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Show -: ';:-Jt, ""MMn Wa It ; ' ! A' ta Experiments by the ! , Jr.: Government Plant 0. Bureau Give Yield f of Plant Life Out of . ' f Season by Regulating Exposure to Light ' ,f ' 'te' Government Plant ; . : I m; r1) yp-Bureau Give .Yield- " . Ni m r-- t ' ;" wlK; Exposure to Light v-: - w .. m wrnA . Mi tT- I. A mk s $$w Vv-?r oil ' :. a :...'.:: ! a .:r.;. a Big m Vi- ' Wi ' ' forcing pl.nte. At aundown ' ,M'aV. .Sk$8fc$k ' the light! arc turned on, giving yfcWfr3M n MWr-AOf f - , A ! r ' 'J' ' th. pl.nt on which the .'pari! ' , . ' V V &. ( ' '-' I - ' M1' ' ment U being made illumine- ' K2k W ' yV-v? -V ' ) Lil ' tion for eighteen to twenty . fOGlA WWl'.' 'Y" ' I hour., day fi . Vij' Hl VLT' ,VAVi hubMn attributed to high tr".(u-4 Wf v ' C ' e-fX '. But tf the dally exposure to l!Kht ht ri- MHrVM-' jiVf2-V;-irlU 1' : ' - ,' Vary Intemtlng a. practical arr!U W A9fdSJrl -: ' ' , " " aatlon of tha lda here act forth la tha ' I W'MW 'IfM : 1 ; . .. . cm of a aawkind of tobacco which d ' nV J VW 7 "t?lXmlM V llTk. W ' J I ; Tha ballroom In tha homa of valopad aa a "iporf om. y,ra in ' r.P?'-! VVvVJ'vW N5 J "tJflfVFMrfrrl-' ilvMl -.V - '..-;,..-- Plarw S. dtt Pont, Ungweod. Boutharn Maryland. It la g :nt to. V IVlC-. t-W (, ilraWfe :WM - V-' 4 ' I A.p-.b.l.t Of . garden. m wi(h et fue. &" Ir7f - .:'V" " 1 . . Th. room. In which . eOtdoMr.o,flow,r.t.U,orMUt. 'Vg.yV V xA JJWii-' ' ' jK VV min ' - "'. " fl,OUMin1 ue, roy nt- that tha eeed does not mature.. Tha wa. - aiiy 5f flV'ff' - ' VW' VCiTf ? - :,! '' 1 'I 'V tained at ona Uma, la part of war daya ara too kmg It needa ahort.f V "- J' '7 ? W ' Y. -Ji -A I K Wi ' - '": V'? -r-Vi;-:-;'!. . . - ;ifj v , ebrtac). to Itl cultivation; but row tha JI ' 24, 1,V UBft--JZWr f - ''(IS1' i-V ' Ml with a powerful alectrle aearcMlgM, ' rariaty la grown In Florida in wlnUr- " SI ; ; if. - OT.Wlr -:Jlf-;IVTfV A' ',) U , wWe M mada t throw and bold It tlma, and, with tha advantage of .hor .til. ' rl XWxS 'lfo?9 .AW'X'W ,fM '.VtXV.i'i! 1 ! ; f.JVh Brilliant beam upon a ptant growing ouU daya, tt beara plenty of aeed. au,.plyiig T I 11 - ' Nji. ilMKl)&XX'VmW&- ' . A Pl ft' Ul.' l doora I. the bright aummer aunahlne. the requlremenU of Maryland tobacc I 1 . "'I W 'I J i fcUT; SW'ii CTi7;illllli'')lMl'- l WtMl of aunahlne, with artificial lllu- - ' K' J I I iflllll' l IT "IMMW 'Vl i 1 ' '- "PT.dded. Agalnln thi. e... pyZRY .pecle. of pl.nt ha. It. own XkJZ2si y VI II ll Af "'''.A. V r 111 ! ther. wa. no effect upon the time of L AAto, flowering and , - jcS M mr Xrm,,. V VI' H'V H ' - "T"' tH J 7' Th,,n,t fruiting. Soma bav. axception.1 UUtud. : V Q.. i TO -ff ' ' . i 'MC gld no benefits and. a. wa. found. ta .peet, th,Ir r,pPductiv. ,ctiv. VT It . WJy F' W ' ' many b,r. of wpoaur. U ltim tonUnuing . thro.gh , a.v.ral rMVA r V J&F? WVV I ' M Z ' f 1 ' l"h ? ,to ."l!;1 Hence they ar. MIM "r- "rlf j, V- I K AN $ Via. ' 1 -5r"V-- W Z'i tl ' In T, H ' bloomera" ar "eTer-beareri." A well- : ' fUJf I'! K -Wjtf tf.Wfe I , wraklU.- known variy af Hrawberry U a not (k'lJ lU a ' W"? ' tsfia w'-' i ! The toamoa require, eomparatlrely worlh iMmpifc . . LM1 1 yf V'w-i Lr- ,bort lB ord" flowr Whlch In order to apply the new knowWre jtflli S-JXsfiV&rt " ' ' liSr t YSH ":i I. tha reaaon why It doe. not bloomln ,0C.M,fuily, t will be nece.aary fnr tha 0tr tlr ' ' ''rLlfAl $r W 4CA t the .ummer nonth.( tha daya ara too hortlculturlrt to be acquainted with the '-JMril.