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Show WHAT'S WHATS ' BEHIND THE WAR IN CHINA CHINAJapanese Japanese Seek Nev New , Wealth They Failed to Find in Manchulcuo Manchukuo ; Chinese 4re Are _ Nt Not ? Yet Ready for Unified Resistance . \ " - . 1 ( . ' \ - - { y yo o : I ' I , _ . " . / \ OUTER " ' - ' - ' - . . - . . " J . MOOUTER / , MO N G 0 L J A , , , _ , ' i " 4 ' / . . c.Iiiss cIiiss yla . vasr < oc , I I _ ' I { _ P ' / ' : / . , . " , . . , . ' to . : { I ' \ \.J .J , \ . . I.J . MAN MANCtN CH : U KU K U SEA SEAoi $ E'A EA E'Aoc ' oc oi . , i ! c SUIYUAP JASUIYUAP ( ti ' . . V x : . j \ . I { JAPAN IJAPAN JAPANI JA PAN I I ' ! orovr ' , : . ? t ( . .i i ! dCNOL " E H 0 L " . .p p . .pI - . ) I 1 1r r I , .v v . r- r rC ! bukanh .vbukanh . ' IEpuf , i ir > , C , , - engf . nwnhJ Lo Leo y mwn I ' ' 2 { rr rr177c ' l ! ldyv QJh 177c 1 Q QI QS Qt S < I t II Jh hkucb Q I 3p9 G orh1HLr orh1HLrr [ . Q orh1HLrQ r T TJ J helehvlHer helehvlHerh f fSFsmd I h . . : tUtCf tCf i ! I II - ; SFsmd SFsmdi N tU tCfpngrvo /pngrvo pngrvo / . . ) - - HMK HMKow ow , , ! YELLOW , SEA SEAl l . 1TJ4o , [ I ! i iY /Y Y / > Ynkinyr nkinyr > ! I E Ea Et ECircled I II I II I I . a I t ! CIrcled on the map above are the 6\ 6 fit 6e \ e a North Chma China provmccs provinces which may be the next step m in Japanese e"Cpanslon eCpanslon cpansion c " . ByVILLIAI1 By \ WILLIAM \VILLIAI\1 VILLIAI 1 \ ' C . UTLEYJ UTLEYAPAN UTLEY ' APAN is an ambitious nation and a needy one . Her am am- ambItIon ambition ambition - JAPAN J bition is the governmental and economic leadership of ofASIa ofAsia ofAsia ASIa , or at least eastern Asia . Her needs are territory terrItoryfor territoryfor ' for an ever-expanding ever expanding ever-expandmg expandmg - population , raw materials that thather thather thather her own islands cannot produce m In sufficient quantity , markets for her manufactured goods and defense against agamst her enemies . This is why you read every few fewyearsor fewyears fewyearsor years-or years or - or even every few months monthsof months- months monthsof - of a new war scare Sl.are Slare . in m North ChIna ChInaSometimes ChinaSometimes ChinaSometimes Sometimes it is not merely a scare scarebut , but an actual war , even as today todaywhether , whether war has been officially officially"declared officially"declared officiallydeclared "declared declared " ' or notAlways not notAlways Always upon the Chinese Chmese who op oppose oppose oppose pose her gradual expansion , Japanwreaks Japan Japanwreaks Japanwreaks wreaks a vengeance which to us usacross usacross usacross across the Pacific often seems all allout allout allout out of proportion to the "aggres aggres "aggression " . sion slOn " committed by opposing opposmg her herBut herBut herBut But after each of these retrIbutIons retrIbutIonsshe retributionsshe retributionsshe she is found , when the smoke and andflames andflames andflames flames clear away , to have assumed as- as assumed as assumed - sumed domination dominahon or even actual actualcontrol actualcontrol actualcontrol control over one more piece of ter ter- territory ter- ter territory territory - - ritory . I Just how much more her influ mflu- mflu mfluence influ- influ influence influence - - ence will wlll be extended after the thepresent thepresent thepresent I theI present conflict has died out it IS ISImpoSSible isimpossible isimpossible ImpoSSible to say Indeed , , tha that t may maydepend maydepend maydepend depend upon the degree of oppo opposition opposition , sitIon she meets It I If ! the Chmese Chinese ChmesenatIonal Chinesenational Chinesenational natIonal government at Nankingunder Nankmg Nanking , , under the dictatorship of Gen Chi- Chi Chiang Chiang Chi-ang Chi ang - - ang Kai Kal shek , decides to let the thetwenty thetwenty thetwenty twenty ninth mnth army carry the mamburden mainburden mam main mainburden burden of defense , Japan will prob prob- probably prob- prob probably probably - - ably emerge