Show t IS CAUSED BY BYI I PARASITE lied i ed States Government physicIans Claim Interesting Inter Inter- esting estin Discovery lID ND ONLY AMID FILTH AND SQ SQUALOR ALOR tation Found to Be Vorst Worst Enemy of Once u C Common Disease 1 BY r FREDERIC J. J HASKIN M a the American a i nota notable lo victory ory by de do- pining th the cause cause use of ot ono of the Ui dreaded d diseases s typhus rev cv- cv Director r T hn P. P Anderson and of tho the 0 jo hygienic I it ii a a. branch of the United States 4 and marine marino bo hospital pital s-o s succeeded d not onh only in demon acmon Fg t that typhus fever fever is identical hat has been een known as Drills Brills 5 but also alo in in pr proving that a b body bly bodye blyte d te e which flourishes only in dirt dirL is the tho principal if not int ine in in- t ibe e only means 0 of spreading the ese w which has bas been made out ij th those pests which ha have has o been Bed ed e to fo th the slums is almost i MI bS s con con con- lVa 2 the case cac against the tlc yellow iad id the tho malarial mosquitoes nn and a 3 loii bug course of kuon hOD lion to make it s complete For ra tb the tho physicians of or tho tim world tn en coining nearer and nearer the true truo cause of r f typhus m literature lre on tho the uli- uli 1 n r recent years eare has described arc aro nee nee- the hc spread o of or typhus and those those- u under n er which of t ho tho i FeU H. H Literature ot earlier years ur j rt In k in in yie view of of the veries ri i is ie AS jas ASfar far wd wide o of UJo literature of I. I if r witten it a score coro eor of years s gO 0 ui add adds ono nc M more to the i which i ar irA arft tho the medium wing Jing dangerous rou diseases I. I Just quito tO-quito gj quito is IS' rf responsible for yel l. l fir fr i. i an and JurI malaria so io tho the flea is isble is ble for pla plague and nfl the uMie be for Tor typhus How much this line or of investigation in will nill lh i world nono of ot it its ies ean predict lit hilt the tho po siJ si si- J t di rO other diseases JO t or quite wholly iu insect rr freely frely ike es Investigations ary r r- to to general belief f typhus t Xi ts in in the slums If if f man many cit cit- in New York For years j S c been going to the thc hon hOB OD ka ft the thc cast id in New I York oric ces were 1 diagnosed as typhoid r Iii to 1598 Dr lr Nathan E E. Brill Brili BrillIt It t tit city cur reported seventeen cases casos sease ee clinically resembled d K I but which was as without what italy known hown us s the rac tire rrue studied these ca cases es carefully te je e the points of difference l 1 he- he e- e IJ tb b group ro of cases and the us us- M oC or typhoid In Tn 1910 he reon reo re re- Ion o on i i 1 cases in an au cast fi side sido do u. u ho be ha had observed in a 0 of thirteen years wars rill fl described t thc Ilic he disease dease H caA s as ot Ii ori jn and u unknown known Pathology b by a 1 short p period rio l of ot men men- four or live live- days af tolI fol- fol pv 1 I a of intense headache f fI fever I r last lasting ug about cb ek after which it di Liter he lie cJ t thirty four h i rt four jno tho sanio sait hospital nil all in na a a sin sin- C r on im page ago 2 TYPHUS IS CAUSED BY PARASITE Continued from p page pe e 1 L gle le Ie year eRr 1910 19 O. O This report report included one case cac which proved pro fatal and upon w which bic h au an autopsy was performed From material 1 obtained und from this autopsy Dr Pr Brill inoculated d three monkeys each b by a different method None orthe or orthe ott the Jui nals contracted the disease di Later Lat er bo ho inoculated inot two more with blood obtained from patients patient in tho hospital an and they thc went scot free Hi His final conclusion con con- elusion was was that in the ab absence ence of better bet bet- ter proof than he lie po possessed sc cd the die dis disease ea ease ee w was as different from ty his t In 1911 Dr G. G A. A Friedman c declared it his belief that Drill Brills Brill's disease was the tame amo as moderate caves cases of typhus Experiments With Monkeys About th the time that thit Brill was preparing preparing pre pre- paring naring- bis bi second conci piper paper on tho the disease disalle dis dis- ease alle ease which had come conic to bear car bf hip na name t Dr Drs An And Anderson r ron on and aul Gol Goldberger Er were engaged en- en en cn in n the study of Mexican typhus and became 3 impressed d with t the apparently apparently ap ape parenti similar symptoms pj ml in the tae t e two diseases Th They y sought an opportunity tr to study a c case CAS se of grills Brills s 's dl disease ca e first firsthand h hand bond nd which came cam in September la last t year car Blood was R drawn dran from the thc arm ann vein of df the patient and used med to inoculate to two rh rhesus sus monkeys fI and the th same op operation ration was Ras repeated on two other monk monkeys y the d day following with the addition of an equal amount of normal wit salt solution The Thc fir first t monkey w went nt through unscathed The rh l second cond one contracted the disease and Uld went wed through all its ih stages to t t. t complete tom corn plate rC recovery rh The third one ODe w wap inor in poor or condition at the time tune of lation refused to e cat t thereafter and in iu six days dyll it became advisable to chloroform it The fourth one died did of peritonitis When the fever lover of