-'lJ MiAHkf JLW V tF!L M long. The bright-bued polnaattla la for day-length for each kind of plant ' V i W 'X - WJ'- 7f "M0" " Wlnt" ""T" V'?T that be grow. With thi . ,! pmcnt ' ttlV M tl i; .a4V 7 Ml' ' Om-- Urly aaiaUdln onr mind, with th. of lnfonnon, h. can w.k. hf. flower. Miiyi Vt-ftlHf''? r-" - fiB Chriatma. Mn. But th. expert, by bloom and htaveUble. and amill fruit. (rRiLt 'T Vfr- A V 'iLf - reducing tha day-length to ten hour. fptn whenever ha wanta them. But a. - Tif VVS-a- j tJMt - have produced beautiful polntia. In banning ha. bn med. I ' JZW"- KulfWiP " T 'WrffiMWs ' June. July and Augu.t rtudy of tha .ubject, and not for a good lr rf J J -AL- SvlhM ' ' - By putting It through freak treaU while will it ba worW out In .uch v 'II " ?lJtT ffflM'lh - 1 ment, tbey produced ceamoa plant thorough faahlon that tha principle, in- "ajJ-rXV ' t TA.i-V S A taanm n1n J.U j l. ISfUon feet high. It la a ahort-day volved can ba aztonvely applied In 'XTiA- tCS TVOW , A eo,o. plant devalopad by ,p,cl, and tharafor. do not bloem practical way. v . . , Vlll, ft-S-iSV K nrUficially lengthening tha day. until Beptembey. But thi. plant wa. One advantage gained by the dleeovery ..,. W fTWv . haa attainad height of fifteen kept awake y.UmaticaUy overtime, la that it wlU enable plant-breeder, ta t m l 4. I MS, I '. v jNNtATOi. V . f.., Started In tha rroenhouaa In November, nil.' nl.nt. that flnw . Tha ballroom in the home of Pierre 3. du Pont, Longwood, Pa., ia magnificent example of the poeeibilitiee of glaaa garden big.- Tha room, in which a (houaand gueate may be entertained enter-tained at ona time, ia part of : tha conaervatorjr with a powerful electric aearehlight, ' which wa. made to throw and bold It. brilliant beam upon a plant growing out. doora ta tha bright aummer aunahlne. . Thua th. plant wa. expoaed to a maximum maxi-mum of aunahlne, with artificial Illumination Illu-mination .uperadded. Again In thi. eaae there wa. no affect upon the time of flowering and fruiting. The plant gained no benefit; and, a. wa. found, 'many hour, of .xpoaura ta tha excea. light had a tendency to etunt growth. In aoma Inataacea the plant, thua treated were killed. " The Coamoa require, comparatively abort day. la order to flower. Which I. tha reaaon why It doe. not bloom In tha .ummer month.; tha day. ara too long. The bright-bued polnaattla la for the earn, reaaon a winter flower particularly particu-larly aeeociated In our mind, with the Chriatmaa eeaeon. But the expert, by reducing the day-length to ten hour, have produced beautiful polneettia. in June, July and Auguat By putting it through a freak treat, ment, tbey produced a ceamoa plant fifteen feet high. It la a .hort-day .peclee, and therefore doe. not bloeeora until September. But thi. plant wa. kept awake ayitematically overtime. Started In the rreenhouae In November. Big aearchliht. are used in forcing planta. At lunJown tha light, ara turned on, giving the plant on which the expert- -ment ia being made illumination illumina-tion fur eighteen to twenty hour. day t ha. been attributed to hl(;h temp-retur, But if the dally exposure to IV t be reduced re-duced to eight or nine houri, the drv' p-metit p-metit of the flowering it-mi ia t delayed, and excellent roeettra are pro. dured. Very Intrreatlng a. a practical arr!. cation of th. id.e here act forth la the caae of a new kind of tobacco which developed de-veloped aa a "iport" aoma yeara -o in goutharn Maryland. It la a f ant to. baeco plant, aometimr. having ai niry a. 100 Iravea, and i. cailrd the "n -mw moth." Though grown with great uo eeea, It doea not flower at all, or ao late that the aeed doe. not mature., The turn, mer day. ara too loniri it needi hnrtr day. to puah it to flowering and f-uit. Ing. Thi. for a while a e'riou. Obataele to It. cultivation; but now the variety I. grown In Florida in wintertime, winter-time, and, with the edventage of thort day., It bear plenty of eeed, .upplj-ing th requirement of Maryland tobacce planter. 