with nothing nothmg more morethan morethan morethan than an extension of control to cov cov- coy- coy cover coyer cover - er the Peiping Pelpmg Tientsin Tlentsm Tientsm area andpart and andpart andpart part of the province provmce of Chahar . . If Ifhowever , however , , a China Chma now more umted united umtedthan unitedthan unitedthan than at any time since smce the downfall downfall down- down downfall - fall of the Manchu dynasty decIdesto decides decidesto to come en masse to the aid of thetwenty thetwenty the twenty ninth mnth army , Japan may at- at attempt attempt at attempt - tempt to punish China Chma to terrible terrIbledegree terribledegree degree Successful m in this , Japanwould Japanwould Japan would probably extend her domInance dominance dorm- dorm domI- domI dormnance - - - nance throughout all the five northern northern north- north northern - - ern provinces provmces and virtually all ol of olChina ofChma ofChina ' China Chma south of the Yellow rIvervalley rivervalley river valley . . Japan's Japans ' Westward WcstVward March . It I If ! Chiang Kai Kal shek does throw thefull thefull the ; full strength of China Chma at Japan it itwill itwill 11will ; will be a fight to the death Forthe For Forthe Forthe , the Japanese are full of thai that thatstrange thatstrange ; strange oriental pride which permIts permits per- per pernuts - - nuts mIts no loss of prestige They will willfight willfight [ fight China Chma to the bitter end be before before fore they will submit to . a compro- compro compromIse compromise - - - mise on their demands "Death Death " be be- be before . - ' . fore dishonor dishonors ' " is more than a slo slogan slogan slogan gan with them It is a law of na nature nature ture as inexorable as the law or of orgravity ofgravity cri crigravity [ gravity gravityThe The fighting in North China Chma to today today day is but another step in m Japan's Japans Japan'swestward Japan'swestward ' ' . westward march Earlier steps stepswere stepswere step ; . were those which resulted in control con- con control control \ - i trol , , tantamount to almexatIon annexation annexationover , , over the Chinese provinces provmces of Man- Man ManchurIa Manchuria Manchuna - churIa and Jehol For a short time timeafter timeafter ; after those steps were taken Japan Japanmarked Japa Japamarked n marked time , , strengthening strengthenmg her herhold herhold nr r hold upon these provinces , and andfortIfYing an anfortifying ancfortifying d fortIfYing her front against agamst Russia , the eternal enemy . . Manchukuo was supposed to open openup openup n up vast , , new and desirable hon- hon hori- hori honzons horizons - - zons Japan's Japans ' ' population of 70,000- 70,000 70000 70,000000 , , , - 000 was growing growmg at the rate of o t : 1,000,000 1000000 , , , a year , , her people needed neede neededmore needemore d ( more room and more raw mate mate- materials materIals materials - rials Since Smce 1931 she has poured m- m mvestments in - vestments totaling totalmg 1,400,000,000 1400000000 , , , , yei yen yen n yeninto into the puppet state Some re- re results re - - suits sults were forthcoming forthcomIng-soy forthcomIng soy - soy bean beans beansand beansand ; . and kaolaiang kaolalang , chemicals , , slight shght in- in increases increases in increases - creases in m iron ore are and coal , and anda an < I Ia a good increase mcrease mOIl in oil shale shale-but shale but shale-bu bu shalebutthese - - t these fell far short of NIppon's NIppons Nippon ' s shopes s , NIppon'shopes hopes hopesManchukuo Manchukuo was supposed to open openup opci ope n up a great new market rnarhet tor for Jnpa- Jnpa Japa Jnpanese Japanese . - nese manufactured goods , but the themcrease th thincrease e a increase mcrease in exports to the Unite United UnitedStates ( States equato equalto for 1935 over 1934 was equal equa . 