Show MAN NOT AN ANIMAL theory of ct the state continued in an article MENTAL or BRUTES interesting 0 notes of class instruction from the B Y college FROM A LECTURE ON psychology As far as we can judge ill all tb the e I 1 mental powers manifested in brutes brute are also manifested in man and ami in both are of the sat game no kind in addition to these man has harthe the qualities fles and powers which distinguish I 1 I 1 lish a person these brutes als have not A person is a bean beina conscious of self pelf subsisting subsist subsisting in C 1 in individuality individuality lit y and n d identity identify and endowed with intuitive reason rational sensibility 1 I 1 t y and free will A person is a moral agent lie ile finds himself under obligation to obey the moral law an ali animal may may n neglect every duty required on the moral law but it cannot be a transgressor of of the law for it is constituted incapable of knowing the law and is destitute of th the qualities of a free and responsible person A person knows know those ultimate realities of reason called the true the right the perfect and the Z good an animal does not A person gains knowledge of outside things in bueb a way that he discovers the scientific principles and laws which regulate C nature and comes to know nature as an orderly system obeying laws of thought lie ile is capable of three grades of scientific knowledge which are wholly denied to brutes his nature also subjects him to influences fluen ces which come from tile the sphere of tile the spiritual ile he becomes dimly conscious in th ordinary exercise of his faculties of an unseen universe that besets him on every liand land that arouses him to take a lively interest in truth 10 and d li alight 6 bt in perfect perfection on and 1 beauty and good which chic it reason estimates to have true worth ile he has a sense of things unseen ile he becomes awnee abir e of invisible power in tho the study 0 of f science of forces atoms and others ethers which transcend the power of science and even of the imagination yet lie he is sure of their existence he becomes aware of a spiritual pre presence serce in nature the natural iii tural reveals to him the spiritual just AS tile the swan on still st marys lake floats double swan and shadow and the sense of things unseen Fonie times drifts in upon him with such appearance of reality that even the solid earth grows phan tom like in comparison the animal is wholly shut off from this sphere of feeling 0 and knowledge in mans will he is self directing self acting and free ile he makes choice and then resists icsis ts it may be all natural impulses which at the moment tend to lead him from pursuing 0 the object of his supreme choice an animal has no free wl will and no choice in tile the proper sense but follows that impulse of its nature which is uppermost at the time these distinctive qualities of man are clearly and decisively marked in each depart department men t of mind in tho the intellect the oen sensibilities and the will even io in perception man lias has power which the brute lim not the brutes mind is i like a passive recipient is active generalizing 0 and caal classifying si from tile the verv first nature acts upon brutes as un eri 1 as it does upon the planets man be beins begins ins with less skill than the brutes lie ho learns lie makes mistakes lie educates himself in III the brute nature rules and the will is no more than the impulse of nature if brutes reason they reason better chinman th than inman man the supposition proves too much they do not hesitate make mistakes or blunder th the young bee builds a perfect cell the female larva of the stag beetle about to become a chrysalis buries itself in a hole just it its s own size the male buries itself III in 1 I 1 hole twice as long for he will have horns these perfect examples can be explained by instinct why not explain other less remarkable actions by instinct human attainments are impossible to brutes the first of these is lan language c aage 0 we have seen that speech is a mental product the expression of general notions by means it is not simple communication of simple ideas that is done by inarticulate sounds and geb gestures tures language depends upon abstraction and generalization powers which brutes do not possess A brute does not change its voice one kind of brute brought t 5 up with other oilier kinds will use h hin is own language man uses the language tan guage of his associates brutes Drut eslo do riot not use tools although alt bough the hand of cheape the ape is adapted to such use brutes do not use fire all mon do brutes anaice make no progress as individuals in dividu divi duals als or us as societies man haf ha the power to fall by sin the b brute 1 has not A man may pervert abase or corrupt himself no brute has this power man has bas the power to fall from his position there here T is no disposition in brutes to act contrary to their constitution or to actions that tend to destroy the individual or the race in man alone wo we find the persistent tendency to se self I 1 f destruction man exhibits dispositions hibit li and accio actio action ns which tend to weaken ard tie destroy I 1 stroy the race and which are unnatural and monstrous men maltreat their females murder their children and kill and ea eat t each other the most loath loathsome c brutes show no tendency to such action here is something exceptional in man and explained only by his free will and moral responsibility lity if it should turn out that tb at any ny beasts have these human qualities it would simply enlarge ibe ehe number of freo free rc responsible beings it would n not ot degrade man to the brute but raibe some brutes to man RIGHTS OF 01 THE STATE CONTINUED from lectures in political science |