17VERY apecle. of plant ha lt own choaen day-lenirtk for flowering and fruiting. Soma have exceptional latitude In thi reipect, their reproductive activ. I tie. continuing . through , aeveral montha. Hence they are called "ever, bloomer." ar "ever-bearer." A well-known well-known variety ef etrawberry la a note, worthy example. In order to apply the new knewleVe ueceasfully. It will b. neceeaery for th. bortlculturlat to be acquainted with the proper day-length for each kind of plant that be growa. With thi. equipment of Information, he can make hi. flower bloom and hi. vegetable, and email fruit. ' ripen whenever ha wanta them. But a. yet only a beginning ha. been made In -etudy of the .ubject, and not for a good while will it be worked out In auch thorough faahlon that tha principle involved in-volved can be extenaively applied in practical way. , One advantage gained by the dleoovery I that it will enable plant-breeder, ta i "mete nl.nt. that flnwa. aft Hiff.Mk A coamoa plant, developed by . artificially lengthening tha day, ha attained height of fifteen (... Juet pick out tha month of th year you want any fruit . : V or flower and then produce it to your order by eub- h)f 4 Jacting tha plant to light raya at night when tha plant ia auppoaed to be aleeping. or hide the plant away in ' i atygian darkneaa and retard it development until tha debited of it fruition thi i the plan being worked out by Wah- ington expert. Midcummer planta in midwinter, or vice verea, iA overcome and mankind aupplied throughout th yew according to hi deurea, U the promiae of theae horticultural ' axperta ' are expoeed to daylight for only tea hours. Th urn thing can be don with any of our autumn-flowering plant. All of them can be made to bloom In .ummer by shortening their time of daily ex-poaure ex-poaure to daylight. On the other hand, there are many planta whose flowering occur in early spring, inch a the crocus, trailing ar-. ar-. buttta, wild violet and forsythl. W think of their bloaaom only In connection connec-tion with th annual awakening of nature. But why do they choose that see son for blooming T Because they ara "long-day" plant; they need the lengthened length-ened daya of spring to force them into flower TJUT any of the planta that flower ia spring or summer can be forced to bloom in midwinter, under glass, by artificially ar-tificially lengthening their day. Thi ia accomplished by exposing them, after eundown. to electric light, Flowering, ef course, I followed by fruiting; ao that where vegetable and amall fruit growa under glaaa ara coo. earned, adoption of these method, ea- able, the grower to mature hia product at whatever seasons he prefers. It is not ; merely a choice between winter and spring, or summer and fall; be can pick out any month in the year for the ripening ripen-ing of any fruit or vegetable. All ha be to do ia to control tha day-length ' suitably, by the means above described, and tha affair will arrange itself. Tha dark houee used by th expert ef th Plant Bureau haa no window. '. It I pitch-dark inside. Ventilation I provided for by a current ef air which, - entering at the floor level, pause out through the roof. At the front ara wide doors, through which, when ewnng out- ' ward, tha wheeled track carrying the planta ar run out Into the open en steel rail, or run back. ' CUNLIGHT I much mora powerful la summer than in winter, and much ' richer in certain kinds of ray. Thi fact, it wa thought, might perhap in-. in-. flue nee flowering and fruiting. To teat , the question, verioua experiments war tried. The plant were covered with : cheesecloth ; they were kept ander red . glsat; they were kept under blue glass . oat in the open, that is to say, and in tea , greenhouse. But there was no effect upon the time of flowering and fruiting. Lfftgtk of day and nothing else con. trolled results. . Most intareetiag were experiments the allowance of sunahin given it by nature wa supplemented . by several hour of electrical illumination dally, from sundown to midnight. In Mey it was transplanted to the open, and, of course, was thereafter expoeed pt long days all the time antil fall. By that time, . thanks to tea month ef long daya, which encouraged vegetative growth, ft bad at tained a ma ting else. Bat the shortening September day forced It Into flower, at the usual season. By the help, ef thi new discovery, florist will be able to produce rnid-ummer rnid-ummer flower in midwinter, and vice vena. The Irl bloom In May or June. It can be forced