the Second coDd monkey was Ras at its ih hei height ht bt blood was drawn from i its he Tt deft s and nd nd used to inoculate two other mon mono key keys Both took the fever but the theone theone theone one which had bad the worst attack attak was iras wasl selected l for the further furth r propagation pre a tion of the disease disease S Since Dee then r i it has as been carried through h eleven monk monkey j generation generations gener gener- by bJ inoculation of f blood After c establishing hin tho the fact that Brills Brill's disease could bo be transmitted to monkeys by blood inoculation Dr Gold Gold- berger ber er went went to Mexico Cit City carrying in with wit him bim n a number of ot monkeys some Orne I of which had bad recovered reco from tOe tie in infection in of Brills Brill's disease and others which hR had never ne boon been inoculated rho studies which followed showed that th the S 'S which had hAd hud tho the disease iu in Neu pork ork were immune from typhus inoculation in M Mexico nico ico This experiment experiment ment was tried repeatedly and aDd with ith the Ibe same flame re result Likewise the operation o was reversed and an effort made Id to inoculate t monkeys s with tho the infection tion of ot drills Brills Brill disease after the they had irad recovered from attacks of typhus infection Here Here- Here again immunity fol fol- lowel pointing pointing- inevitably to the ton eon elusion luion that Brills Brill's disease and typhus Sever fever cn r are orn onn and the tb same a How Parasite Helps Disease It Jl F seems Hm mR to tn the he investigators in e tj that the Brills Brill's s Ili dura aM of New Nett York is of ot undoubted European ori origin in so o that it follows that tho the typhus of Europe and of Mexico r are UP Iden Iden- Hain Having determined th the th identity of f Brills Brill's s di disease 3 U with typhus one of f the fan bt ne next t considerations is s th the employment employ ment of effective means to wi wipe Ripe pc out the tho infection ri The monkey 3 again has been the medium of lemon demonstration The Tho experiments 8 have llao taken the form Corm of permitting monk monkeys y to h be he bi bitten teD with the tb parasites from ro infected just justas as 31 the soldiers and doctors torn t them em permitted t themselves lvell to o be c bitten bitteD by th th yellow fever mosquito at Havana The rhe J result lt of these theM experiments has hIllS been to prove conclusively that the parasites are responsible for the communication communication com com- of or the disease Monkeys which have been bitten by parasites known to b bo infected have contracted the the- disease dieas while hile those not bitten b by infected parasites B have vc not contracted it Nothing is is II known definitely as to whether the tho germ rm of the disease goes es into the parasite to und undergo r o a a. process of incubation or not but studies s along this liu line Hue will be made The stu studios studies ies made made in the course of the investigations of Anderson and Goldberger Goldber er again a ain ain- prove that cleanliness ip is next to godliness and also that a li rigid id ob observance of the known principles i. i ples of sanitary science means the elimination elim clim matron of infectious di disease ense It is this thi that accounts ace for the fact that typhus fever er is a disease di case of tho the slums lums and of the ho hovel ol and which for several generations gen cn orations has ban seldom broken into r respectable respectable re re- society With proper per per- fonal hv hygiene eDe the parasites cannot exi exist ex ex ox- i iet t ana and without them typhus is is not propagated Jail Fever Is Eliminated The discovery ery of the tho responsibility of these pests for the dl ea makes malies clear clearman which there man many points concerning concerning- was mystery years a ago o. o For or instance typhus fever does not Dot exist in in low tropical regions It is is essentially a 1 disease o of or the bi highlands in tropical countries and of cool climates This is accounted for by the fact that the body parasites will not flourish in iu hot regions The identification of typhus fever in the United States and of ot the of its ite transmission puts a different dif dif- means t x of f tho A mysterious v 4 ti ferent fer nt Ii light ht on many m epidemics variously known as jail fe vcr cr O and W V ship ehi w f- f fever putrid f f fever teer te fe- f ver er and the tho like Jike Such epidemics have not oc occurred except m in in unsanitary tary tarp surroundings and where all tho laws of personal hygiene were wholly neglected Tho first recognized ed outbreak of typhus ty typhus fever fe is believed to have occurred occurred oc oc- oc in Cyprus in the first fir t quarter of the sixteenth century an epidemic which later swept over all aU Italy Itah It was Va this di disease ease which ravaged a eQ the the army army of Charles V. V at the tho siege of Metz In 1816 1816 a typhus s raged throughout hout England Eri lanc and Ireland fn In Dublin a t third ird of the population was attacked ck d In there there were 1 1 cases east's in En England a and d Ireland In Tn the Russian army during the Turco Turco- Ru Russian Kussian sian war wu more than one half the entire force was attacked Over contracted contract the disease e and nearly half died It is ii now practically un nn- un unknown known in the armies of the leading leadin nations |