Show AND BALLOONS MYSTERY OF ANDREES ANDREE'S FATE Arctic explorers of long lane experience smile cynically call when hen other methods for or reaching the polo poJo than by boat Lout or sledge aro are iu estell The Tho thin ice in inho inthe the tho ho open sea the tho rough ice floes and aud tho the an and hummocks of nf ice ico that bur bar burho hartho tho ho path and make travel slow and D precarious pro pre carious offer obstacles that can never nover b 1 boat bont c bo e overcome overcome- except by or the they hey declare and fI say pay that mechanical lower will wilt never m make ke a II Successful nf of tho the frozen north Theoretical explorers havo o projected their heir i ideas in man many channels Steam leam has hias las been suggested but this has prompt prompt- ly Jy y been cast east aside o us ns unfeasible because be be- cause causo of or tho great weight an and bulk buk of coal oal Gasoline has aI also o been It has hns been shown that O JaE-O gasoline me engines en cn- gines tines of toda today have not been perfected to o tho ho point where here they the will bo ho of ma ma- materm term erial use usa in tho the conquest st of tho the north Tho The automobile which is is today the highest example of the successful use ISO of or gasoline as n motive motivo power suffers no ito such shocks in its roughest traveling over o the roads of civilized lands ans as nl w bc be met by the sledge Jo or boat by power iu in the Iho realms of or ice and snow The Tho automobile I oven even in tho thu best of oC hands lands frequently suffers a minor mis mis- mis- mis lint Imp mp from no s serious er cause that delays s ho tho machine machine- for a i few fo minutes while repairs Ire are being made Engine Engino Would Freeze Iu In the thc event that gasoline w were re used for or power in tho tim ice fillds of the tLe north and the mechanism should be put out of commission lion it would bo be necessary to o stop the engines In the extremely cold weather of oC tho the far fur northern latitudes lati lati- tudes the tho engine would I freeze in in an almost incredibly short time tune It w would uld bo be jo virtually impossible to stars Starl again un indor nailer er such circumstances After tho the failure of or Buchanan and IntI Franklins Franklin's expedition in in ISIS it was thought ht for for- some home time that the obstacles ob oh- staches in the way of penetrating to the therole pole iole ere tt-ere insurmountable by reason of role the he over ever changing lII methods of travel that would be necessary ar because of tho the constant coustaut shifting hit in front from the ice to the water and back to the ice ice William Scoresby mate of a G Greenland Green Green- land Ian whaler clearing front from Hull HuH evolved d front from rom experience in polar seas the tho theory theor- that the journey to the tho pole would be po possible ibl without great reut danger cr h h the of oC a vehicle which could be used either cither a as a fa sledge or as a boat When in in uso use as a sledge sled o dogs do s would supply supply sup up ply pIr the thc power The Tho animals bein being light in weight could be he carried currie when the vehicle ve chick c hicle hick Wl was used as a boat beat Sledge Boats Tried This ilea idea was conveyed to the AVer AVer- society and Captain Parry Parn who started on h his s voyage of exploration tion in inthe tho the made u use e of ScoreSby's idea Ills Ilis outfit was supplied with these sledge boats boat but tho the convenience offered offered of of- feted b by being able to change from front a aland aland amini land mini vehicle to a water craft was counterbalanced coun coun- by other difficulties and tn after reaching north latitude o S S- S degrees c rees 40 minutes Captain larT Parry larry gave Jave up the quest The first serious attempt to uso use a steamboat in arctic exploration was in when the Polaris under command command com cont- mand of Capt Charles Fraucis Francis Hall hail sailed without great difficulty difficult through h Smiths Smith's Sound bound in Kano Kane sea sa and through h Kenne Kennedy r an and channels into the tho polar sea The Polaris reached north nl ui th latitude Sil 82 8 degrees 11 minutes Wellman Studies Air Currents Walter a well known American Amerlean Amer Amer- lean ican explorer was amon among the thc first to take tako seriously the tho suggestion of reaching reach reach- in ing the tho polo b by balloon is is no in polar in polar exploration Ho lie reached rached latitude 81 Si northeast of or Spitzbergen Spitzbergen Spitz Spitz- bergen in 1894 bv by b tho the ordina ordinary method of boats bosts and Ho lie led er an expedition to Franz ranz Josef Jose lan land eleven elc years n ago o and anti di discovered many new islands On this trip ho lie ho r reached one degree nearer the tho polo than he lie had attained It was on this latter trip that Mr Wellman continued hi his of tho air currents of ot the polar regions and came camo cameto cameto to the conclusion that a II current of air would ea carry cany a n balloon over the supposed sito situ of tho the pole hole Upon announcing this theory to the scientific societies etie of oC which Jie Jle was a member ho be rN received c etl great encouragement encourage encourage- ment to iut make kc a practical attempt to