excitement if alie water supply happens to be n ot aylor as it frequently is after a heavy storm they get nn idea that alio water ij i j poisoned and no amount of reassuring will prove alic ir erse ers e such aises occurred in new lork city or twice during alio llio late war willi the south and aliey amounted to almost a panic in now york they supposed the croton water supplies alic city to been poisoned by southerners the absurdity lies in alic fact I 1 am about to state one sixteenth grain of strychnine is necessary to poison a person that each person might get hut the water of croton lake would have to receive anil one half tons of strychnine there is not so much in abo world and it would take about yearn to procure it if arsenic were used they must have two grains for cadi person ami eliat would require tons a canal boat load before closing I 1 wish to call your attention to alic following figures ah nh show ho amount of water used per head in largo cities teta millions ri sy biorn ii orn I 1 ani malion MK lion cw i ork inn 1 11 tho auguet of has any thing to do with alio health of a nation wo arc far behind in alio days of alic cimitri boino llian sup glicr citizens limes is milar w now per capita by glicr il cila herbert 0 fools in n lecture before the flauie cleveland college |