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Show A MODEL 8CI00L. Essay the Prepep Osaalraatloa, FarsJaUacaa4 AppUaaew, kath Hyttarie aal aUaaatleul, Ke mjilrti ta Btotrfct Saaaal-kaase Oaatalater Ha-4r4 Sehol-art. Sehol-art. by xiis joaBPHimi KKLioaa, of PBOVO. ClaM L.fNrraalaa pakt by Paaoaa M. MeAlllater A Co. THBTEA.CUEB. The first of all requisites for a school of one hundred pupils or for any other number of pupils Is a teacher. We may hare commoJIous buildings build-ings with every modern improvement; improve-ment; ire may have the latest and most approved (ext books, we may hvrra, uadsmt illustrative appatatus and complete furnishings of all kinds; but without a teacher, we cannot bavo a school; without a good teacher we cannot have a good school; with an excellent teacher, and with none else but teachable youth, we may have an excellent school. Teacher and pupil are the two prime and indispensable elements ele-ments of a schoel. When President Garfield was asked at Chautauqua for his conception con-ception of the ideal school, he is reported re-ported to have answered: "Dr. Stark Hopkins at one end of the bench and myself facing him at the other. Place that bench in a college col-lege with all its equipments, in a naked country school house, or under a tree, it matters not, where-ever where-ever it is you have my ideal school." Such is the power over eager, aspiring youth of the qualified, quali-fied, devoted teacher. It Is not, however, in the matter of instruction instruc-tion alone that the teacher la of the first Importance. The intelligent, trained teacher, alert in every fac uily and with a whole heart In the work, will attend to ventilation, sanitation, san-itation, measures for the protection of the modest and innocent, and for the restraint and reform of those so unfortunate as In any way to have become prematurely acquainted acquaint-ed with evil, an J to all other interests inter-ests of kindred importance in a way Impossible to be attained by any ready-made contrivances and fixtures. fix-tures. The sentient, vigilant pei-tonallty pei-tonallty only can compass these ends. I have dwelt thus at length upon the teacher In order to put the em phasis in the right place, but not, by any means, to underrate the Importanor of suitable buildings, furniture and appliances. Earnest students suffer delays an I inconveniences, involving ir reparable loss, and faithful teach ers break down under tbo intolerable intoler-able strain of attempting to keep up to the highest stanilanls in the absence ab-sence of these helpful means. Ict us, then, consider what is a desirable equipment for a school of oce hundred students, yo ucger and older. THE HOC-E. First the house. Though comfott and convenience are the main points, attractiveneM should not be left out of the account. The materials ma-terials should be carefully selected and the work honestly done. WALLS, Durability, freedom from dampness, damp-ness, warmth In cold weather and coolness in hot weather should be considered in the construction ol the walls, and neither pains nor expense spared to secure them. These walls should stand upoii a substantial, elevated foundat'on. BOOK, ETC. The roof should be of tho best construction and protected from fire. It should be supplied with rave-troughs, so that the water from rain and snow inay be con veyed away from the walte if to a cistern wltn an inner compartment wall for filtering, It would furnkh a more healthful beverage than much of tho usual water supply for schools. In a school of one hundred pupils of the several grades of district schools it is desirable to have three teachers, each occupying a separate room. AIR SPACE. Physiologists agree that seven cubic feet of air per minute Is the lowest estimate at which an Individual Indi-vidual can maintain that rairllir of blood essential to mental and physical physi-cal vigor, and that In mixed assemblages, assem-blages, when some are diseased and somo uncleanly, ten cubic feet per minute should be supplied. Since It is hardly practicable to have eucb a rapid circulation as to entirely change the air every minute, sufficient suf-ficient space must be allowed to permit per-mit a slower circulation without poisoning. For one hundred pupils, then, a building sixty feet long by forty feet wide, with a height from floor to ceiling of not less than ten feet, will not, ir weU ventilated, fur-nlsh fur-nlsh too much of "the breath of life." Lionr. Let there be abundance of light, desks being so placed in relation to windows that light will come from behind and from the left aide of those at study, dkskb. Desks should be placed ao near each other In the rows that pupils can write without leaning forward in their seats. It to better to have rowa quite near each other than near the wall. The height of the seats should be adapted to thesise of the pupils. BOOMS. Tiet us now sub-divide our house into rooms and our school into departments. de-partments. Since little children need more personal attention in getting a start than okleronea who have learned to study from hooks, to write, etc., we will allow fewer pupils and claws in Use primary rooms. We will suppose there are twenty-five twenty-five children beginning school and beginningtbeflrstreader. To these two grades we will assign room twenty-five feet by twenty feet. A room of the same six we will set apart for an equal number of children chil-dren finishing the first reader and using the second reader. Thh leaves room forty feet by thirty feet making no allowance for subtractions which vestibules and closets will require to be used by the fifty pupils from the third reader grade through the common school curriculum. If the number of recitations be too great for one teacher, the little ones may be dismissed dis-missed earlier, or at times supplied with 'busy work" and recitations from the higher room, conducted by tie primary teachers. TBAcmxo aim rom lowb boohs. At the top of each desk in the Jcwest room should be strung a wire with ten moveable wooden beads or balls upon handover the desks In the second room wires with one hundred balls. v,Esch roost shall ba supplied with black-boards aad a, xaoulding table with day and sand. BoRshto charts should be supplied to each, and such Kindergarten material as can be afforded. Ah latportmBt Mem Is a apply of other readers of las same grade m tbess nsod, that m variety of pictures aad reading maMer may bs preseatsd to keep up internet until tfa laansrismtadtesmore difflcwJtsssk. VaWTTXJLHaw AaTB BsURsW. la saw fmterftawas!mjr mefcwsmltjsrsiaiiiaM sTaa foMsnaiMSSMmminsntsMfsstte