prove the correctness s of oC his hi theory theol Delays l His s Start art In April l Uj tue worn worK on ins liis dirigible ble bal balloon oon was well tt-oll un under er way way and aud behind be he had hind planned to o suit soil in in Juno Tuno for for lor Spitz Spitz- en carrying his equipment to th that t point in 10 his ico ice steamer tamer the Frithjof Frith JO of launching his bis balloon from that point po lilt But Hut W Wollman put off the start from front Ins hi base of ot supplies year after year on OHM 1111 pretext or another and did Id not make mako a lIeT serious attempt to make tho the flight ht until a few fc weeks weck ago I O The rhe public pub puh li lie lic and tho the scientific had in ina a large measure lost lot confidence in him and ha hid had almost conic come to the conclusion that he would never make uke the tho attempt when a I. I few weeks nJ ago he set hi his balloon bal hal loon adrift fully ull provisioned and ln prepared prepared pre pre- pared panl to make mako the flight i ht Hut But Fellman had not net estimated d all that might ht occur ir and anil before his dirigible diri din gible ible balloon baBoon had hail tm traveled more than thana a U few fett miles mile it was wIck wrecked d This was ai a after t r four years Vl of oi promises plans plaits an anti and delay Th The disappointment Of if f the j ici ci- ci was waR tempered by the skepticism that his hi frequent and continued delays hall had eau caused to rise rie in th the minds of or those who Im hind had so fJ o carnally supported him hint at It atthe th the inception of his enterprise Andree Androe Gives His Life Lifo Far different from hom W Wellman was a th the effort of tit the heroic Salomon Augusto Au Andree of Andreo with two companions comp hall hail also alco made careful study nor and observation coveting covering several years ar of the wind currents and they too believed be bo- that th they y could reach the top of the tho world b by balloon did not allow their efforts to end with mere theorizing the ori in they set et to work to demon demon- stride strato th the correctness of their theory theory- anti and gave gave- aYt their l lives hives t in it its support Andree i b h beyond ond the cavil C of critics that n a great trade wind blows from the tho south directly over tho the pole poleat ohe at ut certain Cl ons of the year ear hel lucid held to the belief f that high above the vexed and alJet turbulent winds close to the tho earth carth is-as is a n great crat and nail steady current that went vent straight to the north and andover over o the pole unaffected by 11 mountain ranges lt by the sea sen or or b by an any counter current He lIt wn was convinced cou h by th the re suits salts of his own research that the thc force of oC this w wind W was tS so great that it would carry carr a properly constructed balloon into into in into in- in to the impassable r regions if it the north within a week and ce directly over o the earths earth's axis This wind continuing he hue believed would land him safely in hi North America whence ho could make his way 3 to in inhabited in in- J habited land There were ero four four- chances I for or him hint to reach land if he ho were deflected de tie- I he be reasoned Siberia a in about the ono one hundred and thirty fifth meridian men meri dma dian cast longitude and the thc seventieth de degree reo north latitude o peninsula pen pen- 70 dc degrees res re's north latitude lc and 70 degrees east longitude c Capo Cape Barrow harrow Alaska or its vicinity 70 lIZi Ij west or British h North America 65 63 degrees degrees de de- de grees Jrees north and 00 west WC Took Many Precautions An Andree ree ma made e ever every e preparation that h his l experience a af an lU explorer every ery precaution that scientists who had bad made mare exhaustive study tudy of the eccentricities of the polar region on i every preparation that could bo be made to insure his suc- suc cess cess- The rho air was sharp ant and col cold the sky was by hy a cloud there was a slight t ht breeze blowing at 30 o'clock clock 0 on Sunday afternoon ou July 11 1897 when tho the cables were slipped an and the balloon soared aloft front from Danes Dane's island 79 ile- ile e grecs 41 40 minutes north latitude e 10 0 do de degrees grees 1 12 li minutes east cast longitude un and Andree Andre antI and hii hi companions Nils Strind- Strind berg an and Knut t Ferdinand Frankel disappeared Ili into tho the blue His Ills companions were aeronauts of oC experience CX ex and skill Both were ero scientists mien mien- both were darin daring and bard hardy both had been tried J 1 by long experience in inthe tho the northern latitudes des had hind been second master at tho i Free Un University University cr sity of Stockholm and md Frankel a civil Il engineer and member of the Swedish Sn academy of science s Drifts Off to North A little group of scientists and naval un officers watched with telescopes as the balloon rose out of oC th the the- drifting under undercurrents undercurrents currents current and swung this wa way anti aud that like Jike a carrier pigeon seeking it its bear bear- iu ings s. s settled for a few moments and began be an to drift due north a 1 brisk breeze whipping the small silk flag of Sweden that the patriotic