1 to one third of the total exports to t o Manchukuo As a new home for forJapanese forJapanese forJapanese Japanese colonists colomsts Manchukuo waspretty was waspretty waspretty pretty much of a flop , , less than than250.000 than250000 250,000 250000 , . Japanese live l1ve there todayIt todayIt today todayIt It was apparent that Japan couldnot could couldnot couldnot not , in pursuing pursumg her hegemonic hegemomc pol- pol p01- p01 polICY pol policy p01cy - i icy cy , continue contmue marking markmg time for very verylong verylong verylong long In North China Chma were largerfields larger largerfields largerfields fields tor for her e\ports e ports e.ports eports exports \ . , , in additionthe additIon , the area was that much closer to tothe tothe tothe the grea great t market of China Chma proper properSo properSo properSo So the Japanese began to cast cov cov- covetous covetous covetous - etous eyes upon Hopei , . which m- m in- in includes mcludes in includes - cludes the cities of Peiping Pelpmg and andTlentsm andTientsin andTientsin Tlentsm Tientsin , , Chahar , , which lies hes between be- be between be between - tween Mongolia Mongoha and ManchukuoSuiyuan Manchuhuo Manchukuo , , SUlyuan Suryuan , , Shansi and ShantungThey Shantung ShantungThey ShantungThey They penetrated ( peacefully , to be besure besure besure sure ) through Hopei Hopel and Chahar Chaharuntil , until these two became practIcally practIcallyself practicallyself practicallyself self governing govermng statesAntiJapanese statesAntiJapanese states statesAntiJapanese Anti-Japanese Anti Japanese - Spirit Grows . . In Hopei's Hopeis Hopel's Hopels ' ' eastern countries , Japanese Jap Jap- JapI Japanese Japanese - I anese influence mfluence blossomed into mto a avirtual avirtual I IvIrtual vIrtual protectorate But when It itreached itreached ! reached a certain certam point pomt Japan'speaceful Japanspeaceful Japan's Japans Japan'sI Japan'speaceful Japan'speaceful ' I peaceful invasion mvaSlOn was halted With Withthe Withthe Withthe the rise rI rit > e of Chiang Kai Kal shek the theChmese theChinese theChinese Chmese Chinese were developing developmg a new newunIty newunity newunity unIty , although theyere they \ were \\ere ere \ not near near- nearly nearly nearly - ly so unified as our states are for formstance forinstance forinstance mstance instance Yet the anti anh Japanese JapaneseSpirit Japanesespirit Japanesespirit Spirit was becoming becommg more wide wide- widespread widespread widespread - spread and more open It probably prob probably probably ably culminated culmmated in m the skirmish be- be between between be between - tween Chinese Chmese and Japanese atMarco at atMarco a1Marco Marco Polo bridge , , the ince mClpent mClpentWhICh incidentwhich ent entwhich WhICh gave rise to the present presentgra presentgrave presentgrave gra grave ve CrISISIt crisisIt crisis crisisIt It is assumed by many observers observersin observersm m in the Far East that the incidentwas incident mCldent mCldentwas v/as v as was / seized upon by Nippon as anexcuse anexcuse an excuse for further Japanese mva- mva inva- inva mvasion invaSIOn invasion - - sion on the pretext of retahatlon retaliation retahatlonhlch retaliationwhich , , \\hlch hlch which \ would extend Japanese con- con control control con control - trol ovei ovel the five North Chma China Chmastates Chinastates Chinastates states and even to the south , eventually eventually even- even eventually - - tually Others contend that Japan's Ja Ja- Ja Japan's . - - pan's pans ' immediate objective is thestrengthenmg thestrengthening the strengthening strengthenmg of her grip on Hopei Hopeiand Hopeiand and Chahar only . . Yet it et cannot be overlooked thai that thatthe thatthe the other three provinces provmces hold rIch rIchprIzes richprizes richprizes prIzes for Tokyo Shansi Shansl containsmore contains contams contamsmore more than half of the coal InChIna in inChina China , the other northern provinces provincesare provincesarc are capable of great cotton produc produc- production production production - - tion for