to blossom in December by exposing It to electric light le lengthen its dsys. On th. other hand, experiment ex-periment hv proved that tha common wild aster, which flower In September,' can be made to bloom three month earlier by reducing It daily allowance of daylight to seven hours. Many autumn-flowering planta ara readily forced into blossoming and fruiting fruit-ing ia the hottest part of summer by the simple expedient of cutting down their daylight allowance. Their normal habit ' in this regard is due merely to the shortening short-ening of the days in fall; cool weather has nothing whatever to do with it. Ordinarily, spinach cannot be successfully suc-cessfully grown for the table la the summer sum-mer months, because it quickly gose to teed, in steed of forming the desired rosette of large leave. Hitherto thi -'A seasons. They can croea-breed a plant that flowers in June with another that flower ia December thi. being accomplished accom-plished aimply by making the December plant bloaaom in June, or vice vera. Or, If they choose, they eon make both of them flower In August. VfJt IN8TINCTIVELT think of too. perature aa the cause of the flowering and 'fruiting ef plants. In particular, wa associate tha opening ef spring flow. en with th warming ef th earth that follows tha chill of winter. But this ta a mistak.i the phenomena ara controlled by day-length. - Temperature. In any month have rather wide variation, but there is one change which from season to mb proceed with absohrt regularity. It I the change in length of day and eight. At Waahington, D. C, tha time between sunrise and sunset ranges from nearly fifteen hours In lata June to about nine and a half heun at Chriatmaa. Within the two extreme, (which vary ' with latitude, of course) the day. of the year are of all degrees of length. Each kind of plant haa.it own preferred day. length for flowering and fruiting. But In the equatorial bait all day are of ' the seme length twelve hour, ef die-light die-light and twelve hours of night. Thus, "ever-bloqjnlng" and "ever-bearing" are usual characteristics ef planta in that tone. They flower and fruit all the ycat round. t I TEVELOPMENT af new discovery f by tha Government Plsnt Bureau i rseidars it easily practicable to force al most any plant to flower and fruit at ' any Mason In any region, if glass protection pro-tection ba provided during tha winter k month. . Ciaaa gardening a an Industry ha . mad great itridas in thi country within Meant year for th production of vegetable, veg-etable, fruit and flower. In the neighborhood neigh-borhood ef our large centers of population popula-tion enormous areas ara under glass, ; their output supplying the city markets. It la easily understood how advanta-. advanta-. geous it will be to glass gardeners to be able to mature their products at any ' date they choose. To accomplish that, all that la neeeesery Is to control the length ef the day thst Is, to lengthen ar shorten by artificial mean the number of hours ef sunlight to which tha plant are ex- . lod. Why do planta flower and fruit at th times thsy do, at certain seasons f Owing to variationa of temperature? No. Temperature may retard or accelerate the process somewhat, but tha real causa is length of day. Take for example the chrysanthemum. Why doea It not flower in tha summertime? summer-time? Because it is waiting for cool autumn weather? Not at all. It doea not floeter in eununer because the' aummer aum-mer day ara too long. The abort fall day puah It into bloom. Experiment made by the Government plant growers have proved that chrys-anthenrama chrys-anthenrama will bloom, in midluly if the day, for them, ara shortened to ten boun during two month before thst date. To ahorten the days is ssy anough. All that is accessory is to run the planta (growing in pots or- boxes, en wheeled tracks) into a dark bouse. If they ara , run out of tha dark house into the open at 7 A. M, and run back at S P. they CesrrlsM. WU. r rakus LaSew CaBsaar |