scientists has hns thrown to th the air Tho Iho speed d was apparently ap ap- ap about two twenty miles an hour regular and steady stealy six Forty hours later or at nt I 1230 30 o clock o'clock July 13 Andree sent ent this nies- nies sago by carrier r pigeon to the Afton- Afton bladet Stockholm 13 1230 degrees July p. p m. m north latitude d. d degrees east cast Jon longi i. i tude tuile Good toward north All MI goes 0 well on board This ml menage atc is third by In- carrier pi pigeon eon A No Xo other othor was iI over lr had bad from rom them intrepid m men Who whose l' l names have havo beu added to the tho roll of honor of the tho brave men who ho have c sacrificed ced their lives es in tim tho interests of ot science Was Then Far Par North That message breathing the thc spirit pC of confidence that tho great quest t was vir virtually virtually vir- vir ended was his last last- It Jl showed that so o far an as may ever b be known Andreo's Andreos Andreos Andreo's An- An dreos dreo's theory was wan 3 1 right That a great groat current of oC air carried the th e toward toward to to- ward an the goal oal The message indicated indicate 11 that c had traveled h almost duo due north for a distance of oC On miles with but hut a n slight deviation probably only a afew afew few miles from frolD a true north course ours Andrees Andree's An An- n. n drees dree's 1 carrier lI pigeon Jeon was WM released ed at a point near where Dr nr Nausen's 1 ii I Fram ram left tho the ice ico pack after its drift Andee nd ee expected to meet at this thil point one ono of the tho air current that would led lead off otT to th the northeast and md land him hint on the bleak Siberian const coast near the Lena Lenar r river r where Do Long and hi his m few companions com coin perished so O mi miserably after the Jeanetto was a sunk Tho Fram Pram had Parted start Part ed ell in fit in 1893 from rom general point Joint passed the tho Bennett tt islands nail and was waR then caught ht in tho the ice 8 she C drifted until finally making her way into unto tb the cr very port wh thre r Andreo n ro wa was preparing pre pm- paring o to mako make his flight in tho the tame iame year i i An Andre Andreo ro was not bot n a dreamer he was not a visionary i Instead he was eminently emi emi- neatly practical He lie was afis is b by training and profession a civil engineer cn iner He lie was tvis chief examiner in th the royal patent onico in Sweden en professor or of pure nail and applied physical science at lt the royal rO technical school and a member of or the Swedish academy of science In addition addition addition addi addi- tion to tn these he hue had hall charge of meteorological me me- expeditions that were sent to by hi his government lIt Hi lie was a practical balloonist t and nuil such made remarkable headway in the science of aeronautics that tho academy of science gave c him hint financial support lIpport anti and put him himin himin in iu charge of their experiments Had Strong Balloon When be he fitted up III his hb outfit for his great trip An Andree ree cOIl considered every con con- emergency and contingency contingency- The balloon was a th the on one ho lie hind had use use-I in making ascension Th The Tho gas as bag bac was liCY seventy five o mt feet from front top to bot hot torn toni or seven ninety feet from the tho cap capto capto ap to the thc floor of f th the strong w wicker car ar arH It H was as of or three cs of pongee ponc China silk at tho the upper UPP part and two at the tho lower hewer part parI The whole wa was fastened to together with varnish outside and inside Over this great lag bag was an envelope of extra hc heavy silk varnished d anti and waterproofed r r- r was so o ostrong strong tron that when it was full inflated men meu weighting weighing more than lIP HiO pounds pound walked on the tho ton to mako make inspection without harming the texture in the tho slightest degree ae rec The Tho rapacity capacity tr of oe the bag was oun cubic culic s. merter-s. Resembling an nn enormous clothes cloth s basket hasket bas has ket the ear car of or the was wa with ith the bottom rounded at the c edges Jes like e a tea ha kettle This was tt-as f so o constructed cou that when the balloon was W compelled to drop to the ground it would woul not twirl like Jik a top when the edge struck struel th the tho surface Had Many Provisions Ever Every effort was made to make the tho basket impervious ou to the coM cold A roof was as provided pro so that two of the aeronauts nero aero could make malte observations while the third slept or rested in the tho ear car tutu and re rc- rc from covered co from the effects of the roll cold to which ho lie hal hail been exposed tin on IU the I roof A lar large c wooden ring rint surrounded the tho observatory and to this were fa fastened fas fas- toned instruments filed sledges s a boat huat of or silk f liko like un an Eskimo harness for fordos 10 dos dogs picks hicks shovels rho hovel and many other tools and the food for the expedition was attached to ropes fastened d to this ring rin There Thre were three dozen Jozen of oi these ropes and they held lucid a 3 sufficient f of food tood to lo last the tho travelers in the realms above e the earth for foj four months Andree n ree calculated cl prior to his departure |