Japanese industries andfor andfor and for the manufacture of gunpowder gunpowderso , , so essential to a militant natIon natIonJapan nationJapan nationJapan Japan once imported the bulk of the thecotton thecotton cotton crop of China Chma , which is third tlurd tlurdm thirdin in m the world's worlds ' production ; ; but ChI- ChI ChIna China China - - na began to restrict her cotton cottonexports cottonexports cottonexports exports to Japan and left the lattel latter latterm latterin in m a baday bad \ way \\ay ay xay . Suiyan SUlyan Suryan and Chahar are e"Ctremely eCtremely e'ctremely " ' e"Ctremelyimportant e'ctremelyimportant important to Japan'3 Japan3 Japan's Japans ' mlhtary military mlhtarystrategy strategy , for they would act as an anefficIent anefficient efficient buffer along the left Sank flank flankof of her Asiatic front , , greatlystrengthening greatly greatlystrengthening greatlystrengthenmg strengthening strengthenmg her position on themainland themainland the themainlandOn mainland mainlandOn On the other side of these prov prov- provmces prov- prov provinces - - ' inces mces lies lles Sovictized SovietIzed Mongolia Mongoha Th The Theterrain Theterrain ( terrain of Suiyuan Smyuan Suryuan and Chahar , , partl partly ) . included mcluded m In the Gobi desert , , is wild and nnd difficult , , and nnd withoul without withoutsatIsfactory withoulsatisfactory satisfactory transpoitation transportation trnnspol tatlon facilitIes facili- facili facill- facill facilities facillties - - ties It would take only a sin-ill sin ill sm111 smZll - , , well trained tramed Japanese army to pre- pre prevent prevent - - vent penehation penehatlOn penetration by the Russians Russiansand RussIansand Russiansand and to prevent the spread of com- com coin- coin communism coinmonism - . munism monism Further , the Japanese , , m in mposseSSIon ir possession of these two provmces provinces , , could then put an nn end to their thclr useas useas use useas as a base for communist guerillawalfare guerilla guerillawaitarc guerillawarfare waitarc walfare warfare against agamst Manchukuo Manchulmo D4anchulcuo and Je- Je Je - hoi hol hot Jehol . Railroads RaUroads Key to Control . , On the peninsula penmsula of Shantung are andthe arethe the rich Yellow river valley and an d the ports of Chefoo Cheoo [ , Weihaiwci WelhalwcI Weihaiwei and an anc d Tsingtao Tsmgtao Tsengtao With Hopei Hopel and ShansiShantung ShansI ShansiShantung , , , Shantung forms the transportationcenter transportatIon transportatio transportatIonccnter transportatiocenter n ccnter center of North China Chma In posses- posses possesSIon possession posses.sion possession - . - SIon of the peninsula pemnsula Japan woul woulbe would wouldbe wouldbe d be in a position to control the Gulf Gulfof Gu Guof Gullof if of Chihh Chlhl1 Chihli and the Yellow seaKey sea seaKey seaKey Key to domination dommatIon of China Chma is Its Itsrailroad itrailroad it s ; ; railroad system Who controls the theraIlroads th thrailroads therailroads e > raIlroads can control the territorythey terrItory terrItorythey territor territorthey y they ; serve ccrve It may be seen scen upon uponthe upo upothe uporthe n the accompanying accompanymg map how th thrailroads the therailroads therailroads e ; railroads of North China Chma radcatfrom radIate radcat radIatefrom radiatefrom e ; from the area about Peiping Pelpmg and andTlentsm an anTientsin andTientsin Tlentsm Tientsin Once Japan is in ill com- com corn complete cornplete cornplete - - plete control of this area her mflu- mflu mfluence infl inflence influence u- u - - ence could follow the rails to theimportant the theImportant th thimportant e 1 Important city of Kalgan in Chahar Chaharand Chaharand , and from Cram there to Paotow in m SUI- SUI SUIyuan Su Suyuan Suiyuan i - - yuan , into mto the southwest over the thePClpmg th thPeiping thPeiping e ( 2 PClpmg Peiping Hankow railway r311way to Shi Shikiachiang ShIh- ShIh ShIhklachlang Shinkiachiang h - - |