tmtrnTmrnmrnmuMlEZtM. Wsfissjsjii air, aad swsafwtta ' the floor at one side In tin wall should bs a grating for the exit of the heavier carbonic acid gas. In the main room tho central flue should be larger, and two sucii gratings grat-ings provided. There are many devices in connection con-nection with patent heating apparatus appara-tus to secure the Ingress of pure outer air, to drive out the impure And supply.! ts place with pleasantly warmed air In cold weather; and such air arrangement, If successful. Is the acme of perfection. If stoves In the several rooms are relied upon for heating, pipes from without may discharge currents of cold air directly under the stove, which mutt be surrounded by a "Jacket" Tof zinc-covered wood, reaching from the floor to a few inches in-ches above the stove. The outerair will become warmed by the stove, and, rising, will dlflusu Itself over the room. This is much safer and pleasanter than ventilation by window win-dow in cold weather. If the aid of windows Is needed, let a strip be placed under the lower aaab; elevating it sufficiently to allow al-low the passage of air in the middle of the window where the two sashes alio past each other. This current entering 'obliquely will, not be so dangerous to those sitting near thr windows as direct currents frr.ni the top or bottom of the windows. Thermometers at several points in the rooms will furnish more reliable tests of the temperature than the variable sensations of teachers or pupils. JAXlTOn INDOORS. The fires, buildings and grounds shall be in charge of a trusty janitor, and it would be well to refer the question of the slate of the air to his senses from time to time, as one entering from without is much more sensible of the exhausted state of the air. and its ofTensiveness than thosefWiHerfrrjfrom its malign Influence. In-fluence. The rooms should ba thoroughly swept and aired at Uie close of each day, and carefully dusted and made comfortable in temperature at tho beginning. HATS, WrtAI"S, ETC. The entrance for the small children chil-dren ahoald be directly to their schoolrooms, and boys and girls may enUr together. It will be found better that,- their hats, etc, should be deposited In tho schoolroom, where the teacher can look after them, than hung In halls or closets. The large room should have an entry on-elther side provided with books and shelves, ltoysand girls should not enter together, and they shonld feare their wraps in the place provided. AIDS TO TEACIIIXO IS THE HIGHEST HIGH-EST 1(00)13. The highest room should bo amply amp-ly provided with black-boards and with charts musical charts, botanical, botani-cal, geological; anatomical and other oth-er cliaifr; majis and globes, unv bridged'uictionary and other works of reference, with at least a small library 'of standard authors. I do not include a laboratory for rclen-tiflc rclen-tiflc work nor an equipment for industrial in-dustrial trainlng.for I think In most school districts scientific experiment and technical training must be of the simplest and nioet elementary description, depending upon the ingenuity and co-operation of teach-crsand teach-crsand pupil, rather than a complex and costly outfit. A cabinet, however, how-ever, should be provldtd to which pupils should boeucouraged to con-tribute con-tribute specimens and collections. Upon a recent visit to Is Angeles, California, I was nrjcli pleased and interested to observe in the exhibit furnished by tho public schools to tho Chamber of Commerce, Com-merce, collections of Insects classified classi-fied and named, herbaria and other thing, showing the work of tho pupUs In nitural history. AIl'SIC. A musical Instrument for each room is desirable, if only one can be afforded, it should ba In thn highest room, and if nono can be provided, yit music should not be neglected. Calisthenics and various vari-ous "drills" aro greatly facilitated by instrumental music, but can go on without It, while the cheer and culture of vocal music are within the reach of all. TAKD, OUTHOUSES, J7TO. Descending lo the yard, let us uote some Important points. From the rear of the house a high and close fence of boards should extend to the rear fence of the yard, which should be of the fume description descrip-tion to furnish sonio degree cf privacy priv-acy even in u small yard. The retiring placet for the opposite oppo-site sexes ehouU not be under one roof nor contiguous, with but the fence and partition lietweer, and whatever may be said audible; hut should be at some distance from the middle fence. These closets should be double, one sldo being fitted for the little ones, the other for the larger. In no case should they be placed over a vault or pit du? in the ground, soon to permanently poison the soil, the air, and very possibly the water supply. If In a city with a complete system sys-tem of sewerage, It is needless ta speak of this, but In town and country coun-try not thus provided an even better bet-ter arrangement Is possible and entirely en-tirely practicable. The-back of each closet should be at the lower part, a hinged door opeLiog'upward. ZmcllneU boxes should lie provided to slip iu and out through these doorways, nnd they should be emptied and sprinkled sprin-kled with dry earthpvery few days, as required. Of all disinfect inU, dry, pulverized pulver-ized earth Is the best, but can hnrd-ly hnrd-ly be provided in sufficiency for a large school, and chemical disinfectants disin-fectants should be used as needed. In large grounds laid out for the beauty, the high feuce may bu dispensed dis-pensed with, and trelliseil walks may lead off In different directions to the closets suitably screened from prominence. JANITOR OUT DOORS. The Janitor should have the over, sight of pupils on the grounds, and should call (lie attention of the teachers to any misdemeanors, but should not lay hands on the pupils except In extreme emergencies. CONCLUSION. tIn a schooljhus provided with all that cont'uecs to health, comfort com-fort and decency. If well administered admin-istered by a faithful corps of teachers, teach-ers, pupils will bo likely not only to secure a valuable course of instruction in-struction In a definite list of studies, but also to acquire Ideas and ideals of life and conduct which can hardly fall to be of great service to themselves and to society. The foregoing has been prepared by the writer especially for the Utah Territorial Fair of 1893. and Is the fruit of experience, observation and thougbtdurlng years of school work, mainly In the. public schools of our country. The writer Is now teaching teach-ing in'Ctahy |
