Show 1c > L t 11 116df J i L y 1 I 0 0 3Mi Y i i y i tii i a 1 p J 1 I t c E o t mh q t 11n r refs i t t r 11 i ttti YLRTIAL tS1IN f r lor NODf2 OF A TEMP2 P 0Y he i 1NOE the excavation In Crete which C changed the Minoan myths Into historical his-torical fact and revealed the axis fence of a great island ctnplro that existed In the Aegean long before O Greek civilization began there have been few discoveries of greater Interest In-terest and Impirtanco than those which have recently been mado by Professor Garstang at Meroc In the Sudan 1 Professor Sayce In 1903 located the site of the city of Meroe on the cast bank of the Nile between be-tween the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts and tho ex taxations carried on by Professor Garelang at the end of 1D09 enabled the details of tho Ethiopian Ethio-pian capital to become known The Temple of Amon where tho Ethiopian Kings were crowned was also discovered Even more interesting is the excavation of the benutlbul Sun Temple which was discovered at the edge of the khor or meadow thus confirming the account of Herodotus Hero-dotus who tells us that Cambyses sent to the Ethiopian King to Inquire about the Table of the Sun In a madow In the subuins of the capital where cooked meats were set each night There Is no doubt that this building Is referred to In the Homeric legend that Zeus nnd the other gods feasted every year for twelve days among the blameless Ethiopians Many others buildings were also explored and tho Temples of the Lion and the Kenlsa were discovered dis-covered It may be noted that the lion emblem was of frequent occurrence nnd may probably have been the totem of the district Many beautiful beau-tiful objects were dug up by the expedition In inscriptions in the hieroglyphics cluding forty g many statues and a great royal of Meroe two objects of wood kind of pottery vases of a new > Especially inter and glass titles and pottery almost as thin which Is the pottery esting was Ives evidence of Roman and gives china as biscuit found Greek Inscrip Sayce Influence Professor destroyed at how the city was tions showing King A D by a century fourth the end of the which event the city was unoccupied of Axum since occupied by the Greeks given Ethiopia was tho name variously conceived of Egypt to a country south Nubia Aethlopla Aegyptl only ed as Including and Abyssinia or a or Nubia Sonnar Kordofan east and west Indefinitely region extending after the fall but applied from the Upper Nile to Abyssinia The ot Meroo more paitlcularly Its origin from the name have had name Is said to alluded to by the Greeks as a fact that It was sunburned faces country of three distinct king were Historically there Ethiopia those of Napatn Me doms known as definite evidence Is no Askum There all roc and Included at any time either of these border ot that southern between the borer tear itory u the ternlU1 Mandeb Egypt and nab el of tho old empire lhe ° Already In the time witch their southern had rolatlons ob Egyptians ej Nubla they forests cf the From and neighbors of their timber talned a large proportion e derived Its name the city of Abu Elephantine Its way to this founll from the Nary which f Africa KIng Uncas placo from the Interior warriors belong employed belonge 329032CO D C empio upon the war c tribeIn his lag to six Nubian tribes pictorial representations Bedouins The early P t that they do not suggest of Nubian archers conquest of tho country were negroes A regular utlg was not under al1parently try south of Sene nipre dynasty c 25222323 taken until the twelfth IJlollle nt this time TIll most 110werflll Nubian Hebrew Cush It Is was Kash or josll the originally Hamitic probable that the stock was absorbed various though in course o f time It 1II c 2M9372 NPBrltlo tribes Usertescn north of tho second established his frontier two forts and built for Its protection e sides of cataract opposite at Semneh and Kumff en on kings ever held Ilyk51S river Whether the doubtful At any the f Is of this territory 1B7B possession bv Aahmes rate it t ion to bo reorganized of the Ihbteenth dynasty 1663 tho founder pmcbably hud been NnlHtn 1and since and his successors Indepenolent kingdolll the capital of the of the viceroy entitled It11wastlmade time residence the neW governed It wns Kosh who of of Htllneses 11 Ilrlnce titled tlllle province In time 1llInchl I l glltian rebellion unsuccessful since 777 an there ors In Napatll who seems to have relgnelln of Egypt al mho weakness of the In himself make an availed an mto makePetty end of the reign of Uasarken defeated twenty petty vaslon tof gypt lie Shabakn a grand old forced II treaty with Ethiopia rulers all Egllt united 1lnnehl destroyed by son of Nl1pata was under one crown lnmbses In 624 J to I 1m niy + nd v ANA7YrOAANXYG FROM e Y fEIXJC r 17 1 s T ty r as a I i s n 1 o = 1 inn l µ N M1 > a irh + awaalwyo mdwr y n ran g r fI 1d t I a J 1 t I en a h 1 lt d w w r8 r a + ia4 raw r w x r T OEeS RB S AcS eft NLRODOrlJeS ThLSUYTHrTABLEOf lyhrtH T1 L e31Y t 1 t a I r to JJ r w e 7 W 21 t i I q g ty Y Ra r k x lK kb > k t < f I < < < 7t y F > 11 iff t i e l 14 u I r 4j 1 i > t c ll 1 i II 0 Mp t n H i I > I j j 1 Ish in ay I ect I to ro5TATLE OF 11 ETIIOAIlY QifEY r oO as A new kingdom XCAYATOSf Q F gradually arose In CnLtSVf < J SY 7 the south after the fall of Napata with Meroe as Its capital Tho kings Arura liar slot Nastasen who reigned In the fifth and fourth centuries conquered considerable territory ter-ritory south of Meroo In Seminar and Kordofan and possibly In Abyssinia While the suzerainty suzer-ainty of the ptolemles seems to have been recognized rec-ognized for religious reasons King Ergamenes by putting to death the priests who had demanded de-manded that he should abdicate In the time of Ptolemy IV Phllopator 221204 paved the way for independence Ptolemy V Eplphanes 204 181 was able to resist his attack upon Egypt but not able to prevent his asserting of sovereignty sover-eignty in Ethiopia Queen Candnce seems to have extended her power In the north and twentyfive provinces are said to have beon tributary to her But her Invasion of Egypt was successfully resisted by Calus Petrontua that had been rebuilt was in B C 24 Napata destroyed by the Romans Another Queen Candace Is mentioned In Acts vIII But gradually gradu-ally Meroe Itself fell Into ruins To guard against Invasion by the Ulemmynns a people akin to tho llugaitau the modern Deja Diode tHn moved the Nobatae negro tribes of the tho population of Kordofan from same stock as the o1s1s nf Khnrceh Into the Nile valley The mountain region of Abyssinia was prob bably Inhabited in very early times by Semites as well as Haraites Whether the original homo In Arabia the of tho former was in Africa or overflow population would naturally set In the direction of this Alpine country As the native shows the Semitic Ethiopians were still name In the nomadic state when they entered this territory priding themselves on being wanderers wan-derers roaming freely wherever they liked There were evidently successive waves of Immigration Im-migration It the Egyptian Hbst Is of Semitic origin as can scarcely bo doubted they were apparently kinsmen of tho Yemenites in Eretrla and on the Somali coast c 1600 B C Sobaean inscriptions found In Yeha the ancient Awa the seventh century B CAB may bo as old as Ptolemies domninato the As long as the Erythrcan coast from Adulls Berenice and Ar Abyssinian kingdom could not sinoe a strong well develop But In the reign of Augustus suffered t > rous reverses In tho Romans when occupied In Africa with Arabia and were In Candace while tho Arsacld conquests eastern Queen Arabia forced the Yemenite State to compensation for their losses elswhero seek Semitic element In Ethiopia seems to have the reinforced and the kingdom of Askum been founded The Perl plus marls Erythroel prob Lb Bashes between A D 60 and by written ably king of Askum by tho namo of 6i refers to a who controlled the coast from Masso 7osc8les Vvnh to Bab el Mandeb and was a friend of culture It Is possible that some of the Greek coins with Greek legends that have been Greek preserved should bo awlgicd to the second Tf HICH ALTAR AND HRG2tP 1Rw WC TEnpLE Of ANON t 1111itu j and third centuries A DOn BOn B-On a marblo throne In Adulls Cosmos J Indlcoplcustes found and copied In tho sixth century Inscription commemorating the power of a great king whoso namo Is not given Ho Is supposed by some scholars to bo tho founder of the Askumlte kingdom but It Is more probable prob-able that he reigned nt the end of the third century A D King Alznna Is known to have reigned In the year A D 35C In his time Frumcntlus preached Christianity In tho country coun-try The political relations that had long existed ex-isted between Askum nnd Homo were such aa to favor his mission In 378 Askum was reduced re-duced to Its African territory In A D G25 Elesbnas king of Askum with tho aid of tho Salmon and Hadramautlan rulers mado an end to the Htmyartto kingdom of Dhu Nuwas and Ethiopia again controlled Arabian territory Before the end of the century however tho Askumltes were driven back to Africa and never again extended their conquests to Arabia According to n letter addressed to a king of Nubla In the time of the Patriarch Phtlotheus of Alexandria 9801002 preserved In the four IIVOTlVE ALTAR FOUYf AT IfEROf a tecnth century Life of tho Patriarchs and In the Ethiopia Synnxiir a woman who reigned g N over the Bonl el Hnmunn had recently Invaded tho country burned the clrirches and monasteries monas-teries and driven him from pinto to place Ma I rlfinus Victor spanks of this woman as the founder foun-der of the Zaguo dynasty and as having married mar-ried a ruler of the province of Bugna a namo afterwards corrupted Into Dent el Zaguo Eleven kings of the socalled Zaguo dynasty c 1 reigned until 1270 Tho earliest monuments of Semitic speech In Ethiopia arc tho Inscriptions found at Yeha These are written In tho consonantal Sabaen script and Indicate that tho writers uced tho lesnn icon the language of Semitic Ethiopia na early as tho seventh century B C Geez 1 Is today represented by two dialects Tigre and m Tlgral or Tlgrlna Tho latter Is spoken In Tigre and the former Is spoken In the districts north and northwest of Tlgro and shows great similarity to the old Geez Ii |